@article{grimes_noll_brannon_godwin_smith_rowland_2004, title={Effect of a chelated calcium proteinate dietary supplement on the reproductive performance of large white turkey breeder hens}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1056-6171"]}, DOI={10.1093/japr/13.4.639}, abstractNote={Abstract Researchers have reported that organic mineral complexes can have increased availability compared with inorganic sources. This work was conducted to examine the inclusion of a small amount of chelated calcium proteinate (CalKey) into turkey breeder hen diets and its effect on turkey breeder hen performance. Two studies were conducted, one each in Minnesota (A) and North Carolina (B). Typical corn and soybean meal diets without animal by-product meals were used as the control diets. Hens in the first study were photostimulated at 30 wk of age in December with 15L:9D for a 24-wk lay period, and hens in a second study were photostimulated after an induced molt in January with 15.5L:8.5D for a 24-wk lay period. In study A, hatchability of fertile eggs was improved during the last 4 wk of production for hens fed calcium proteinate. During 1 period, hens fed calcium proteinate had lower daily feed intake and increased incidence of soft-shelled eggs. In study B, hatchability of fertile eggs was improved for hens fed dietary calcium proteinate for 19 and 20 wk of lay. This result was associated with improved embryo livability for wk 3 and 4 of development. It was concluded that feeding 500 ppm calcium from chelated calcium proteinate improved hatchability of turkey eggs during the later period of egg production, which was associated with decreased late embryo mortality.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Grimes, JL and Noll, S and Brannon, J and Godwin, JL and Smith, JC and Rowland, RD}, year={2004}, pages={639–649} }
 @article{grimes_williams_godwin_smith_2003, title={Heat treatment of turkey litter for reuse as bedding}, volume={2}, ISBN={1682-8356}, DOI={10.3923/ijps.2003.287.292}, abstractNote={Local and national laws regulating poultry litter (PL) land application may require that PL be applied based on crop needs and PL nutrient content such as N and P. In addition, some may require monitoring of soil metals such as Cu and Zn. Even with efforts to decrease fecal nutrient excretion, there is also a need to extend the useful life of current bedding materials and to develop alternative uses of spent PL. Heat treatment of PL may extend bedding life and offer alternative uses of PL. The objective of this study was to determine if heat processed turkey litter (TL) can be reused as bedding for turkeys. Pine shavings (PS) which had been used as bedding to rear Large White male turkeys from hatch to 20 weeks of age was processed at 95 and 220 C in an enclosed auger system. Four litter treatments (LT) were used: 1) control - new PS (T ), o 1 2) TL processed at 95 C (T ), 3) a 70:30 (w/w) mixture of TL processed at 95 or 220 C (T ) and 4) a 95:5 o o 2 3 (w/w) mixture of TL processed at 95 or 220 C (T ). These bedding mixtures were placed in 36 floor pens in o 4 a randomized block design to provide 9 replicate pens per LT. Thirty Large White turkey hen poults were placed in each pen on day of hatch. The birds were reared to 14 wk. Mortality and feed consumption were monitored. Period and cumulative feed conversion (FC) ratios were calculated. Regression analysis of SAS, Inc. was used for data analysis. The LS Means procedure was used to separate treatment means (P<0.05). At 6 wks, T hens were heavier than T (1.78 kg), T (1.80 kg) or T (1.81 kg) hens. There were no differences 3 1 2 4 in BW at 10 (5.42 kg) or 14 wk (8.67 kg) among treatments. There were no differences in FC. The LT did not affect bird mortality. Litter treated by the heat process used for this study produces a bedding material suitable for rearing market turkeys.}, number={5}, journal={International Journal of Poultry Science}, author={Grimes, J. L. and Williams, C. M. and Godwin, J. L. and Smith, J. C.}, year={2003}, pages={287} }
 @misc{grimes_smith_williams_2002, title={Some alternative litter materials used for growing broilers and turkeys}, volume={58}, ISSN={["1743-4777"]}, DOI={10.1079/wps20020037}, abstractNote={This paper discusses materials used as bedding or litter for the rearing of broilers and turkeys in the U.S.A. The U.S. poultry industry has historically used pine shavings as the litter of choice for many years. Sawdust has replaced pine shavings in many areas, however, not by choice, but because pine shavings have become increasingly difficult to obtain. Regionally, rice hulls, straw, and peanut hulls can be found in use by poultry producers for litter. Re-cycled paper products have received a lot of research and development, but have not had a great deal of acceptance by the poultry industry. Sand is another alternative bedding that is currently being tested in southern climates. Alternative litter materials for poultry will continue to be researched and evaluated, and pine shavings or sawdust will probably continue to be used as the benchmark comparison. However, while bird performance will always be a threshold criterion, cost and availability will ultimately determine the adoption of new or alternative litter materials by poultry growers and the poultry industry.}, number={4}, journal={WORLDS POULTRY SCIENCE JOURNAL}, author={Grimes, JL and Smith, J and Williams, CM}, year={2002}, month={Dec}, pages={515–526} }