@article{dowler_siciliano_pratt-phillips_poore_2012, title={Determination of Pasture Dry Matter Intake Rates in Different Seasons and Their Application in Grazing Management}, volume={32}, ISSN={0737-0806}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2011.06.006}, DOI={10.1016/j.jevs.2011.06.006}, abstractNote={Eight mature horses weighing 576 ± 32 kg (mean ± SD) were used to compare differences in pasture dry matter (DM) intake rate in October (period 1), February (period 2), and May (period 3). Horses were randomly assigned to a pair of adjacent 5 m × 5 m grazing cells containing nontoxic, endophyte-infected tall fescue. Horses had access to each cell for 4 hours. Pasture DM intake rate was estimated over the entire 8-hour period by measuring the pre- and postgrazing herbage mass within each cell and was expressed as kg DM/100 kg body weight (BW)/hr. Mean 8-hour DM intake rate in period 1 (0.17 ± 0.01 kg DM/100 kg BW/hr) was greater (P < .001) than for period 2 (0.09 ± 0.01 kg DM/100 kg BW/hr) and period 3 (0.11 ± 0.01 kg DM/100 kg BW/hr), but it was not different (P = .274) between periods 2 and 3. A second experiment using the same eight horses was conducted immediately after the first experiment, within each season, to determine whether the DM intake rates derived from the first experiment could be used along with estimates of maintenance digestible energy (DE) requirements and pasture DE concentrations to predict the amount of grazing time required for a horse to consume only its maintenance DE requirement and maintain zero BW change over a 6-week period. Grazing time necessary to maintain zero BW change was accurately predicted for period 1 only.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Equine Veterinary Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Dowler, Lauren E. and Siciliano, Paul D. and Pratt-Phillips, Shannon E. and Poore, Matthew}, year={2012}, month={Feb}, pages={85–92} }
 @article{chinnadurai_cooper_dombrowski_poore_levy_2009, title={EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION OF NATIVE NORTH CAROLINA SALAMANDERS WITH BATRACHOCHYTRIUM DENDROBATIDIS}, volume={45}, ISSN={["0090-3558"]}, DOI={10.7589/0090-3558-45.3.631}, abstractNote={Chytridiomycosis is an often fatal fungal disease of amphibians caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. This disease has been implicated in the worldwide decline of many anuran species, but studies of chytridiomycosis in wild salamanders are limited. Between August 2006 and December 2006, we tested wild amphibians in North Carolina, USA (n=212) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We identified three PCR-positive animals: one Rana clamitans and two Plethodontid salamanders. We experimentally infected two species of native North Carolina Plethodontid salamanders, the slimy salamander (Plethodon glutinosus) and the Blue Ridge Mountain dusky salamander (Desmognathus orestes) with 1,000,000 zoospores of B. dendrobatidis per animal. Susceptibility was species dependent; all slimy salamanders developed clinical signs of chytridiomycosis, and one died, whereas dusky salamanders remained unaffected. In a second experiment, we challenged naïve slimy salamanders with either 10,000 or 100,000 motile zoospores per animal. Clinical signs consistent with chytridiomycosis were not observed at either dose or in uninfected controls during the 45 days of this experiment. All animals inoculated with B. dendrobatidis in both experiments, regardless of dose, tested positive by PCR. Our study indicates that slimy salamanders are more susceptible to clinical chytridiomycosis than dusky salamanders, and in a laboratory setting, a dose greater than 100,000 zoospores per animal is required to induce clinical disease. This study also indicates that PCR is a very sensitive tool for detecting B. dendrobatidis infection, even in animals that are clinically unaffected, thus positive results should be interpreted with caution.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES}, author={Chinnadurai, Sathya K. and Cooper, David and Dombrowski, Daniel S. and Poore, Matthew F. and Levy, Michael G.}, year={2009}, month={Jul}, pages={631–636} }
 @article{huntington_magee_matthews_poore_burns_2009, title={Urea metabolism in beef steers fed tall fescue, orchardgrass, or gamagrass hays}, volume={87}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.2527/jas.2008-1444}, abstractNote={Two experiments were conducted to assess effects of endophyte treatments (Exp. 1), forage species (Exp. 2), and supplementation (Exp. 2) on urea production, excretion, and recycling in beef steers. Infusion of (15,15)N-urea and enrichment of urea in urine samples were used to calculate urea-N entry and recycling to the gut. Acceptably stable enrichment of (15)N-urea in urine was obtained after 50 h of intrajugular infusion of (15,15)N-urea, indicating that valid data on urea metabolism can be obtained from steers fed forages twice daily. After adjustment by covariance for differences in N intake among treatments in Exp. 1, steers fed endophyte-infected tall fescue had less (P<0.10) urea-N entry, recycling to the gut, and return of recycled urea-N to the ornithine cycle than those fed endophyte-free or novel endophyte-infected tall fescue. However, urea-N urinary excretion or return to the gut was similar among endophyte treatments when expressed as a proportion of urea-N entry. Urea-N entry and return to the gut in Exp. 2 was similar in steers fed gamagrass or orchardgrass hay after adjustment by covariance for differences in N intake. Less (P<0.01) urinary excretion, expressed as grams per day or as a proportion of urea-N entry, with gamagrass than with orchardgrass was associated with faster in vitro NDF-N digestion with gamagrass. Supplementation of gamagrass or orchardgrass with 1.76 kg/d of readily fermentable fiber and starch decreased urea entry (P<0.06) and urinary excretion of urea (P<0.01). Interactions between hay source and supplement reflected a greater response to supplementation for steers fed orchardgrass than for those fed gamagrass. After adjustment for differences among treatments in N supply, results of both experiments support the concept of improved N use in response to increased carbohydrate fermentability in the rumen, due either to inherent differences in forage fiber or to supplementation with readily fermentable carbohydrate (starch or fiber). Closer coordination of ruminal fermentation of carbohydrate and N sources provided greater and more efficient capture of dietary N as tissue protein in forage-fed steers.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Huntington, G. B. and Magee, K. and Matthews, A. and Poore, M. and Burns, J.}, year={2009}, month={Apr}, pages={1346–1353} }
 @article{levy_poore_colorni_noga_vandersea_litaker_2007, title={A highly specific PCR assay for detecting the fish ectoparasite Amyloodinium ocellatum}, volume={73}, ISSN={["1616-1580"]}, DOI={10.3354/dao073219}, abstractNote={Amyloodiniosis, caused by the dinoflagellate ectoparasite Amyloodinium ocellatum, is one of the most serious diseases affecting marine fish in warm and temperate waters. Current diagnostic methods rely entirely on the microscopic identification of parasites on the skin or gills of infested fish. However, subclinical infestations usually go undetected, while no method of detecting the free-swimming, infective (dinospore) stage has been devised. Targeting the parasite's ribosomal DNA region, we have developed a sensitive and specific PCR assay that can detect as little as a single cell from any of the 3 stages of the parasite's life cycle (trophont, tomont, dinospore). This assay performs equally well in a simple artificial seawater medium and in natural seawater containing a plankton community assemblage. The assay is also not inhibited by gill tissue. Sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region of 5 A. ocellatum isolates, obtained from fish in the Red Sea (Israel), eastern Mediterranean Sea (Israel), Adriatic Sea (Italy), Gulf of Mexico (Florida), and from an unknown origin, revealed insignificant variation, indicating that all isolates were the same species. However, 3 of these isolates propagated in cell culture varied in behavior and morphology, and these differences were consistent during at least 2 yr in culture. Thus, our findings do not eliminate the possibility that different strains are in fact 'subspecies' or lower taxa, which may also differ in pathogenic and immunogenic characteristics, environmental tolerance, and other features.}, number={3}, journal={DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS}, author={Levy, Michael G. and Poore, Matthew F. and Colorni, Angelo and Noga, Edward J. and Vandersea, Mark W. and Litaker, R. Wayne}, year={2007}, month={Jan}, pages={219–226} }
 @article{gookin_stauffer_coccaro_poore_levy_papich_2007, title={Efficacy of tinidazole for treatment of cats experimentally infected with Tritrichomonas foetus}, volume={68}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.68.10.1085}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={10}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Gookin, Jody L. and Stauffer, Stephen H. and Coccaro, Maria R. and Poore, Matthew F. and Levy, Michael G. and Papich, Mark G.}, year={2007}, month={Oct}, pages={1085–1088} }
 @article{gookin_copple_papich_poore_stauffer_birkenheuer_twedt_levy_2006, title={Efficacy of ronidazole for treatment of feline Tritrichomonas foetus infection}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1892/0891-6640(2006)20[536:EORFTO]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Objectives: To determine the efficacy of ronidazole (RDZ), tinidazole (TDZ), and metronidazole (MDZ) against Tritrichomonas foetus in vitro and of RDZ for treatment of feline naturally occurring or experimentally induced T foetus infection. Animals: A cat naturally infected with T foetus infection and diarrhea. Ten specific-pathogen-free (SPF) kittens. Procedure: RDZ, TDZ, and MDZ were tested for activity against 3 different feline isolates of T foetus in vitro. RDZ then was administered to a naturally infected cat at 10 mg/kg PO q24h for 10 days. SPF kittens were infected orogastrically with feline T foetus and treated with either placebo or RDZ (10 mg/kg PO q12h for 14 days). Cats with relapsing infection or those receiving placebo were treated subsequently with RDZ (either 30 or 50 mg/kg PO q12h for 14 days). Feces were examined for T foetus by direct microscopy, culture, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing weekly. Results: Both RDZ and TDZ killed T foetus at concentrations .0.1 mg/mL in vitro. In the naturally infected cat, RDZ abolished diarrhea and T foetus infection for 85 days after treatment, at which time infection and diarrhea relapsed. Retreatment with RDZ eradicated diarrhea and T foetus infection for over 407 days. In experimentally induced infection, RDZ at 10 mg/kg caused initial improvement, but infection relapsed in all 5 cats 2 to 20 weeks after treatment. At 30 or 50 mg/kg, 10/10 cats were negative for T foetus infection for follow-up durations of 21 to 30 weeks after treatment. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Oral administration of RDZ at 30 to 50 mg/kg q12h for 14 days resolved diarrhea and eradicated infection (on the basis of polymerase chain reaction [PCR] testing) in 1 naturally infected cat and 10 experimentally inoculated cats receiving a different isolate of T foetus.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Gookin, Jody L. and Copple, Christina N. and Papich, Mark G. and Poore, Matthew F. and Stauffer, Stephen H. and Birkenheuer, Adam J. and Twedt, David C. and Levy, Michael G.}, year={2006}, pages={536–543} }
 @article{flowers_poore_pote_litaker_levy_2005, title={Cercariae of Bolbophorus damnificus and Bolbophorus sp with notes on North American bolbophorids}, volume={72}, ISSN={["1938-2952"]}, DOI={10.1654/4173}, abstractNote={Abstract Single-species and dual infections of Bolbophorus damnificus and a second cryptic species of Bolbophorus were distinguished in marsh rams-horn snails, Planorbella trivolvis, from aquaculture ponds in Mississippi, U.S.A. The cercariae of both B. damnificus and Bolbophorus sp. are described and distinguished using differences in body length, tail stem length, intestinal primordia, and integument spine patterns.}, number={2}, journal={COMPARATIVE PARASITOLOGY}, author={Flowers, JR and Poore, MF and Pote, LM and Litaker, RW and Levy, MG}, year={2005}, month={Jul}, pages={220–226} }
 @article{bertone_green_washburn_poore_sorenson_watson_2005, title={Seasonal activity and species composition of dung beetles (Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae and Geotrupidae) inhabiting cattle pastures in North Carolina}, volume={98}, ISSN={["1938-2901"]}, DOI={10.1603/0013-8746(2005)098[0309:SAASCO]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Species composition and seasonal distribution of dung beetles were studied on dairy and beef cattle pastures in North Carolina. Study sites included a dairy located in the piedmont region (North Carolina Department of Agriculture Piedmont Research Station, Salisbury, NC) and a combined dairy/beef facility in the coastal plain (North Carolina Department of Agriculture Center for Environmental Farming Systems, Goldsboro, NC). Dung beetles were trapped in cattle pastures from March 2002 through September 2003 by using dung-baited pitfall traps. Trapping yielded 4,111 beetles representing 14 species from the piedmont dairy, including Aphodius prodromus Brahm, a new record for North Carolina. Totals of 57,026 beetles representing 28 species and 28,857 beetles representing 26 species were trapped from the dairy unit and beef unit in the coastal plain site, respectively. Onthophagus gazella (F.), a second new record for North Carolina, was collected from the coastal plain. Beetles common to all collection sites include Aphodius erraticus (L.), Aphodius fimetarius (L.), Aphodius granarius (L.), Aphodius pseudolividus Balthasar, Onthophagus taurus Schreber, Onthophagus hecate hecate Panzer, and Onthophagus pennsylvanicus Harold. The introduced beetle O. taurus dominated the dung beetle population, accounting for >50% of the total beetles caught at either site. Beetle activity was greatest from March until November, with activity declining during the winter. Nine exotic species in the genera Onthophagus and Aphodius represented nearly 95% of the beetles trapped.}, number={3}, journal={ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA}, author={Bertone, M and Green, J and Washburn, S and Poore, M and Sorenson, C and Watson, DW}, year={2005}, month={May}, pages={309–321} }
 @article{dzikowski_levy_poore_flowers_paperna_2004, title={Clinostomum complanatum and Clinostomum marginatum (Rudolphi, 1819) (Digenea : Clinostomidae) are separate species based on differences in ribosomal DNA}, volume={90}, ISSN={["0022-3395"]}, DOI={10.1645/GE-159R}, abstractNote={Infections by metacercariae of Clinostomum (Leidy, 1856) species adversely affect aquacultured fish and are potentially transmissible to humans. Molecular methodologies are efficient tools, which enable diagnosis of all life-history stages of trematodes in their diverse hosts. The small subunit of ribosomal DNA genes of adults of the Old World Clinostomum complanatum (Rudolphi, 1819) and the New World Clinostomum marginatum (Rudolphi, 1819), obtained from a little egret Egretta garzetta (Linnaeus, 1766) and the great blue heron Ardea herodias (Linnaeus, 1758), respectively, were amplified, sequenced, and aligned. The resulting alignment was used to develop a genetic assay to differentiate between these species.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY}, author={Dzikowski, R and Levy, MG and Poore, MF and Flowers, JR and Paperna, I}, year={2004}, month={Apr}, pages={413–414} }
 @article{flowers_poore_mullen_levy_2004, title={Digeneans collected from piscivorous birds in north Carolina, USA}, volume={71}, ISSN={["1938-2952"]}, DOI={10.1654/4117}, abstractNote={Abstract During investigations of digenetic fluke diseases of aquaculture fish, 11 digeneans (Apharyngostrigea simplex, Apharyngostrigea cornu, Diplostomum compactum, Diplostomum spathaceum, Posthodiplostomum minimum, Hysteromorpha triloba, Clinostomum marginatum, Drepanocephalus spathans, Mesorchis denticulatus, Microparyphium facetum, and Notocotylus pacifera) were collected from 5 species of piscivorous birds (Ardea herodias, Fulica americana, Larus delawarensis, Nycticorax nycticorax, and Phalacrocorax auritus) from North Carolina, U.S.A. Apharyngostrigea simplex from A. herodias represents a new host record. Diplostomum spathaceum, P. minimum, C. marginatum, and M. denticulatus have previously been reported from North Carolina; the remainder represent new locality records.}, number={2}, journal={COMPARATIVE PARASITOLOGY}, author={Flowers, JR and Poore, MF and Mullen, JE and Levy, MG}, year={2004}, month={Jul}, pages={243–244} }
 @article{foster_gookin_poore_stebbins_levy_2004, title={Outcome of cats with diarrhea and Tritrichomonas foetus infection}, volume={225}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.2004.225.888}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2004.225.888}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Foster, DM and Gookin, JL and Poore, MF and Stebbins, ME and Levy, MG}, year={2004}, month={Sep}, pages={888–892} }
 @article{gookin_stebbins_hunt_burlone_fulton_hochel_talaat_poore_levy_2004, title={Prevalence of and risk factors for feline Tritichomonas foetus and Giardia infection}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1098-660X"]}, DOI={10.1128/JCM.42.6.2707-2710.2004}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Gookin, JL and Stebbins, ME and Hunt, E and Burlone, K and Fulton, M and Hochel, R and Talaat, M and Poore, M and Levy, MG}, year={2004}, month={Jun}, pages={2707–2710} }
 @article{dzikowski_levy_poore_flowers_paperna_2004, title={Use of rDNA polymorphism for identification of heterophyidae infecting freshwater fishes}, volume={59}, ISSN={["1616-1580"]}, DOI={10.3354/dao059035}, abstractNote={Infections by trematodes are among the most common fish-borne zoonoses. Metacercariae of the Family Heterophyidae in marine and freshwater fishes are nonfastidious in their choice of definitive hosts, and therefore, cause infections in human and domestic animals. In the present study, species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were developed for identifying and differentiating the various species examined. Sequencing and aligning the 18S (SSU) rDNA revealed interspecific variation for which species-specific DNA oligonucleotides were designed and used for the identification of 6 heterophyid species recovered from piscivorous birds. The oligonucleotides were further used to evaluate the various stages (cercariae recovered from snails, metacercariae recovered from fish and adult trematodes) of the digeneans. By applying this method we elucidated for the first time the life cycle of Pygidiopsis genata. The phylogenetic interrelationship among the newly sequenced species of Heterophyidae is outlined.}, number={1}, journal={DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS}, author={Dzikowski, R and Levy, MG and Poore, MF and Flowers, JR and Paperna, I}, year={2004}, month={Apr}, pages={35–41} }
 @article{birkenheuer_levy_stebbins_poore_breitschwerdt_2003, title={Serosurvey of antiBabesia antibodies in stray dogs and American pit bull terriers and American Staffordshire terriers from North Carolina}, volume={39}, ISSN={["0587-2871"]}, DOI={10.5326/0390551}, abstractNote={Stray dogs (n=359) and kennel dogs (n=149) from North Carolina were tested for evidence of antiBabesia antibodies. AntiBabesia antibodies were detected in 21/359 and 22/149 of the stray and kennel dogs, respectively. A total of 57 dogs from both groups were tested for babesiasis by light microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Babesia deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was detected in 3/28 of the stray dogs and 14/29 of the kennel dogs. When Babesia DNA was detected by PCR, the species-specific PCR results differed from the Babesia species antibody titer results in 6/17 of the PCR-positive dogs. There was no association between antiBabesia antibodies and the presence of ticks. There are currently Babesia gibsoni epizootics affecting American pit bull terrier kennels.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Birkenheuer, AJ and Levy, MG and Stebbins, M and Poore, M and Breitschwerdt, E}, year={2003}, pages={551–557} }
 @article{levy_gookin_poore_birkenheuer_dykstra_litaker_2003, title={Tritrichomonas foetus and not Pentatrichomonas hominis is the etiologic agent of feline trichomonal diarrhea}, volume={89}, ISSN={["1937-2345"]}, DOI={10.1645/0022-3395(2003)089[0099:TFANPH]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Recently, several investigators have reported large-bowel diarrhea in cats associated with intestinal trichomonad parasites. These reports have presumptively identified the flagellates as Pentatrichomonas hominis, an organism putatively capable of infecting the intestinal tracts of a number of mammalian hosts, including cats, dogs, and man. The purpose of the present study was to determine the identity of this recently recognized flagellate by means of rRNA gene sequence analysis; restriction enzyme digest mapping; and light, transmission, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY}, author={Levy, MG and Gookin, JL and Poore, M and Birkenheuer, AJ and Dykstra, MJ and Litaker, RW}, year={2003}, month={Feb}, pages={99–104} }
 @article{levy_flowers_poore_mullen_khoo_pote_paperna_dzikowski_litaker_2002, title={Morphologic, pathologic, and genetic investigations of Bolbophorus species affecting cultured channel catfish in the Mississippi delta}, volume={14}, ISSN={["0899-7659"]}, DOI={10.1577/1548-8667(2002)014<0235:MPAGIO>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Trematodes belonging to the genus Bolbophorus have recently been reported as the cause of substantial morbidity and mortality in cultured channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus in Mississippi and Louisiana. Previous investigators identified only a single species, B. confusus. In this investigation, genetic techniques were used to identify all stages of the parasite in all of its hosts. The 18s rRNA genes from specimens collected in Mississippi were sequenced and compared; this analysis revealed that there are two distinct species, B. damnificus (previously identified as B. confusus) and another, undescribed species. (Phylogenetic analysis indicated that a third species, B. levantinus, is also closely related to the Mississippi species.) Species-specific polymerase chain reaction assays capable of identifying and differentiating between these two parasites were developed. Both species were found to infect the first intermediate host (the ram's horn snail Planorbella trivolvis) in commercial channel catfish ponds, but only B. damnificus was recovered from the fish themselves. The new, unidentified Bolbophorus species was determined to be highly pathogenic to a number of fish species. The contribution of B. damnificus to disease in cultured channel catfish remains undetermined. Future investigations of these parasites must now take into account the presence of two distinct species.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH}, author={Levy, MG and Flowers, JR and Poore, MF and Mullen, JE and Khoo, LH and Pote, LM and Paperna, I and Dzikowski, R and Litaker, RW}, year={2002}, month={Dec}, pages={235–246} }