@article{simpson_raman_suresh_mohanty_2008, title={Urban effects of Chennai on sea breeze induced convection and precipitation}, volume={117}, ISSN={["0253-4126"]}, DOI={10.1007/s12040-008-0075-1}, abstractNote={Doppler radar derived wind speed and direction profiles showed a well developed sea breeze circulation over the Chennai, India region on 28 June, 2003. Rainfall totals in excess of 100 mm resulted from convection along the sea breeze front. Inland propagation of the sea breeze front was observed in radar reflectivity imagery. High-resolution MM5 simulations were used to investigate the influence of Chennai urban land use on sea breeze initiated convection and precipitation. A comparison of observed and simulated 10m wind speed and direction over Chennai showed that the model was able to simulate the timing and strength of the sea breeze. Urban effects are shown to increase the near surface air temperature over Chennai by 3.0K during the early morning hours. The larger surface temperature gradient along the coast due to urban effects increased onshore flow by 4.0m s−1. Model sensitivity study revealed that precipitation totals were enhanced by 25mm over a large region 150 km west of Chennai due to urban effects. Deficiency in model physics related to night-time forecasts are addressed.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE}, author={Simpson, Matthew and Raman, Sethu and Suresh, R. and Mohanty, U. C.}, year={2008}, month={Dec}, pages={897–909} }
 @article{simpson_raman_lundquist_leach_2007, title={A study of the variation of urban mixed layer heights}, volume={41}, ISSN={["1352-2310"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.08.029}, abstractNote={The AERMET model is used to estimate hourly mixing heights during the Joint URBAN (2003) experiment in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. AERMET is a simple 2-D model that requires only routine meteorological observations and an early morning atmospheric sounding to estimate convective boundary layer (CBL) growth. Estimated mixing heights are compared with observed mixing heights measured during Joint URBAN 2003. Observed CBL heights are derived from profiler data using a peak signal-to-noise ratio method. The method of deriving mixing heights from profiler data is validated using daily atmospheric sounding data. Estimated mixing heights using AERMET show good agreement with observations on days of varying temperature and cloud cover. AERMET was able to estimate the rapid boundary layer growth observed in the late morning and early afternoon hours during highly convective conditions. CBL heights of over 3000 m are observed in sounding data during the late afternoon. Estimated CBL heights of over 3000 m during the late afternoon agreed well with observations from the sounding and profiler data.}, number={33}, journal={ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT}, author={Simpson, Matthew and Raman, Sethu and Lundquist, Julie K. and Leach, Martin}, year={2007}, month={Oct}, pages={6923–6930} }
 @article{simpson_warrior_raman_aswathanarayana_mohanty_suresh_2007, title={Sea-breeze-initiated rainfall over the east coast of India during the Indian southwest monsoon}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1573-0840"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11069-006-9081-2}, abstractNote={Sea-breeze-initiated convection and precipitation have been investigated along the east coast of India during the Indian southwest monsoon season. Sea-breeze circulation was observed on approximately 70–80% of days during the summer months (June–August) along the Chennai coast. Average sea-breeze wind speeds are greater at rural locations than in the urban region of Chennai. Sea-breeze circulation was shown to be the dominant mechanism initiating rainfall during the Indian southwest monsoon season. Approximately 80% of the total rainfall observed during the southwest monsoon over Chennai is directly related to convection initiated by sea-breeze circulation.}, number={2}, journal={NATURAL HAZARDS}, author={Simpson, Matthew and Warrior, Hari and Raman, Sethu and Aswathanarayana, P. A. and Mohanty, U. C. and Suresh, R.}, year={2007}, month={Aug}, pages={401–413} }
 @article{simpson_raman_2006, title={Observations and numerical simulation of the sea and land breeze circulations along the west coast of India}, volume={35}, number={2}, journal={Indian Journal of Marine Sciences}, author={Simpson, M. D. and Raman, S.}, year={2006}, pages={139–152} }
 @article{simpson_raman_2005, title={Development and propagation of a pollution gradient in the marine boundary layer during INDOEX (1999)}, volume={114}, ISSN={["0973-774X"]}, DOI={10.1007/bf02702005}, abstractNote={The development and propagation of a pollution gradient in the marine boundary layer over the Arabian Sea during the Intensive Field Phase of the Indian Ocean Experiment (1999) is investigated. A hypothesis for the generation of the pollution gradient is presented. Infrared satellite images show the formation of the pollution gradient as the leading edge of a polluted air mass in the marine boundary layer and also its propagation over the Arabian Sea and the northern Indian Ocean. Aerosol data measured from two research vessels over the Arabian Sea show a variation in the concentrations caused by the passage of this pollution gradient. Depth of the pollution gradient was found to be about 800 m. A numerical model was used to simulate the development of this gradient and its propagation over the ocean. Results show that its formation and structure are significantly influenced by the diurnal cycle of coastal sea-land breeze circulations along India’s west coast. Transport of aerosols and gases over the Arabian Sea in the lower troposphere from land sources appears to be through this mechanism with the other being the elevated land plume.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE}, author={Simpson, M and Raman, S}, year={2005}, month={Feb}, pages={3–16} }
 @article{simpson_raman_2004, title={Role of the land plume in the transport of ozone over the ocean during INDOEX (1999)}, volume={111}, ISSN={["1573-1472"]}, DOI={10.1023/B:BOUN.0000010993.46250.b2}, number={1}, journal={BOUNDARY-LAYER METEOROLOGY}, author={Simpson, MD and Raman, S}, year={2004}, month={Apr}, pages={133–152} }