@article{gao_xie_liu_2016, title={Association of extreme precipitation over the Yangtze River Basin with global air-sea heat fluxes and moisture transport}, volume={36}, ISSN={["1097-0088"]}, DOI={10.1002/joc.4534}, abstractNote={Although the effect of sea surface temperature anomalies in the Pacific and Indian Oceans on precipitation over the Yangtze River Basin (YRB) is well known, the impact of air–sea sensible and latent heat fluxes (SHF and LHF) has not been well studied. Based on the statistical and diagnostic analyses of historical precipitation data over the YRB, SHF and LHF over the global ocean, as well as global atmospheric reanalysis data, the impacts of SHF and LHF in the selected ocean regions on YRB extreme precipitation were investigated. The spatial distributions of the correlation coefficients between the YRB extreme precipitation indices (YRB‐EPI) and SHF and LHF over the global ocean were analysed to identify critical air–sea interaction regions affecting YRB extreme precipitation. Results show that a significant positive correlation exists between YRB‐EPI and air–sea heat fluxes over the Northwest Indian Ocean, Southeast Indian Ocean, Southwest Indian Ocean and South China Sea regions. Negative correlations were found over Central Equatorial Pacific, while positive lagged correlations exist over East Pacific. Composite analyses of global wind, geo‐potential height and water vapour transport were also conducted for ten heaviest and ten lightest YRB precipitation years, respectively. In heavy YRB precipitation years, the atmospheric circulation pattern is generally characterized by a strengthened Western Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH) extending northwestward, a strengthened lower tropospheric convergence zone over the YRB, three distinct moisture transport paths from adjacent oceans to the YRB and low‐level mid‐latitude northerly wind anomalies. Whereas, in light YRB precipitation years, it is dominated by the southwesterly summer monsoon over the YRB, with a convergence zone displaced to the north of the YRB, a weak WPSH, and only two main paths of moisture transport. These distinctions between the heavy and light YRB precipitation years provide a physical basis for establishing a statistical prediction model for YRB extreme precipitation.}, number={8}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY}, author={Gao, Tao and Xie, Lian and Liu, Bin}, year={2016}, month={Jun}, pages={3020–3038} }
 @article{bin_changlong_lian_dongliang_2015, title={Derivation of a wave-state-dependent sea spray generation function and its application in estimating sea spray heat flux}, volume={58}, ISSN={["1869-1897"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11430-015-5169-4}, number={10}, journal={SCIENCE CHINA-EARTH SCIENCES}, author={Bin, Liu and ChangLong, Guan and Lian, Xie and DongLiang, Zhao}, year={2015}, month={Oct}, pages={1862–1871} }
 @article{sun_xie_semazzi_liu_2015, title={Effect of Lake Surface Temperature on the Spatial Distribution and Intensity of the Precipitation over the Lake Victoria Basin}, volume={143}, ISSN={["1520-0493"]}, DOI={10.1175/mwr-d-14-00049.1}, abstractNote={AbstractA series of sensitivity experiments are performed to investigate the response of precipitation over the Lake Victoria basin (LVB) to the changes of lake surface temperature (LST) using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model. It is shown that the default LST initialized from NCEP FNL (Final) Operational Global Analysis is deficient for simulating the rainfall over the LVB. Comparative experiments demonstrate the unambiguous impact of LST on the intensity and pattern of the precipitation over LVB. Intensification/weakening of precipitation over the lake occur with increasing/decreasing LST for both uniform and asymmetrical LST distribution. However, the relationship between rainfall anomalies and LST variations is nonlinear. Replacing the LST directly derived from global weather forecast models by the mean area-averaged LST of Lake Victoria (approximately 24°C) leads to improved rainfall simulation. However, LST with realistic cross-basin gradient is necessary to obtain a rainfall pattern ...}, number={4}, journal={MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW}, author={Sun, Xia and Xie, Lian and Semazzi, Fredrick and Liu, Bin}, year={2015}, month={Apr}, pages={1179–1192} }
 @article{argent_sun_semazzi_xie_liu_2015, title={The Development of a Customization Framework for the WRF Model over the Lake Victoria Basin, Eastern Africa on Seasonal Timescales}, volume={2015}, ISSN={["1687-9317"]}, DOI={10.1155/2015/653473}, abstractNote={Lake Victoria, Africa, supports millions of people. To produce reliable climate projections, it is desirable to successfully model the rainfall over the lake accurately. An initial step is taken here with customization of the Weather, Research, and Forecast (WRF) model. Of particular interest is an asymmetrical rainfall pattern across the lake basin, due to a diurnal land-lake breeze. The main aim is to present a customization framework for use over the lake. This framework is developed by conducting several series of model runs to investigate aspects of the customization. The runs are analyzed using Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission rainfall data and Climatic Research Unit temperature data. The study shows that the choice of parameters and lake surface temperature initialization can significantly alter the results. Also, the optimal physics combinations for the climatology may not necessarily be suitable for all circumstances, such as extreme years. The study concludes that WRF is unable to reproduce the pattern across the lake. The temperature of the lake is too cold and this prevents the diurnal land-lake breeze reversal. Overall, this study highlights the importance of customizing a model to the region of research and presents a framework through which this may be achieved.}, journal={ADVANCES IN METEOROLOGY}, author={Argent, R. and Sun, X. and Semazzi, F. and Xie, L. and Liu, B.}, year={2015} }
 @article{sun_xie_semazzi_liu_2014, title={A Numerical Investigation of the Precipitation over Lake Victoria Basin Using a Coupled Atmosphere-Lake Limited-Area Model}, volume={2014}, ISSN={["1687-9317"]}, DOI={10.1155/2014/960924}, abstractNote={By using a coupled atmosphere-lake model, which consists of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and the Princeton Ocean Model (POM), the present study generated realistic lake surface temperature (LST) over Lake Victoria and revealed the prime importance of LST on the precipitation pattern over the Lake Victoria Basin (LVB). A suite of sensitivity experiments was conducted for the selection of an optimal combination of physics options including cumulus, microphysics, and planetary boundary layer schemes for simulating precipitation over the LVB. The WRF-POM coupled system made a great performance on simulating the expected LST, which is featured with eastward temperature gradient as in the real bathymetry of the lake. Under thorough examination of diagnostic analysis, a distinguished diurnal phenomenon has been unveiled. The precipitation mainly occurs during the nocturnal peak between midnight and early in the morning, which is associated with the strong land breeze circulation, when the lake temperature is warmer than the adjacent land. Further exploration of vertical velocity, surface divergence pattern, and maximum radar reflectivity confirms such conjecture. The time-longitude analysis of maximum radar reflectivity over the entire lake also shows a noticeable pattern of dominating westward propagation.}, journal={ADVANCES IN METEOROLOGY}, publisher={Hindawi Publishing Corporation}, author={Sun, Xia and Xie, Lian and Semazzi, Fredrick H. M. and Liu, Bin}, year={2014} }
 @article{xie_liu_2014, title={An ENSO-forecast independent statistical model for the prediction of annual Atlantic tropical cyclone frequency in April}, journal={Advances in Meteorology}, author={Xie, K. and Liu, B.}, year={2014} }
 @article{liu_costa_xie_semazzi_2014, title={Dynamical downscaling of climate change impacts on wind energy resources in the contiguous United States by using a limited-area model with scale-selective data assimilation}, DOI={10.1155/2014/897246}, abstractNote={By using a limited-area model (LAM) in combination with the scale-selective data assimilation (SSDA) approach, wind energy resources in the contiguous United States (CONUS) were downscaled from IPCC CCSM3 global model projections for both current and future climate conditions. An assessment of climate change impacts on wind energy resources in the CONUS region was then conducted. Based on the downscaling results, when projecting into future climate under IPCC’s A1B scenario, the average annual wind speed experiences an overall shift across the CONUS region. From the current climate to the 2040s, the average annual wind speed is expected to increase from 0.1 to 0.2 m s−1 over the Great Plains, Northern Great Lakes Region, and Southwestern United States located southwest of the Rocky Mountains. When projecting into the 2090s from current climate, there is an overall increase in the Great Plains Region and Southwestern United States located southwest of the Rockies with a mean wind speed increase between 0 and 0.1 m s−1, while, the Northern Great Lakes Region experiences an even greater increase from current climate to 2090s than over the first few decades with an increase of mean wind speed from 0.1 to 0.4 m s−1.}, journal={Advances in Meteorology}, author={Liu, B. and Costa, K. B. and Xie, L. and Semazzi, F. H. M.}, year={2014} }
 @article{xie_liu_morrison_gao_wang_2013, title={Air-Sea Interactions and Marine Meteorology}, volume={2013}, ISSN={["1687-9317"]}, DOI={10.1155/2013/162475}, journal={ADVANCES IN METEOROLOGY}, author={Xie, Lian and Liu, Bin and Morrison, John and Gao, Huiwang and Wang, Jianhong}, year={2013} }
 @article{li_zhao_zhou_liu_2013, title={Dependence of mean square slope on wave state and its application in altimeter wind speed retrieval}, volume={34}, number={1}, journal={International Journal of Remote Sensing}, author={Li, S. Q. and Zhao, D. L. and Zhou, L. M. and Liu, B.}, year={2013}, pages={264–275} }
 @article{tang_xie_lackmann_liu_2013, title={Modeling the Impacts of the Large-Scale Atmospheric Environment on Inland Flooding during the Landfall of Hurricane Floyd (1999)}, volume={2013}, ISSN={["1687-9317"]}, DOI={10.1155/2013/294956}, abstractNote={The contribution of the large-scale atmospheric environment to precipitation and flooding during Hurricane Floyd was investigated in this study. Through the vortex removal technique in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, the vortex associated with Hurricane Floyd (1999) was mostly removed in the model initial conditions and subsequent integration. Results show that the environment-induced precipitation can account for as much as 22% of total precipitation in the innermost model domain covering North Carolina coastal area and 7% in the focused hydrological study area. The high-resolution precipitation data from the WRF model was then used for input in a hydrological model to simulate river runoff. Hydrological simulation results demonstrate that without the tropical systems and their interactions with the large-scale synoptic environment the synoptic environment would only contribute 10% to the total discharge at the Tarboro gauge station. This suggests that Hurricane Floyd and Hurricane Dennis preceding it, along with the interactions between these tropical systems and the large-scale environment, have contributed to the bulk (90%) of the record amount of flood water in the Tar-Pamlico River Basin.}, journal={ADVANCES IN METEOROLOGY}, author={Tang, Qianhong and Xie, Lian and Lackmann, Gary M. and Liu, Bin}, year={2013} }
 @article{li_xie_liu_guan_2013, title={On the sensitivity of hurricane storm surge simulation to domain size}, volume={67}, ISSN={["1463-5011"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ocemod.2013.03.005}, abstractNote={The impact of model domain size on the simulated storm surge under various hurricane and topographic conditions is investigated by using a three-dimensional storm surge model. Idealized experiments are designed to simulate storm surge with different domain sizes under various hurricane intensities, radius of maximum wind (RMW), translation speeds and landfall directions, coastal ocean bottom slopes, and continental shelf extents. The results show that, in general, the simulated storm surge first increases with increasing domain size and then approaches a constant value. A “threshold domain size” is defined accordingly, so that differences among model results with different domain sizes larger than the threshold domain size are negligible. The threshold domain size is shown to be insensitive to hurricane intensities, but increases linearly with increasing hurricane RMWs. It also increases with increasing translation speeds and decreasing bottom slopes, when hurricanes approach land perpendicularly. The threshold domain size can also be affected by other factors such as the direction of the storm track of a landfalling hurricane and the extent of continental shelf. Considering the complex dependence of the threshold domain size on various hurricane parameters, a polar graphic chart is created for estimating the threshold domain size for possible hurricane landfall directions and RMWs. A real case study of hurricane Charley (2004) is conducted with different domain sizes. Model results indicate that the threshold domain size estimated from the idealized experiments is reasonable for practical applications.}, journal={OCEAN MODELLING}, author={Li, Rui and Xie, Lian and Liu, Bin and Guan, Changlong}, year={2013}, month={Jul}, pages={1–12} }
 @article{dongliang_xin_bin_lian_2013, title={Rainfall effect on wind waves and the turbulence beneath air-sea interface}, volume={32}, ISSN={["1869-1099"]}, DOI={10.1007/s13131-013-0372-7}, number={11}, journal={ACTA OCEANOLOGICA SINICA}, author={Dongliang, Zhao and Xin, Ma and Bin, Liu and Lian, Xie}, year={2013}, month={Nov}, pages={10–20} }
 @article{bin_changlong_xie_dongliang_2012, title={An Investigation of the Effects of Wave State and Sea Spray on an Idealized Typhoon Using an Air Sea Coupled Modeling System}, volume={29}, ISSN={["1861-9533"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00376-011-1059-7}, number={2}, journal={ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES}, author={Bin, Liu and Changlong, Guan and Xie, Li'an and Dongliang, Zhao}, year={2012}, month={Mar}, pages={391–406} }
 @article{liu_liu_xie_guan_zhao_2011, title={A Coupled Atmosphere-Wave-Ocean Modeling System: Simulation of the Intensity of an Idealized Tropical Cyclone}, volume={139}, ISSN={["1520-0493"]}, DOI={10.1175/2010mwr3396.1}, abstractNote={Abstract A coupled atmosphere–wave–ocean modeling system (CAWOMS) based on the integration of atmosphere–wave, atmosphere–ocean, and wave–current interaction processes is developed. The component models consist of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, the Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN) model, and the Princeton Ocean Model (POM). The coupling between the model components is implemented by using the Model Coupling Toolkit. The CAWOMS takes into account various wave-related effects, including wave state and sea-spray-affected sea surface roughness, sea spray heat fluxes, and dissipative heating in atmosphere–wave coupling. It also considers oceanic effects such as the feedback of sea surface temperature (SST) cooling and the impact of sea surface current on wind stress in atmosphere–ocean coupling. In addition, wave–current interactions, including radiation stress and wave-induced bottom stress, are also taken into account. The CAWOMS is applied to the simulation of an idealized tropical cyclo...}, number={1}, journal={MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW}, author={Liu, Bin and Liu, Huiqing and Xie, Lian and Guan, Changlong and Zhao, Dongliang}, year={2011}, month={Jan}, pages={132–152} }
 @article{peng_xie_liu_semazzi_2010, title={Application of Scale-Selective Data Assimilation to Regional Climate Modeling and Prediction}, volume={138}, ISSN={["1520-0493"]}, DOI={10.1175/2009mwr2974.1}, abstractNote={A method referred to as scale-selective data assimilation (SSDA) is designed to inject the large-scale components of the atmospheric circulation from a global model into a regional model to improve regional climate simulations and predictions. The SSDA is implemented through the following procedure: 1) using a low-pass filter to extract the large-scale components of the atmospheric circulation from global analysis or model forecasts; 2) applying the filter to extract the regional-scale and the large-scale components of the atmospheric circulation from the regional model simulations or forecasts; 3) assimilating the large-scale circulation obtained from the global model into the corresponding component simulated by the regional model using the method of three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) while maintaining the small-scale components from the regional model during the assimilation cycle; 4) combining the small-scale and the assimilated large-scale components as the adjusted forecasts by the regional climate model and allowing the two components to mutually adjust outside the data assimilation cycle. A case study of summer 2005 seasonal climate hindcasting for the regions of the Atlantic and the eastern United States indicates that the large-scale components from the Global Forecast System (GFS) analysis can be effectively assimilated into the regional model using the scale-selective data assimilation method devised in this study, resulting in an improvement in the overall results from the regional climate model.}, number={4}, journal={MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW}, author={Peng, Shiqiu and Xie, Lan and Liu, Bin and Semazzi, Fredrick}, year={2010}, month={Apr}, pages={1307–1318} }
 @article{xie_liu_peng_2010, title={Application of scale-selective data assimilation to tropical cyclone track simulation}, volume={115}, ISSN={["2169-8996"]}, DOI={10.1029/2009jd013471}, abstractNote={Tropical cyclone track is strongly controlled by the large-scale environmental circulation. In limited-area models (LAMs) driven by global analyses or forecasts through a conventional lateral boundary nesting approach, the global analyses are often distorted by the use of "sponge zone" or interpolation when they are passed into the LAM. In this study, a dynamical downscaling approach based on scale-selective data assimilation (SSDA) is applied to a limited-area numerical weather prediction model with emphasis on tropical cyclone track simulation. The idea of the SSDA approach is to drive the LAM not only from the lateral boundary but also from the model domain interior. The large-scale flow from global analyses or forecasts is assimilated into the regional model using 3-D variational data assimilation. The large-scale features in the LAM are thus constrained to follow the global analyses while allowing the regional model itself to develop the regional and small-scale characteristics. The results from the case study of Hurricane Katrina (2005) show that both large-and small-scale flows in the regional model benefited from the SSDA approach, leading to an improvement in the accuracy of storm track simulation when provided with an accurate large-scale circulation from global analyses. In addition, the SSDA procedure is shown to be an effective method to construct a nested-grid regional modeling system that reduces model sensitivity to model domain geometry and location.}, journal={JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES}, author={Xie, Lian and Liu, Bin and Peng, Shiqiu}, year={2010}, month={Sep} }
 @article{deng_xie_liu_wu_zhao_yu_2009, title={Coupling winds to ocean surface currents over the global ocean}, volume={29}, ISSN={["1463-5011"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ocemod.2009.05.003}, abstractNote={A Wind stress–Current Coupled System (WCCS) consisting of the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) and an improved wind stress algorithm based on Donelan et al. [Donelan, W.M., Drennan, Katsaros, K.B., 1997. The air–sea momentum flux in mixed wind sea and swell conditions. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 27, 2087–2099] is developed by using the Earth System Modeling Framework (ESMF). The WCCS is applied to the global ocean to study the interactions between the wind stress and the ocean surface currents. In this study, the ocean surface current velocity is taken into consideration in the wind stress calculation and air–sea heat flux calculation. The wind stress that contains the effect of ocean surface current velocity will be used to force the HYCOM. The results indicate that the ocean surface velocity exerts an important influence on the wind stress, which, in turn, significantly affects the global ocean surface currents, air–sea heat fluxes, and the thickness of ocean surface boundary layer. Comparison with the TOGA TAO buoy data, the sea surface temperature from the wind–current coupled simulation showed noticeable improvement over the stand-alone HYCOM simulation.}, number={4}, journal={OCEAN MODELLING}, author={Deng, Zengan and Xie, Lian and Liu, Bin and Wu, Kejian and Zhao, Dongliang and Yu, Ting}, year={2009}, pages={261–268} }
 @article{liu_wu_guan_2009, title={Wind energy input to the Ekman-Stokes layer: Reply to comment by Jeff A. Polton}, volume={65}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Oceanography}, author={Liu, B. and Wu, K. J. and Guan, C. L.}, year={2009}, pages={669–673} }
 @article{wu_liu_2008, title={Stokes drift-induced and direct wind energy inputs into the Ekman layer within the Antarctic Circumpolar Current}, volume={113}, number={C10}, journal={Journal of Geophysical Research. Oceans}, author={Wu, K. J. and Liu, B.}, year={2008} }
 @article{cheng_liu_2002, title={Swine wastewater treatment in anaerobic digesters with floating medium}, volume={45}, DOI={10.13031/2013.8842}, abstractNote={A 20–L attached–growth anaerobic system with floating plastic Ballast rings as a medium has been studied for 
swine wastewater [chemical oxygen demand (COD) = 1,925 to 2,033 mg/L; total suspended solids (TSS) = 1,051 to 1,184 
mg/L] treatment at the mesophilic temperature of 35 
³ 
C. The plastic Ballast rings had a specific surface area of 108 m 2 /m 3 
and a density of 0.98 g/cm 3 and filled the upper half of the anaerobic digesters. The porosity of the filled portion of the digesters 
was 0.86. Performance of the anaerobic digesters was evaluated for organics decomposition and methane production with 
two different hydraulic retention times (HRTs): 10 days and 5 days. When HRT was 10 days in the anaerobic digesters, removal 
of COD, total organic carbon (TOC), TSS, and volatile suspended solids (VSS) was 65%, 55%, 69%, and 70%, respectively. 
Methane yield was 0.23 m 3 CH4 per kg COD removed. As the HRT was reduced to 5 days, the removal of COD, TOC, TSS, 
and VSS decreased to 55%, 48%, 57%, and 60%, respectively. Methane yield was 0.24 m 3 CH4/kg CODrem. Higher HRT in 
the anaerobic digester resulted in higher organics degradation efficiency. However, higher rates of methane production and 
organics decomposition were obtained in the digester with lower HRT.}, number={3}, journal={Transactions of the ASAE}, author={Cheng, Jay and Liu, B.}, year={2002}, pages={799–805} }