@inproceedings{baek_dutta_bhattacharya_2011, title={Characterization of a three-phase dual active bridge DC/DC converter in Wye-Delta connection for a high frequency and high power applications}, booktitle={2011 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE)}, author={Baek, S. and Dutta, S. and Bhattacharya, S.}, year={2011}, pages={4183–4188} }
 @article{todd_cole_clark_flesch_harper_baek_2008, title={Ammonia emissions from a beef cattle feedyard on the southern High Plains}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1352-2310"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.05.013}, abstractNote={Concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) are major sources of ammonia emitted into the atmosphere. There is considerable literature on ammonia emissions from poultry and swine CAFO, but few comprehensive studies have investigated large, open lot beef cattle feedyards. Ammonia emission rates and emission factors for a 77-ha, 45 000-head commercial beef cattle feedyard on the southern High Plains were quantified using measured profiles of ammonia concentration, wind speed and air temperature, and an inverse dispersion model. Mean summer emission rate was 7420 kg NH3 d−1, and winter emission rate was about half that, at 3330 kg NH3 d−1. Annual NH3–N emission rate was 4430 kg NH3–N d−1, which was 53% of the N fed to cattle. Daily per capita NH3–N losses increased by 10–64% after the daily per capita N in feed rations increased by 15–26%. Annual emission factors for the pen area of the feedyard were 19.3 kg NH3 (head fed)−1, or 70.2 kg NH3 Mg−1 biomass produced. Annual emission factors for the retention pond of the feedyard were estimated to be 0.9 kg NH3 (head fed)−1, or 3.2 kg NH3 Mg−1 biomass produced.}, number={28}, journal={ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT}, author={Todd, Richard W. and Cole, N. Andy and Clark, R. Nolan and Flesch, Thomas K. and Harper, Lowry A. and Baek, Bok H.}, year={2008}, month={Sep}, pages={6797–6805} }
 @article{baek_aneja_2005, title={Observation based analysis for the determination of equilibrium time constant between ammonia, acid gases, and fine particles}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1741-5101"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-18944405808&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1504/IJEP.2005.006864}, abstractNote={Experimental measurements of ammonia, acid gases, and the inorganic components of atmospheric aerosols were made at a commercial hog farm in eastern North Carolina from May 1998 to June 1999 by an annular denuder system (ADS). The ADS consisted of a cyclone separator, one diffusion denuder coated with sodium carbonate, another diffusion denuder with citric acid, and a filter pack containing Teflon and nylon filters in series. The equilibrium time constant for transfer between ammonia, acid gases, and aerosol phase of ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride was determined based on kinetic rate constants (kN as the rate constant of ammonium nitrate aerosol: 2.04 × 10-4 m³/µmole/sec; kCl as the rate constant of ammonium chloride aerosol: 3.44 × 10-4 m³/µmole/sec) and the observed inorganic components of atmospheric aerosols. The equilibrium time constant was determined based on kinetic rate constants and the observed inorganic components of atmospheric aerosols. The equilibrium time constant has a wide range of values, with an average value of 15.26 (±10.94) minutes for ambient equilibrium time between ammonia, nitric acid gas and ammonium nitrate aerosol; and 8.22 (±6.81) minutes for ammonia, hydrochloric acid, and ammonium chloride. Significant correlations were determined between comparisons of equilibrium time constant estimates with meteorological parameters, such as ambient temperature and relative humidity. The predicted chemical compositions in the particle by EQUISOLV II Model are in good agreement with the observed chemical composition at the experimental site.}, number={3}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENT AND POLLUTION}, author={Baek, BH and Aneja, VP}, year={2005}, pages={239–247} }
 @article{baek_aneja_tong_2004, title={Chemical coupling between ammonia, acid gases, and fine particles}, volume={129}, ISSN={["1873-6424"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-1642422761&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.envpol.2003.09.022}, abstractNote={The concentrations of inorganic aerosol components in the fine particulate matter (PM(fine)< or =2.5 microm) consisted of primarily ammonium, sodium, sulfate, nitrate, and chloride are related to the transfer time scale between gas to particle phase, which is a function of the ambient temperature, relative humidity, and their gas phase constituent concentrations in the atmosphere. This study involved understanding the magnitude of major ammonia sources; and an up-wind and down-wind (receptor) ammonia, acid gases, and fine particulate measurements; with a view to accretion gas-to-particle conversion (GTPS) process in an agricultural/rural environment. The observational based analysis of ammonia, acid gases, and fine particles by annular denuder system (ADS) coupled with a Gaussian dispersion model provided the mean pseudo-first-order k(S-1) between NH(3) and H(2)SO(4) aerosol approximately 5.00 (+/-3.77)x10(-3) s(-1). The rate constant was found to increase as ambient temperature, wind speed, and solar radiation increases, and decreases with increasing relative humidity. The observed [NH(3)][HNO(3)] products exceeded values predicted by theoretical equilibrium constants, due to a local excess of ammonia concentration.}, number={1}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION}, author={Baek, BH and Aneja, VP and Tong, QS}, year={2004}, month={May}, pages={89–98} }
 @article{baek_aneja_2004, title={Measurement and analysis of the relationship between ammonia, acid gases, and fine particles in eastern North Carolina}, volume={54}, ISSN={["2162-2906"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-2142828493&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1080/10473289.2004.10470933}, abstractNote={Abstract An annular denuder system, which consisted of a cyclone separator; two diffusion denuders coated with sodium carbonate and citric acid, respectively; and a filter pack consisting of Teflon and nylon filters in series, was used to measure acid gases, ammonia (NH3), and fine particles in the atmosphere from April 1998 to March 1999 in eastern North Carolina (i.e., an NH3−rich environment). The sodium carbonate denuders yielded average acid gas concentrations of 0.23 μg/m3 hydrochloric acid (standard deviation [SD] ± 0.2 μg/m3); 1.14 μg/m3 nitric acid (SD ± 0.81 μg/m3), and 1.61 μg/m3 sulfuric acid (SD ± 1.58 μg/m3). The citric acid denuders yielded an average concentration of 17.89 μg/m3 NH3 (SD ± 15.03 μg/m3). The filters yielded average fine aerosol concentrations of 1.64 μg/m3 ammonium (NH4 +;SD ± 1.26 μg/m3); 0.26 μg/m3 chloride (SD ± 0.69 μg/m3), 1.92 μg/m3 nitrate (SD ± 1.09 μg/m3), and 3.18 μg/m3 sulfate (SO4 2−; SD ± 3.12 μg/m3). From seasonal variation, the measured particulates (NH4 +,SO4 2−, and nitrate) showed larger peak concentrations during summer, suggesting that the gas-to-particle conversion was efficient during summer. The aerosol fraction in this study area indicated the domination of ammonium sulfate particles because of the local abundance of NH3, and the long-range transport of SO4 2− based on back trajectory analysis. Relative humidity effects on gas-to-particle conversion processes were analyzed by particulate NH4 + concentration originally formed from the neutralization processes with the secondary pollutants in the atmosphere.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION}, author={Baek, BH and Aneja, VP}, year={2004}, month={May}, pages={623–633} }