@article{boohene_geden_becnel_2003, title={Evaluation of remediation methods for Nosema disease in Muscidifurax raptor (Hymenoptera : Pteromalidae)}, volume={32}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1603/0046-225X-32.5.1146}, abstractNote={Abstract Several methods were investigated for managing Nosema disease in the parasitoid Muscidifurax raptor Girault and Sanders. Treatment of parasitoid eggs or pupae within host puparia with gamma radiation from a cesium-137 source were either lethal to the parasitoids at all dosages tested (eggs) or failed to reduce infection rates (pupae). Exposure of parasitoid eggs within host puparia to heat was effective at several temperatures and exposure times. Optimal results for disease reduction were achieved with a 5-h exposure to 45°C, which resulted in no infection in the resulting adult parasitoids. Continuous rearing at elevated temperatures (30 and 32°C) for three generations resulted in decreased spore loads in infected parasitoids but did not reduce infection rates. Incorporation of the drugs albendazole and rifampicin into rearing media of the parasitoid’s host (house fly immatures) resulted in pupae that were of poor quality and did not reduce infection rates in parasitoids that developed in flies reared on drug-treated media. Treatment of adult parasitoids with 3% albendazole and/or rifampicin resulted in decreased rates of transovarial transmission of the disease. Transmission blockage required 3–7 d of exposure to the drug before substantial treatment effects were manifest. Parasitoids that fed for 7 d on rifampicin-treated honey transmitted the disease to 57.7% of their progeny compared with a 99.1% transmission rate among untreated parasitoids. An uninfected colony of M. raptor was established by pooling cured parasitoids from heat shock and drug treatment experiments. Parasitoids from the uninfected colony lived longer and produced over twice as many female progeny (201.2) as infected parasitoids (85.2).}, number={5}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Boohene, CK and Geden, CJ and Becnel, JJ}, year={2003}, month={Oct}, pages={1146–1153} }
 @article{geden_stinner_kramer_axtell_1990, title={MACMOD: A simulation model for Macrocheles muscaedomesticae (Acari: Macrochelidae) population dynamics and rates of predation on immature house flies (Diptera: Muscidae)}, volume={19}, number={3}, journal={Environmental Entomology}, author={Geden, C. J. and Stinner, R. E. and Kramer, D. A. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1990}, pages={578} }
 @article{fatchurochim_geden_axtell_1989, title={FILTH FLY (DIPTERA) OVIPOSITION AND LARVAL DEVELOPMENT IN POULTRY MANURE OF VARIOUS MOISTURE LEVELS}, volume={24}, ISSN={["0749-8004"]}, DOI={10.18474/0749-8004-24.2.224}, abstractNote={Oviposition by four species of muscid flies on poultry manure having six levels of moisture in the range of 40–90% was compared using caged populations of adults. Musca domestica L., Muscina stabulans (Fallén), Fannia femoralis (Stein) and Ophyra aenescens (Wiedemann) deposited more than 50% of their eggs in manure having 70% moisture. Eggs from those fly species and two others, Fannia canicularis (L.) and a stratiomyid, Hermetia illucens (L.), were added to poultry manure having eight levels of moisture in the range of 20–90%, and the development and size of emerging adults determined. None of the species developed in manure with 80 and 90% moisture. Development was mostly in the manure with 40–70% moisture, although some development in drier manure occurred with F. canicularis and H. illucens. For some species there were differences in the survival of fly immatures, development time, and size of the adult flies reared in manure of different moisture levels.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE}, author={FATCHUROCHIM, S and GEDEN, CJ and AXTELL, RC}, year={1989}, month={Apr}, pages={224–231} }
 @article{geden_axtell_1988, title={EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON NEMATODE (STEINERNEMA-FELTIAE [NEMATODA, STEINERNEMATIDAE]) TREATMENT OF SOIL FOR CONTROL OF LESSER MEALWORM (COLEOPTERA, TENEBRIONIDAE) IN TURKEY HOUSES}, volume={81}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/81.3.800}, abstractNote={Infective juveniles of Steinernema feltiae (All strain) were applied (10' per m') to the soil floors of two turkey houses with small populations of lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer); a third house was left untreated. The overall mean air temperature during the 9 wk after treatment was 26.4°C. Soil bioassays indicated that nematodes were present in treated soil at 3 wk but not at 5, 7, or 9 wk after treatment. Larval or adult beetle population densities in the treated houses did not differ significantly compared with the control house. When nematodes were applied to soil and then assayed for survival after being held in the laboratory at four different temperatures, none survived beyond 2 wk after treatment in soil held at temperatures >24°C. Nematodes were still detected at 9 wk after treatment in soil held at .20 and 24°C. SOIL TREATMENT with the entomogenous nema- tode, 5teinernema feltiae Filipjev, at 105parasites per m' in broiler and turkey houses provided a modest degree of short-term control of lesser meal- worm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Ceden et al. 1987). Treatments were made during the brief interval between flocks of birds in houses with a recent history of high beetle populations. High temperatures coincided with the loss of beetle con- trol and declining nematode presence in treated soil. Because 5. feltiae is known to be sensitive to high temperatures (Cray &Johnson 1983), our study monitored nematode persistence, beetle popula- tions, and temperature in turkey houses treated with a high nematode dose (106 parasites per m') and examined the effect of temperature on nema- tode persistence in treated soil in the laboratory.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={GEDEN, CJ and AXTELL, RC}, year={1988}, month={Jun}, pages={800–803} }
 @article{geden_axtell_1988, title={PREDATION BY CARCINOPS-PUMILIO (COLEOPTERA, HISTERIDAE) AND MACROCHELES-MUSCAEDOMESTICAE (ACARINA, MACROCHELIDAE) ON THE HOUSE-FLY (DIPTERA, MUSCIDAE) - FUNCTIONAL-RESPONSE, EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE, AND AVAILABILITY OF ALTERNATIVE PREY}, volume={17}, ISSN={["0046-225X"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/17.4.739}, abstractNote={Rates of house fly, Musca damestica L., destruction by Carcinaps pumilia (Erichson) adults and Macrocheles muscaedamesticae (Scopoli) females at two densities in a poultry manure substrate were determined at 27°C as a function of prey availability, and models based on the disk equation of Holling fit the observed data closely (R2 > 0.92). Asymptotic predation rates were 54 fly immatures destroyed per predator per day for C. pumilia and 17 and 11 for M. muscaedamesticae at 5 and 20 mites per assay container, respectively. At 15 and 33°C, predation rates of C. pumilia were 12.3 and 82.7 per day, respectively, and those of M. muscaedamesticae were 5.0 and 36.3 per day, respectively. C. pumilia destroyed significantly fewer house flies when acarid mites (Calaglyphus sp.) were present as an alternative prey than when only fly immatures were present; there were no reductions in predation on the house fly in the presence of nematodes (Diplagasteraides sp.) or sphaerocerid (Capraica hirtula Rondani) immatures. M. muscaedamesticae destroyed significantly fewer house flies when nematodes and sphaerocerids were present than when only fly immatures were present; there was no reduction in predation on the house fly in the presence of acarid mites. I KEY WORDS mesticae Arachnida, Insecta, house fly, Carcinaps pumilia, Macracheles muscaeda-}, number={4}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={GEDEN, CJ and AXTELL, RC}, year={1988}, month={Aug}, pages={739–744} }
 @article{geden_stinner_axtell_1988, title={Predation by predators of the house fly in poultry manure: Effects of predator density, feeding history, interspecific interference, and field conditions}, volume={17}, journal={Environmental Entomology}, author={Geden, C. J. and Stinner, R. E. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1988}, pages={320–329} }
 @article{geden_edwards_arends_axtell_1987, title={EFFICACIES OF MIXTURES OF DISINFECTANTS AND INSECTICIDES}, volume={66}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0660659}, abstractNote={Efficacies of mixtures of diluted commercial formulations of selected insecticides and disinfectants were evaluated. Insecticides tested included representative pyrethroids (fenvalerate [Ectrin WDL and WD] and permethrin [Ectiban EC]), organophosphates (dichlorvos [Vapona EC], tetrachlorvinphos [Rabon WP] and dichlorvos/tetrachlorvinphos [RaVap EC], and a carbamate (carbaryl [Sevin S]). Disinfectants tested included representatives of cresylic acid (Biolene), cresylic acid/phenol (BioGuard X-185), phenol (1-Stroke Environ), quaternary ammonium (BioGuard S-3 and PFP-4), quaternary ammonium/formalin (DC & R), and formalin classes of disinfectants. Mixtures were tested for toxicity to two target insects (Musca domestica on plywood, Alphitobius diaperinus in litter) and two bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus). Of 56 mixtures evaluated, 24 showed reduced insecticidal toxicity and 35 showed reduced bactericidal activity compared with insecticides or disinfectants alone.}, number={4}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={GEDEN, CJ and EDWARDS, TD and ARENDS, JJ and AXTELL, RC}, year={1987}, month={Apr}, pages={659–665} }
 @article{geden_arends_axtell_1987, title={FIELD TRIALS OF STEINERNEMA-FELTIAE (NEMATODA, STEINERNEMATIDAE) FOR CONTROL OF ALPHITOBIUS-DIAPERINUS (COLEOPTERA, TENEBRIONIDAE) IN COMMERCIAL BROILER AND TURKEY HOUSES}, volume={80}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/80.1.136}, abstractNote={Infective juveniles of the All strain of Steinernema feltiae Filipjev were applied (100,000 per square meter) to the soil floors of one broiler and two turkey houses with known recent histories of infestation with lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer). After addition of fresh litter and new flocks of birds, beetle populations increased more slowly in treated than in untreated houses on all three farms, but at 10–13 weeks posttreatment adult beetle populations were about equal in treated and untreated houses. Soil samples were bioassayed biweekly for presence of nematodes by adding beetle larvae. Nematodes persisted (63–87% beetle mortality) for 7 weeks posttreatment on two of the farms; on the third farm, beetle mortality was < 50% at 3 weeks posttreatment. When soil in plastic containers was treated at varying nematode rates and held for 6 months in a poultry house, beetle mortality ranged from 0 (103 nematodes per square meter) to 48.2% (105 nematodes per square meter).}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={GEDEN, CJ and ARENDS, JJ and AXTELL, RC}, year={1987}, month={Feb}, pages={136–141} }
 @article{geden_axtell_1987, title={Factors affecting climbing and tunneling behavior of the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)}, volume={80}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, author={Geden, C. J. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1987}, pages={1197–1204} }
 @article{geden_axtell_brooks_1986, title={SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE HOUSEFLY, MUSCA-DOMESTICA (DIPTERA, MUSCIDAE), TO THE ENTOMOGENOUS NEMATODES STEINERNEMA-FELTIAE, STEINERNEMA-GLASERI (STEINERNEMATIDAE), AND HETERORHABDITIS-HELIOTHIDIS (HETERORHABDITIDAE)}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1938-2928"]}, DOI={10.1093/jmedent/23.3.326}, abstractNote={The infectivity of the nematodes Steinernema feltiae, S. glaseri , and Heterorhabditis heliothidis for the larval, pupal, adult stages of the house fly were evaluated under different habitat conditions. Second- and 3rd-instar larvae and adult flies were highly susceptible to S. feltiae and H. heliothidis when hosts were confined in petri dishes containing nematode-treated filter paper. Larvae were not susceptible to S. glaseri , and pupae within puparia were refractory to infection by all 3 species. When 2nd- and 3rd-instar larvae were exposed to nematodes in rearing medium, S. feltiae caused higher mortality (55–61%) than H. heliothidis (11–26%) at the highest dosage of 5,000 nematodes per host. Both S. feltiae and H. heliothidis were more infective for 3rd-instar larvae (21–29%) than for 2nd-instar larvae (2–6%) at this dosage in poultry manure. When adult flies were offered S. feltiae suspensions in a 5% sucrose bait on cotton balls, mortality ranged from 53 to 67% at dose rates ranging from 1,000 to 100,000 nematodes per milliliter of bait.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={GEDEN, CJ and AXTELL, RC and BROOKS, WM}, year={1986}, month={May}, pages={326–332} }
 @article{geden_axtell_brooks_1985, title={SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE LESSER MEALWORM, ALPHITOBIUS-DIAPERINUS (COLEOPTERA, TENEBRIONIDAE) TO THE ENTOMOGENOUS NEMATODES STEINERNEMA-FELTIAE, STEINERNEMA-GLASERI (STEINERNEMATIDAE) AND HETERORHABDITIS-HELIOTHIDIS (HETERORHABDITIDAE)}, volume={20}, ISSN={["0749-8004"]}, DOI={10.18474/0749-8004-20.3.331}, abstractNote={The infectivity of Steinernema feltiae, S. glaseri and Heterorhabditis heliothidis for early-stage larvae, late-stage larvae, pupae and adults of the lesser mealworm were evaluated under different habitat conditions. When confined in petri dishes with nematode-treated filter paper, all beetle stages were highly susceptible to parasitism by S. feltiae, with LD50 values ranging from 9 to 56 nematodes per host Early-stage larvae (LD50 = 26) and pupae (LD50 = 36) were more susceptible than late-stage larvae (LD50 = 1,791) and adults (LD50 = 724) to H. heliothidis. Only adult beetles (LD50 = 714) were susceptible to S. glaseri. Late-stage beetle larvae were more susceptible to S. feltiae in rearing medium (LD50 = 24), broiler litter (LD50 = 2 58) and poultry manure (LD50 = 212) than to H. heliothidis, which caused less than 50% mortality at all dose rates in these substrates. Adults were less susceptible than larvae in these substrates, and mortality only exceeded 50% in litter treated with S. feltiae (LD50 = 971). Late-stage larvae were highly susceptible to both S. feltiae and H. heliothidis in sandy loam and clay soils, with LD50's ranging from 1 to 14 nematodes per larva. Pupal mortality was higher in sandy loam (S. feltiae LD50 = 46, H. heliothidis LD50 = 444) than in clay soil (S. feltiae LD50 = 95, H. heliothidis LD50 = 5,796).}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE}, author={GEDEN, CJ and AXTELL, RC and BROOKS, WM}, year={1985}, month={Jul}, pages={331–339} }