@article{sturino_klaenhammer_2007, title={Inhibition of bacteriophage replication in Streptococcus thermophilus by subunit poisoning of primase}, volume={153}, ISSN={["1350-0872"]}, DOI={10.1099/mic.0.2007/007567-0}, abstractNote={Invariant and highly conserved amino acids within a primase consensus sequence were targeted by site-specific mutations within the putative primase of Streptococcus thermophilus phage kappa3. PCR products containing the desired mutation(s) within putative ATPase/helicase and/or oligomerization domains of the kappa3-encoded primase gene were cloned into a high-copy-number vector and expressed in S. thermophilus NCK1125. The majority of the plasmid constructs failed to alter phage sensitivity; however, four of the constructs conferred strong phage resistance upon the host. Expression of the K238(A/T) and RR340-341AA mutant proteins in trans suppressed the function of the native phage primase protein in a dominant negative fashion via a proposed subunit poisoning mechanism. These constructs completely inhibited phage genome synthesis and reduced the efficiencies of plaquing and centre of infection formation by more than 9 and 3.5 logs, respectively. Amber mutations introduced upstream of the transdominant RR340-341AA and K238(A/T) mutations restored phage genome replication and sensitivity of the host, indicating that translation was required to confer phage resistance. Introduction of an E437A mutation in a putative oligomerization domain located downstream of the transdominant K238T mutation also completely suppressed phage resistance. This study appears to represent the first use of transdominant proteins to inhibit phages that are disruptive to cultures used in industrial fermentations.}, journal={MICROBIOLOGY-SGM}, author={Sturino, Joseph M. and Klaenhammer, Todd R.}, year={2007}, month={Oct}, pages={3295–3302} }
 @misc{sturino_klaenhammer_2006, title={Engineered bacteriophage-defence systems in bioprocessing}, volume={4}, ISSN={["1740-1534"]}, DOI={10.1038/nrmicro1393}, abstractNote={Bacteriophages (phages) have the potential to interfere with any industry that produces bacteria as an end product or uses them as biocatalysts in the production of fermented products or bioactive molecules. Using microorganisms that drive food bioprocesses as an example, this review will describe a set of genetic tools that are useful in the engineering of customized phage-defence systems. Special focus will be given to the power of comparative genomics as a means of streamlining target selection, providing more widespread phage protection, and increasing the longevity of these industrially important bacteria in the bioprocessing environment.}, number={5}, journal={NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Sturino, JM and Klaenhammer, TR}, year={2006}, month={May}, pages={395–404} }
 @misc{sturino_klaenhammer_2004, title={Antisense RNA expression strategies effective against Streptococcus thermophilus bacteriophages}, volume={6,686,192}, number={2004 Feb. 3}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Sturino, J. M. and Klaenhammer, T. R.}, year={2004} }
 @article{sturino_klaenhammer_2004, title={Antisense RNA targeting of primase interferes with bacteriophage replication in Streptococcus thermophilus}, volume={70}, ISSN={["1098-5336"]}, DOI={10.1128/AEM.70.3.1735-1743.2004}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={3}, journal={APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Sturino, JM and Klaenhammer, TR}, year={2004}, month={Mar}, pages={1735–1743} }
 @misc{sturino_klaenhammer_2004, title={Bacteriophage defense systems and strategies for lactic acid bacteria}, volume={56}, ISBN={["0-12-002658-9"]}, ISSN={["0065-2164"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0065-2164(04)56011-2}, abstractNote={This chapter describes the complex relationship that exists between strains of S. thermophilus and their bacteriophages. In particular, this chapter highlights the various defense strategies and systems that have been developed to curb the propagation and evolution of lytic phages. Point mutation and recombination are the two great engines of phage evolution. Their short generation time and large burst sizes can act to accelerate the rate at which mutant phages may overcome a given defense. The plasticity of phage genomes is critical to their rapid evolution. Phages are a leading cause of failure in industrial fermentations. Further, as the demand for fermented food products made with strains of S. thermophilus has increased, so has the incidence and severity of phage attacks against these thermophilic starter strains. With the expansion of fermentation and bioprocessing systems reliant on lactic acid bacteria (LAB), disruption by bacteriophages remains a serious concern. Together, these persistent pressures necessitate the continued development of starter cultures with enhanced phage resistance properties.}, journal={ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, VOL 56}, author={Sturino, JM and Klaenhammer, TR}, year={2004}, pages={331-+} }