@article{brinkerhoff_haddad_orrock_2005, title={Corridors and olfactory predator cues affect small mammal behavior}, volume={86}, ISSN={["1545-1542"]}, DOI={10.1644/1545-1542(2005)086[0662:CAOPCA]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract The behavior of prey individuals is influenced by a variety of factors including, but not limited to, habitat configuration, risk of predation, and availability of resources, and these habitat-dependent factors may have interactive effects. We studied the responses of mice to an increase in perceived predation risk in a patchy environment to understand how habitat corridors might affect interactions among species in a fragmented landscape. We used a replicated experiment to investigate corridor-mediated prey responses to predator cues in a network of open habitat patches surrounded by a matrix of planted pine forest. Some of the patches were connected by corridors. We used mark–recapture techniques and foraging trays to monitor the movement, behavior, and abundance of small mammals. Predation threat was manipulated in one-half of the replicates by applying an olfactory predator cue. Corridors synchronized small mammal foraging activity among connected patches. Foraging also was inhibited in the presence of an olfactory predator cue but apparently increased in adjacent connected patches. Small mammal abundance did not change as a result of the predator manipulation and was not influenced by the presence of corridors. This study is among the 1st to indicate combined effects of landscape configuration and predation risk on prey behavior. These changes in prey behavior may, in turn, have cascading effects on community dynamics where corridors and differential predation risk influence movement and patch use.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY}, author={Brinkerhoff, RJ and Haddad, NM and Orrock, JL}, year={2005}, month={Aug}, pages={662–669} }
 @article{orrock_danielson_brinkerhoff_2004, title={Rodent foraging is affected by indirect, but not by direct, cues of predation risk}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1465-7279"]}, DOI={10.1093/beheco/arh031}, abstractNote={We used foraging trays to determine whether oldfield mice, Peromyscus polionotus, altered foraging in response to direct cues of predation risk (urine of native and nonnative predators) and indirect cues of predation risk (foraging microhabitat, precipitation, and moon illumination). The proportion of seeds remaining in each tray (a measure of the giving-up density [GUD]) was used to measure risk perceived by mice. Mice did not alter their GUD when presented with cues of native predators (bobcats, Lynx rufus, and red foxes, Vulpes vulpes), recently introduced predators (coyotes, Canis latrans), nonnative predators (ocelots, Leopardus pardalis), a native herbivore (white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus), or a water control. Rather, GUD was related to microhabitat: rodents removed more seeds from foraging trays sheltered beneath vegetative cover compared with exposed trays outside of cover. Rodents also removed more seeds during nights with precipitation and when moon illumination was low. Our results suggest that P. polionotus used indirect cues rather than direct cues to assess risk of vertebrate predation. Indirect cues may be more reliable than are direct scent cues for estimating risk from multiple vertebrate predators that present the most risk in open environments. Copyright 2004.}, number={3}, journal={BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY}, author={Orrock, JL and Danielson, BJ and Brinkerhoff, RJ}, year={2004}, month={May}, pages={433–437} }
 @article{tewksbury_levey_haddad_sargent_orrock_weldon_danielson_brinkerhoff_damschen_townsend_2002, title={Corridors affect plants, animals, and their interactions in fragmented landscapes}, volume={99}, ISSN={["0027-8424"]}, DOI={10.1073/pnas.202242699}, abstractNote={Among the most popular strategies for maintaining populations of both plants and animals in fragmented landscapes is to connect isolated patches with thin strips of habitat, called corridors. Corridors are thought to increase the exchange of individuals between habitat patches, promoting genetic exchange and reducing population fluctuations. Empirical studies addressing the effects of corridors have either been small in scale or have ignored confounding effects of increased habitat area created by the presence of a corridor. These methodological difficulties, coupled with a paucity of studies examining the effects of corridors on plants and plant–animal interactions, have sparked debate over the purported value of corridors in conservation planning. We report results of a large-scale experiment that directly address this debate. In eight large-scale experimental landscapes that control for patch area and test alternative mechanisms of corridor function, we demonstrate that corridors not only increase the exchange of animals between patches, but also facilitate two key plant–animal interactions: pollination and seed dispersal. Our results show that the beneficial effects of corridors extend beyond the area they add, and suggest that increased plant and animal movement through corridors will have positive impacts on plant populations and community interactions in fragmented landscapes.}, number={20}, journal={PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA}, author={Tewksbury, JJ and Levey, DJ and Haddad, NM and Sargent, S and Orrock, JL and Weldon, A and Danielson, BJ and Brinkerhoff, J and Damschen, EI and Townsend, P}, year={2002}, month={Oct}, pages={12923–12926} }