@article{parks_grimes_ferket_2005, title={Effects of virginiamycin and a man mannanoligosaccharide-virginiamycin shuttle program on the growth and performance of large white female turkeys}, volume={84}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/84.12.1967}, abstractNote={Shuttle programs involving dietary supplementation of mannanoligosaccharides (MOS) and virginiamycin (VM) were evaluated in turkeys by their effects on growth performance, body weight uniformity, and carcass yield characteristics. Diets containing no growth promoter (control), VM (22 mg/kg), or a shuttle program (MOS-VM) of MOS (0 to 6 wk of age at 500 mg/ kg) and VM (6 to 14 wk of age at 22 mg/kg) were fed to Hybrid female turkeys. All diets were formulated to exceed NRC nutrient requirements. Each treatment was assigned to 8 replicate floor pens containing 20 birds that were reared from 1 to 98 d of age. Body weights and feed consumption were recorded at 3-wk intervals, and mortality and culled birds were recorded daily. At the conclusion of the trial, 2 birds per pen were randomly chosen for carcass yield analysis. Feeding VM alone significantly (P < 0.05) increased body weight compared with control fed birds during all periods. The MOS-VM shuttle program resulted in early growth depression for birds less than 3 wk of age, possibly influenced by an unplanned cold stress, but better growth than the nonmedicated control birds after 6 wk of age. Birds fed VM had superior (P < 0.05) feed conversion ratio from 0 to 3 wk, which persisted until 14 wk (P < 0.10). There were no treatment effects on overall feed consumption, uniformity, mortality, or cull rate. Processing yields or weight of various parts were also unaffected by treatment.}, number={12}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Parks, CW and Grimes, JL and Ferket, PR}, year={2005}, month={Dec}, pages={1967–1973} }
 @article{odetallah_parks_ferket_2002, title={Effect of wheat enzyme preparation on the performance characteristics of tom turkeys fed wheat-based rations}, volume={81}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/81.7.987}, abstractNote={Wheat contains 5 to 8% nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP). The NSP complex forms a viscous mass when fully hydrated, which impedes the absorption of nutrients from chyme and causes reduced growth performance and osmotic diarrhea and associated wet litter. These adverse effects can be alleviated by appropriate enzyme supplementation. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the efficacy of endoxylanase and beta-glucanase enzyme mixtures supplemented to wheat-based diets on growth performance characteristics of turkeys. Seven-day-old Large White male turkeys were randomly assigned to 40 litter floor pens of 12 poults each as a completely randomized block design arrangement of four experimental treatments and were raised to 140 d. The dietary treatment consisted of a control treatment (no supplemental enzyme) and three dietary enzyme treatments: 1) Lyxasan forte, 2) Natugrain Blend, and 3) Natugrain. Body weight, feed consumption, and mortality were recorded weekly. Feather condition was evaluated at 98 d of age. Natugrain Blend improved BW at 84 d (P < 0.075) and 112 d (P < 0.01) in comparison to the unsupplemented control diet. Lyxasan forte had the best feed/gain ratio throughout the experiment. Subjective feather condition score was significantly improved (P < 0.05) by all the three enzyme treatments and corresponded with reduced incidence of neck and back picking behavior. The enzyme treatment groups had lower mortality than the control group with the Natugrain blend treatment having the lowest mortality rate through the experiment. The results of this experiment demonstrate marginal improvement in growth performance of turkeys depending upon enzyme formulation.}, number={7}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Odetallah, NH and Parks, CW and Ferket, PR}, year={2002}, month={Jul}, pages={987–994} }
 @article{parks_grimes_ferket_fairchild_2000, title={The case for mannanoligosaccharides in poultry diets. An alternative to growth promotant antibiotics?}, ISBN={1897676751}, journal={Biotechnology in the feed industry. proceedings of Alltech's 16th Annual Symposium: the future of food}, publisher={Nottingham : Nottingham University Press}, author={Parks, C. W. and Grimes, J. L. and Ferket, P. R. and Fairchild, A. S.}, year={2000}, pages={45} }