@article{do huh_thomas_udomkusonsri_noga_2005, title={Epidemic trichodinosis associated with severe epidermal hyperplasia in largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, from North Carolina, USA}, volume={41}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Wildlife Diseases}, author={Do Huh, M. and Thomas, C. D. and Udomkusonsri, P. and Noga, E. J.}, year={2005}, pages={647–653} }
 @article{udomkusonsri_noga_2005, title={The  acute ulceration response (AUR): A potentially widespread and serious cause of skin infection in fish}, volume={246}, DOI={10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.01.003}, abstractNote={In previous studies, we found that rapidly confined hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatilis male×Morone chrysops female) developed a syndrome characterized by the immediate and dramatic loss of their skin. We have named this phenomenon the Acute Ulceration Response (AUR). AUR is characterized by the rapid onset of severe epidermal degeneration, erosion, and ulceration on the body skin and fins, as well as corneal ulceration, in stressed hybrid striped bass. In the present study, we have shown that acute confinement stress can also cause AUR in a taxonomically wide array of fish species, including guppy (Poecilia reticulata), freshwater angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare) and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) after a 2-h stress. However, we could not induce AUR in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The AUR lesions were similar to those seen previously in hybrid striped bass. As AUR might be expected to predispose fish to secondary microbial infections, we examined the skin of hybrid striped bass for bacterial infection after experimental induction of AUR. These experiments showed that even fish with severe skin damage could rapidly heal their wounds without obvious consequences within several days. Bacterial numbers in AUR lesions remained low, ∼104 cfu/g of fin tissue, throughout the recovery period. However, if hybrid striped bass with AUR were exposed to even low doses (1 zoospore/ml) of the water mold Saprolegnia, a relatively weak, opportunistic pathogen, the fish developed severe saprolegniosis as soon as 48 h after challenge, with 87.5% infected and 87.5% dead within 4 days post-challenge. In contrast, none of the control fish (no AUR, but exposed to Saprolegnia) developed saprolegniosis. These data provide strong evidence that AUR might play a critical role in skin ulcer epidemics of many fish species that are preceded by an acute stress. Furthermore, our data suggest that environmental pathogen load plays a critical role in determining if AUR lesions will heal spontaneously or instead will lead to devastating disease losses.}, number={38356}, journal={Aquaculture}, author={Udomkusonsri, P. and Noga, E. J.}, year={2005}, pages={63–77} }
 @article{udomkusonsri_noga_monteiro-riviere_2004, title={Pathogenesis of acute ulceration response (AUR) in hybrid striped bass}, volume={61}, ISSN={["1616-1580"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000226275200003&KeyUID=WOS:000226275200003}, DOI={10.3354/dao061199}, abstractNote={In a previous study, we discovered that acute confinement stress causes rapid ulceration of the fins of hybrid striped bass Morone saxatilis female x M. chrysops male (Noga et al. 1998. Vet Pathol 35:102-107). In this paper, we report the development of a reproducible model for studying this phenomenon in juvenile hybrid striped bass. We also determined how quickly ulceration could develop in acutely stressed fish and documented the sequential light microscopic and ultrastructural changes associated with this response. When hybrid striped bass were subjected to a standardized confinement protocol, the pathological response was extremely rapid (fin ulceration began to develop within 15 min of confinement). Grossly, the distal edges of the fins became blanched, and melanophores aggregated near the basement membrane and dermis after 15 min of confinement. Microscopically, the earliest detectable change in the fins, which occurred within 15 min of confinement, was swelling and loss of microridges of the outermost epidermal cells; this was followed by epidermal erosion. After 30 min of stress, epidermal ulceration developed at the distal edges of the fins. At this time, both necrotic and apoptotic epidermal cells were present. The middle and basal epidermal layers were severely spongiotic and the dermis and hypodermis were edematous. Over longer periods (up to 2 h), lesions were similar but increasingly more severe, progressing from the distal edge of the fin towards the base. The response to acute stress showed a significant correlation between confinement period and severity of the pathological changes (epidermal degeneration, epidermal ulceration and leukocyte infiltration). Also, we demonstrated that epidermal damage was not restricted to the fins but also affected the body skin and eyes. The ventral area of the body and the corneal epithelium of stressed fish were ulcerated; however, skin on the head and operculum was not affected, suggesting a site-specific mode of damage. In stressed fish, epidermal ulceration was found in 67 to 97% of all fins, 88% of skin on the ventrum, and 67% of corneas, while control fish had only very mild epidermal ulceration in the few fish in which it was present (on 5 to 10% of the fins, but not on the ventral skin or corneas). Due to the widespread damage to epidermal tissues of the body surface, we have named this the acute ulceration response (AUR). Our study indicates that acute confinement can rapidly cause significant damage to epidermal and ocular epithelium. AUR might be a primary cause of morbidity in acutely stressed fish.}, number={3}, journal={DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS}, author={Udomkusonsri, P and Noga, EJ and Monteiro-Riviere, NA}, year={2004}, month={Nov}, pages={199–213} }
 @article{noga_udomkusonsri_2002, title={Fluorescein: A rapid, sensitive, nonlethal method for detecting skin ulceration in fish}, volume={39}, ISSN={["0300-9858"]}, DOI={10.1354/vp.39-6-726}, abstractNote={ There is a need to develop simple, rapid, and accurate methods for assessing health in fish populations. In this study we demonstrate that use of fluorescein, a nontoxic fluorescent dye, can rapidly and easily detect the presence of skin ulcers in all fish tested, including rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), goldfish (Carassius auratus), and hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatilis male X M. chrysops female). Exposure of fish to as little as 0.10 mg fluorescein per milliliter of water for 3 minutes was sufficient to identify experimentally induced lesions, even pinpoint ulcerations. Such lesions were not visible to the naked eye but were clearly demarcated with fluorescein treatment. Examination of fish that appeared clinically normal often revealed the presence of focal ulcerations, which might have been a consequence of damage during capture, but it also might suggest that skin ulceration may be common even in “clinically normal” fish. Exposure of either nonulcerated or experimentally ulcerated hybrid striped bass to an excessively high concentration of fluorescein had no apparent effect on health or survival. Our studies suggest that fluorescein may be a highly useful tool for rapid health screening in fish populations. }, number={6}, journal={VETERINARY PATHOLOGY}, author={Noga, EJ and Udomkusonsri, P}, year={2002}, month={Nov}, pages={726–731} }