@misc{stevens_jaykus_2004, title={Bacterial separation and concentration from complex sample matrices: A review}, volume={30}, ISSN={["1549-7828"]}, DOI={10.1080/10408410490266410}, abstractNote={The use of many rapid detection technologies could be expanded if the bacteria were separated, concentrated, and purified from the sample matrix before detection. Specific advantages of bacterial concentration might include facilitating the detection of multiple bacterial strains; removal of matrix-associated assay inhibitors; and provision of adequate sample size reduction to allow for the use of representative food sample sizes and/or small media volumes. Furthermore, bacterial concentration could aid in improving sampling techniques needed to detect low levels of pathogens or sporadic contamination, which may perhaps reduce or even eliminate the need for cultural enrichment prior to detection. Although bacterial concentration methods such as centrifugation, filtration, and immunomagnetic separation have been reported for food systems, none of these is ideal and in many cases a technique optimized for one food system or microorganism is not readily adaptable to others. Indeed, the separation and subsequent concentration of bacterial cells from a food sample during sample preparation continues to be a stumbling block in the advancement of molecular methods for the detection of foodborne pathogens. The purpose of this review is to provide a detailed understanding of the science, possibilities, and limitations of separating and concentrating bacterial cells from the food matrix in an effort to further improve our ability to harness molecular methods for the rapid detection of foodborne pathogens.}, number={1}, journal={CRITICAL REVIEWS IN MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Stevens, KA and Jaykus, LA}, year={2004}, pages={7–24} }
 @article{stevens_jaykus_2004, title={Direct detection of bacterial pathogens in representative dairy products using a combined bacterial concentration-PCR approach}, volume={97}, ISSN={["1365-2672"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02393.x}, abstractNote={Aims:  To develop a simple, rapid method to concentrate and purify bacteria and their nucleic acids from complex dairy food matrices in preparation for direct pathogen detection using polymerase chain reaction (PCR).}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Stevens, KA and Jaykus, LA}, year={2004}, pages={1115–1122} }
 @article{stevens_klapes_sheldon_klaenhammer_1992, title={Antimicrobial action of nisin against Salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharide mutants}, volume={58}, number={5}, journal={Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, author={Stevens, K. A. and Klapes, N. A. and Sheldon, B. W. and Klaenhammer, T. R.}, year={1992}, pages={1786} }
 @article{stevens_sheldon_klapes_klaenhammer_1992, title={EFFECT OF TREATMENT CONDITIONS ON NISIN INACTIVATION OF GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA}, volume={55}, ISSN={["0362-028X"]}, DOI={10.4315/0362-028X-55.10.763}, abstractNote={A method using nisin and a chelating agent to inactivate Salmonella species and other gram-negative bacteria has been developed. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of treatment conditions on the application of this method. Ten gram-negative organisms were used in this study, including six Salmonella species commonly associated with foodborne illness. Organisms were selected on the basis of sensitivity to nisin and a chelating agent. The following parameters were examined: (a) chelating agent, (b) nisin concentration, (c) incubation temperature, and (d) protein interference. Chelating agents included EDTA, ethylenebis (oxyethylene-nitrilo) tetraacetic acid, citric acid monohydrate, and sodium phosphate dibasic. The most effective treatment consisted of 50 to 100 μg/ml nisin applied in combination with 20 mM EDTA or citric acid monohydrate at a temperature range of 30 to 42°C. All of the chelators examined exhibited some inhibitory activity. The addition of bovine serum albumin to the treatments containing nisin and EDTA did not result in a significant decrease in inhibitory action.}, number={10}, journal={JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION}, author={STEVENS, KA and SHELDON, BW and KLAPES, NA and KLAENHAMMER, TR}, year={1992}, month={Oct}, pages={763–766} }
 @article{stevens_sheldon_klapes_klaenhammer_1991, title={Nisin treatment for inactivation of Salmonella species and other gram-negative bacteria}, volume={57}, number={12}, journal={Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, author={Stevens, K. A. and Sheldon, B. W. and Klapes, N. A. and Klaenhammer, T. R.}, year={1991}, pages={3613} }