@article{mcelroy_yelverton_burton_2005, title={Habitat delineation of green and false-green kyllinga in turfgrass systems and interrelationship of elevation and edaphic factors}, volume={53}, ISSN={["0043-1745"]}, DOI={10.1614/WS-04-089R.1}, abstractNote={Knowledge of the influence of environmental factors on weed populations is important in developing sustainable turfgrass management practices. Studies were conducted to evaluate the relationship of green and false-green kyllinga population densities with elevation and edaphic factors in turfgrass systems. Studies were conducted on five different golf courses in North Carolina, three affected by green kyllinga, and two affected by false-green kyllinga. According to Spearman correlation coefficients, both green and false-green kyllinga were correlated with increasing soil volumetric water content, whereas correlation of other edaphic variables varied among sites and species. Stepwise logistic regression confirmed the correlation of volumetric water with green kyllinga presence, but model components varied among sites for false-green kyllinga. Increasing green kyllinga populations correlated with increasing soil sodium; however, sodium did not reach a level believed to be detrimental to turfgrass growth. No other variables correlated with green or false-green kyllinga across all sites. We hypothesized that the lack of significant correlations was due to the overall influence of relative elevation on edaphic variables. According to principal components analysis (PCA), relative elevation had a profound impact on the measured edaphic variables at all sites. However, results of PCA at one site differed sharply from other sites. Results from that site demonstrate the potentially strong effects of management practices to alter edaphic trends normally observed with topography.}, number={5}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, author={McElroy, JS and Yelverton, FH and Burton, MG}, year={2005}, pages={620–630} }
 @article{mcelroy_breeden_yelverton_gannon_askew_derr_2005, title={Response of four improved seeded bermudagrass cultivars to postemergence herbicides during seeded establishment}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-04-303R2.1}, abstractNote={Herbicides and herbicide prepackaged mixtures registered for use on established bermudagrass turf may cause significant injury to recently seeded bermudagrass cultivars, delaying full establishment. Research was conducted to evaluate the use of 12 herbicide treatments applied at onset of uniform stolon development (4 to 8 wk after seeding) to recently seeded ‘Princess 77,’ ‘Riviera,’ ‘Savannah,’ and ‘Yukon’ bermudagrass cultivars. In general, Yukon was more susceptible to herbicide injury than other cultivars. Atrazine at 1.1 kg ai/ha injured all cultivars 55 to 59% 14 d after initial treatment (DAIT), which lead to reduced bermudagrass cover 21 DAIT. Triclopyr + clopyralid at 0.63 + 0.21 kg ae/ha, respectively, injured Savannah and Yukon greater than other broadleaf weed herbicides (2,4-D + mecoprop + dicamba or 2,4-D + clopyralid + dicamba). Foramsulfuron did not injure or reduce bermudagrass cover of any cultivar evaluated at any rating date. The only adverse effect of trifloxysulfuron was a reduction in Riviera and Yukon ground cover at 21 DAIT. MSMA applied sequentially and quinclorac treatments did not injure or reduce ground cover of Savannah or Princess 77. MSMA applied sequentially and/or quinclorac injured and reduced ground cover of Riviera and Yukon; however, both cultivars completely recovered from MSMA or quinclorac injury by 42 DAIT. Nomenclature: clopyralid, 2,4-D, dicamba, foramsulfuron, mecoprop, MSMA, triclopyr, trifloxysulfuron, quinclorac; common bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. #3 CYNDA, ‘Princess 77’, ‘Riviera’, ‘Savannah’, ‘Yukon.’ Additional index words: Seeded establishment, stolon development, turfgrass tolerance. Abbreviations: DAIT, days after initial treatment; NTEP, National Turfgrass Evaluation Program.}, number={4}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={McElroy, JS and Breeden, GK and Yelverton, FH and Gannon, TW and Askew, SD and Derr, JF}, year={2005}, pages={979–985} }
 @article{mcelroy_yelverton_burke_wilcut_2004, title={Absorption, translocation and metabolism of halosulfuron and trifloxysulfuron in green kyllinga (Kyllinga brevifolia) and false-green kyllinga (K-gracillima)}, volume={52}, ISSN={["0043-1745"]}, DOI={10.1614/WS-03-133R}, abstractNote={Abstract Trifloxysulfuron controls green and false-green kyllinga more effectively than halosulfuron. Studies were conducted to evaluate the absorption, translocation, and metabolism of 14C-halosulfuron and 14C-trifloxysulfuron when foliar applied to green and false-green kyllinga. No differences were observed between the two kyllinga spp. with regard to absorption, translocation, or metabolism of either herbicide. The majority of 14C-halosulfuron and 14C-trifloxysulfuron was absorbed by 4 h, with an accumulation of 63 and 47% radioactivity, respectively. Accumulation of both herbicides occurred in the treated leaf and the primary shoot from whence the treated leaf was removed, with minor accumulation occurring in the roots and newly formed rhizomes. Of the total amount of 14C-halosulfuron absorbed into the plant, 77% remained in the form of the parent compound compared with 61% of 14C-trifloxysulfuron. The parent compound was distributed mainly in the treated leaf and primary shoot, whereas polar metabolites were concentrated in the roots and rhizomes. Nonpolar metabolites of 14C-trifloxysulfuron accumulated in the treated leaf and primary shoot. These data indicate that absorption, translocation, or metabolism could not explain the variation in green and false-green kyllinga control between halosulfuron and trifloxysulfuron. Nomenclature: Halosulfuron; trifloxysulfuron; false-green kyllinga, Kyllinga gracillima L.; green kyllinga, Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. KYLBR.}, number={5}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, author={McElroy, JS and Yelverton, FH and Burke, IC and Wilcut, JW}, year={2004}, pages={704–710} }
 @article{burnell_yelverton_neal_gannon_mcelroy_2004, title={Control of silvery-thread moss (Bryum argenteum Hedw.) in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) putting greens}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-03-082R1}, abstractNote={Field experiments were conducted to evaluate chemicals for silvery-thread moss control and bentgrass turfgrass quality. Treatments included iron (Fe)-containing products, nitrogen fertilizers, Ultra Dawn dishwashing detergent (UD) at 3% (v/v), and oxadiazon. In general, greater silvery-thread moss control was achieved with Fe-containing products. Ferrous sulfate at 40 kg Fe/ha plus ammonium sulfate at 30 kg N/ha, a combined product of ferrous oxide, ferrous sulfate, and iron humates (FEOSH) at 125 kg Fe/ha, and a combined product of iron disulfide and ferrous sulfate (FEDS) at 112 kg Fe/ha reduced silvery-thread moss populations 87, 81, and 69%, respectively, 6 wk after initial treatment (WAIT). UD reduced silvery-thread moss populations 57% 6 WAIT. The addition of oxadiazon to Fe-containing treatments did not improve silvery-thread moss population reduction. Other experiments evaluated two formulations of chlorothalonil, each applied at two rates, chlorothalonil with zinc at 9.5 and 17.4 kg ai/ha and chlorothalonil without zinc at 9.1 and 18.2 kg/ ha, and two spray volumes (2,038 and 4,076 L/ha). Greater silvery-thread moss population reduction was observed at Jefferson Landing in 1999 compared with Elk River in 1999 and 2000. Rainfall events at Elk River in 1999 and 2000 within 24 h after application and no rain at Jefferson Landing may account for variation in performance of products between sites. However, no difference in chlorothalonil formulation, rate, or spray volume was observed in any location or year. These data indicate that Fe-containing fertilizers or chlorothalonil can be used to reduce silvery-thread moss populations in creeping bentgrass putting greens.}, number={3}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Burnell, KD and Yelverton, FH and Neal, JC and Gannon, TW and McElroy, JS}, year={2004}, pages={560–565} }
 @article{gannon_yelverton_cummings_mcelroy_2004, title={Establishment of seeded centipedegrass (Eremochloa ophiuroides) in utility turf areas}, volume={18}, ISSN={["0890-037X"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-03-112R1}, abstractNote={Experiments were conducted to evaluate safety and effectiveness of herbicides during establishment of seeded centipedegrass. Centipedegrass tolerance to herbicides was evaluated at seeding and early postemergence. Imazapic at 105 g ai/ha, sulfometuron at 53 g ai/ha, or metsulfuron at 21 or 42 g ai/ha applied at seeding reduced centipedegrass ground cover compared with the nontreated. Imazapic at 18 or 35 g/ha or applications of atrazine or simazine at seeding did not reduce centipedegrass ground cover compared with the nontreated. Applications of chlorsulfuron plus mefluidide (7 + 140 g ai/ha) or metsulfuron at 21 or 42 g/ha applied 6 wk after seeding (WAS) centipedegrass (one-leaf to one-tiller growth stage) caused 20, 16, and 83% phytotoxicity, respectively, 56 d after treatment (DAT). Imazapic, sulfometuron, atrazine, or simazine applied 6 WAS caused <15% phytotoxicity 56 DAT. When large crabgrass and centipedegrass were seeded together, large crabgrass emergence was reduced 41% when atrazine (1,100 g ai/ha) was applied at seeding. Centipedegrass tiller production was reduced with increasing amounts of crabgrass. However, centipedegrass tiller production and ground cover were higher when atrazine was applied because of reduced interspecific interference from large crabgrass. These data indicate that centipedegrass can be established more quickly if appropriate herbicides are used at seeding or shortly after seeding.}, number={3}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Gannon, TW and Yelverton, FH and Cummings, HD and McElroy, JS}, year={2004}, pages={641–647} }
 @article{mcelroy_yelverton_gannon_wilcut_2004, title={Foliar vs. soil exposure of green kyllinga (Kyllinga brevifolia) and false-green kyllinga (Kyllinga gracillima) to postemergence treatments of CGA-362622, halosulfuron, imazaquin, and MSMA}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-03-072R}, abstractNote={Greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate shoot number, shoot weight, rhizome weight, and root weight reduction of green and false-green kyllinga at three placement levels (soil applied, foliar applied, and soil + foliar applied) and five herbicide treatments (CGA-362622, halosulfuron, imazaquin, MSMA, and imazaquin + MSMA). Averaged over herbicide and placement level, false-green kyllinga shoot number 30 d after treatment (DAT) and rhizome weight 60 DAT were reduced more than those of green kyllinga. Furthermore, imazaquin, MSMA, and imazaquin + MSMA, averaged across placement levels, as well as CGA-362622 and halosulfuron, both foliar and soil applied, reduced false-green kyllinga shoot number greater than that of green kyllinga 60 DAT. Halosulfuron reduced false-green kyllinga shoot weight greater than that of green kyllinga 60 DAT; however, MSMA reduced green kyllinga greater. In general, foliar- and soil + foliar–applied treatments reduced shoot number (30 DAT), rhizome weight, and root weight of both kyllinga species greater than soil-applied treatments, whereas soil + foliar–applied treatments were more effective in reducing shoot weight 60 DAT. CGA-362622 and halosulfuron reduced kyllinga species shoot number (30 DAT), false-green kyllinga shoot weight (60 DAT), and root weight of both species greater than all other herbicides. However, CGA-362622 reduced green kyllinga shoot weight (60 DAT) and rhizome weight of both species greater than all other herbicides. Nomenclature: CGA-362622, N-[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)carbamoyl]-3-(2,2,2-trifluroethoxy)- pyridin-2-sulfonamide sodium salt; halosulfuron; imazaquin; MSMA; false-green kyllinga, Kyllinga gracillima L.; green kyllinga, Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. #3 KYLBR. Additional index words: Foliar absorption, root absorption. Abbreviations: ALS, acetolactate synthase; DAP, days after planting; DAT, days after treatment; NIS, nonionic surfactant; POST, postemergence.}, number={1}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={McElroy, JS and Yelverton, FH and Gannon, TW and Wilcut, JW}, year={2004}, pages={145–151} }
 @article{mcelroy_yelverton_neal_rufty_2004, title={Influence of photoperiod and temperature on vegetative growth and development of Florida betony (Stachys floridana)}, volume={52}, ISSN={["1550-2759"]}, DOI={10.1614/WS-03-045R}, abstractNote={Experiments were conducted in environmental chambers to the evaluate effects of photoperiod and temperature on Florida betony growth and development. Plants were exposed to two photoperiods, short day (9 h) and long day (9 + 3 h night interruption), and three day/night temperature regimes, 18/14, 22/18, and 26/22 C. After 10 wk of growth, shoot length and weight were 3.4 and 3.5 times greater, respectively, in the long-day photoperiod and with the 26 and 22 than with the 22 and 18 C day and night temperature regime, respectively. Shoot number, however, was greatest in the short-day photoperiod and at a lower temperature of 22/18 C. Shoot number in long day 22/18 C and 26/22 C environments increased asymptotically. No difference in root weight was observed between long- and short-day environments, but root weight increased with increasing temperature. Flowering and tuber production only occurred in long-day environments, with greater production of both at higher temperatures. Results provide a general framework for understanding Florida betony growth and development characteristics in the field and provide insights that should be considered in developing control strategies.}, number={2}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, author={McElroy, JS and Yelverton, FH and Neal, JC and Rufty, TW}, year={2004}, pages={267–270} }
 @article{mcelroy_yelverton_troxler_wilcut_2003, title={Selective exposure of yellow (Cyperus esculentus) and purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) to postemergence treatments of CGA-362622, imazaquin, and MSMA}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT02-156}, abstractNote={Greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate shoot number, shoot weight, and root weight reduction of yellow and purple nutsedge to three placement levels (soil, foliar, and soil + foliar applied) and four herbicide treatments (CGA-362622, imazaquin, MSMA, and imazaquin + MSMA). Soil-applied CGA-362622 reduced shoot number, shoot weight, and root weight greater than foliar-applied CGA-362622. Foliar-applied imazaquin and soil-applied MSMA achieved little reduction in measured variables compared with the nontreated control. Foliar-applied imazaquin and soil-applied MSMA reduced shoot number, shoot weight, and root weight less than imazaquin + MSMA applied in a similar manner. Averaged over placement levels, imazaquin reduced shoot weight of yellow nutsedge greater than purple nutsedge. Averaged over herbicide treatments, soil-applied treatments were more effective in reducing purple nutsedge shoot number, whereas foliar-applied treatments were more effective in reducing yellow nutsedge shoot number. Nomenclature: CGA-362622, N-[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)carbamoyl]-3-(2,2,2-trifluroethoxy)-pyridin-2-sulfonamide sodium salt; imazaquin; MSMA; purple nutsedge, Cyperus rotundus L. #3 CYPRO; yellow nutsedge, Cyperus esculentus L. # CYPES. Additional index words: Foliar absorption, root absorption. Abbreviations: DAP, days after planting; DAT, days after treatment; NIS, nonionic surfactant; POST, postemergence.}, number={3}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={McElroy, JS and Yelverton, FH and Troxler, SC and Wilcut, JW}, year={2003}, pages={554–559} }