@article{walter_lin_jacobi_käser_esposito_odle_2019, title={Dietary arachidonate in milk replacer triggers dual benefits of PGE2 signaling in LPS-challenged piglet alveolar macrophages}, volume={10}, ISSN={2049-1891}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40104-019-0321-1}, DOI={10.1186/s40104-019-0321-1}, abstractNote={Respiratory infections challenge the swine industry, despite common medicinal practices. The dual signaling nature of PGE2 (supporting both inflammation and resolution) makes it a potent regulator of immune cell function. Therefore, the use of dietary long chain n-6 PUFA to enhance PGE2 effects merits investigation. Day-old pigs (n = 60) were allotted to one of three dietary groups for 21 d (n = 20/diet), and received either a control diet (CON, arachidonate = 0.5% of total fatty acids), an arachidonate (ARA)-enriched diet (LC n-6, ARA = 2.2%), or an eicosapentaenoic (EPA)-enriched diet (LC n-3, EPA = 3.0%). Alveolar macrophages and lung parenchymal tissue were collected for fatty acid analysis. Isolated alveolar macrophages were stimulated with LPS in situ for 24 h, and mRNA was isolated to assess markers associated with inflammation and eicosanoid production. Culture media were collected to assess PGE2 secretion. Oxidative burst in macrophages was measured by: 1) oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification (via Seahorse), 2) cytoplasmic oxidation and 3) nitric oxide production following 4, 18, and 24 h of LPS stimulation. Concentration of ARA (% of fatty acids, w/w) in macrophages from pigs fed LC n-6 was 86% higher than CON and 18% lower in pigs fed LC n-3 (P < 0.01). Following LPS stimulation, abundance of COX-2 and TNF-α mRNA (P < 0.0001), and PGE2 secretion (P < 0. 01) were higher in LC n-6 PAM vs. CON. However, ALOX5 abundance was 1.6-fold lower than CON. Macrophages from CON and LC n-6 groups were 4-fold higher in ALOX12/15 abundance (P < 0.0001) compared to LC n-3. Oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification rates increased over 4 h following LPS stimulation (P < 0.05) regardless of treatment. Similarly, increases in cytoplasmic oxidation (P < 0.001) and nitric oxide production (P < 0.002) were observed after 18 h of LPS stimulation but were unaffected by diet. We infer that enriching diets with arachidonic acid may be an effective means to enhance a stronger innate immunologic response to respiratory challenges in neonatal pigs. However, further work is needed to examine long-term safety, clinical efficacy and economic viability.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Walter, Kathleen R. and Lin, Xi and Jacobi, Sheila K. and Käser, Tobias and Esposito, Debora and Odle, Jack}, year={2019}, month={Feb} }
 @article{sun_lu_liao_zhang_lin_luo_ma_2018, title={Effect of In Ovo Zinc Injection on the Embryonic Development and Epigenetics-Related Indices of Zinc-Deprived Broiler Breeder Eggs}, volume={185}, ISSN={0163-4984 1559-0720}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12011-018-1260-y}, DOI={10.1007/s12011-018-1260-y}, abstractNote={The role of in ovo zinc (Zn) injection in improving the embryonic development in eggs from Zn-deficient hens, via epigenetic and antioxidant mechanisms, was examined. A completely randomized design involving a 1 (the non-injected control) + 1 (the injected control with sterilized water) + 2 (Zn source) × 2 (Zn level) factorial arrangement of treatments was used. The two injected Zn sources were inorganic Zn sulfate and organic Zn-lysine chelate with a moderate chelation strength, and the two injected Zn levels were 50 and 100 μg Zn/egg. In ovo Zn injection decreased (P < 0.05) embryonic mortality, and increased (P < 0.05) hatchability and healthy chick ratio. In ovo Zn injection increased (P < 0.05) embryonic tibia Zn content, but had no effect (P > 0.05) on copper (Cu)- and Zn-containing superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) activities and metallothionein IV (MT4) levels or their mRNA expression levels and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the embryonic liver. In ovo Zn injection had no effect (P > 0.05) on the global level of DNA methylation or DNA methylation and histone 3 lysine 9 (H3K9) acetylation levels of the MT4 promoter in the embryonic liver. However, the organic Zn had higher (P < 0.05) levels of DNA methylation and H3K9 acetylation than inorganic Zn. These data demonstrate that in ovo Zn injection improved the embryonic development, and the organic Zn was more effective than inorganic Zn in enhancing DNA methylation and H3K9 acetylation in the liver MT4 promoter, but the precise mechanisms require further investigations.}, number={2}, journal={Biological Trace Element Research}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Sun, Xiaoming and Lu, Lin and Liao, Xiudong and Zhang, Liyang and Lin, Xi and Luo, Xugang and Ma, Qiugang}, year={2018}, month={Feb}, pages={456–464} }
 @article{feng_gong_zhao_lin_liu_ma_2017, title={Effects of dietary supplementation of resveratrol on performance, egg quality, yolk cholesterol and antioxidant enzyme activity of laying hens}, volume={58}, ISSN={0007-1668 1466-1799}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2017.1349295}, DOI={10.1080/00071668.2017.1349295}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT 1. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of resveratrol on laying performance, egg quality, egg yolk cholesterol and antioxidant enzyme activities of laying hens. 2. A total of 360 Beijing PINK-1 laying hens (60 weeks old) were randomly distributed among five dietary treatments, each of which included 6 replicates of 12 hens. Dietary treatments were basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 g/kg diet resveratrol. The study lasted for 9 weeks including 1 week of adaptation and 8 weeks of the main experimental period. 3. The results indicated that dietary resveratrol significantly improved feed conversion ratios during 5–8 weeks and 1–8 weeks of the trial. Increasing dietary concentrations of the resveratrol linearly improved Haugh unit and albumen height of eggs. 4. The content of total cholesterol (TC), total triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) in serum and cholesterol in yolk was significantly decreased by dietary resveratrol, and there were significant linear correlations between these indexes and resveratrol supplemental levels. 5. Dietary resveratrol supplementation significantly improved serum Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) enzyme activity and decreased serum malondialdehyde (MDA) content in groups with 2.0 and 4.0 g/kg resveratrol as compared to the control, respectively. However, supplementation of resveratrol did not affect the activity of serum superoxide dismutase (SOD). 6. It is concluded that resveratrol supplementation has a positive effect on performance, lipid-related traits and antioxidant activity of laying hens.}, number={5}, journal={British Poultry Science}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Feng, Z. H. and Gong, J. G. and Zhao, G. X. and Lin, X. and Liu, Y. C. and Ma, K. W.}, year={2017}, month={Sep}, pages={544–549} }
 @article{zhu_li_lu_zhang_ji_lin_liu_odle_luo_2017, title={Impact of maternal heat stress in conjunction with dietary zinc supplementation on hatchability, embryonic development, and growth performance in offspring broilers}, volume={96}, ISSN={0032-5791}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps/pew481}, DOI={10.3382/ps/pew481}, abstractNote={&NA; The aim of this study was to investigate whether maternal dietary supplementations with different zinc (Zn) sources could reduce the deleterious effect of maternal heat stress on hatchability performance and progeny growth performance. A completely randomized design (n = 6) with 2 maternal environmental temperatures [normal 21 ± 1°C (NT) vs. high 32 ± 1°C (HT)] × 3 maternal dietary supplemental Zn levels [Zn‐unsupplemented control diet (CON), the control diet + 110 mg of Zn/kg of diet as either inorganic ZnSO4 (iZn) or organic Zn with a moderate chelation strength (oZn)] was used. HT decreased (P < 0.05) fertility, hatchability, chick hatch weight, and embryonic survival. HT also decreased (P ≤ 0.05) progeny BW, ADG, and ADFI at one to 21, 22 to 28, and 29 to 42 d of age as well as breast muscle ratio and plasma aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase activities at 42 d of age. Maternal dietary Zn supplementation with either iZn or oZn increased (P < 0.004) Zn contents in yolk and liver, non‐weak chick ratio, as well as progeny BW, ADFI, and survivability at one to 21 d of age. Notably, the addition of oZn increased (P < 0.05) hatchability and progeny thigh meat quality by reducing b* value. The progeny ADG at one to 21 d and 22 to 28 d of age and BW at 28 d of age from maternal NT were not affected (P > 0.46) by maternal dietary Zn supplementation, but the above 3 indices from HT‐iZn (P < 0.05) and HT‐oZn (P < 0.003) were higher than those from HT‐CON. Our results indicate that maternal heat stress impairs hatching performance, embryonic development, and progeny growth performance, inducing metabolic changes, while supplementation of Zn in maternal diets regardless of Zn sources improved hatch chick quality and survivability of offspring and alleviated the negative effect of maternal heat stress on growth performance of offspring during the starter period. In addition, maternal dietary supplementation with the organic Zn improved hatchability and progeny meat quality.}, number={7}, journal={Poultry Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Zhu, Y.W. and Li, W.X. and Lu, L. and Zhang, L.Y. and Ji, C. and Lin, X. and Liu, H.C. and Odle, J. and Luo, X.G.}, year={2017}, month={Jul}, pages={2351–2359} }
 @article{qin_liao_lu_zhang_xi_guo_luo_2017, title={Manganese enhances the expression of the manganese superoxide dismutase in cultured primary chick embryonic myocardial cells}, volume={16}, ISSN={2095-3119}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(16)61527-7}, DOI={10.1016/s2095-3119(16)61527-7}, abstractNote={In the present study, the effect of manganese (Mn) on antioxidant status and the expression of the manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) gene in cultured primary myocardial cells collected from the chick embryos was investigated. The hypothesis that Mn supplementation would enhance the expression of MnSOD in cultured primary myocardial cells of chick embryos was tested. Eggs collected from Mn-depleted Arbor Acres laying breeder hens were incubated for 10 days and then myocardial cells were isolated and cultivated for 8 days. The embryonic myocardial cells on day 6 were treated with Mn in the cell culture medium at different time points when the proportion of cells showing spontaneous contraction was over 95% after the 3-day primary culture. A completely randomized design involving a 3 Mn levels (0, 0.5 and 1.0 mmol L−1)×3 incubation time points (12, 24 and 48 h) factorial arrangement of treatments (n=6) was used in the current experiment. The results showed that MnSOD activity and mRNA expression level were induced by Mn and increased with incubation time, which supported the hypothesis that Mn would enhance the expression of the MnSOD gene, and thus might protect myocardial cells from oxidative stress during the chick embryonic development.}, number={9}, journal={Journal of Integrative Agriculture}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Qin, Shi Zhen and Liao, Xiu Dong and Lu, Lin and Zhang, Li Yang and Xi, Lin and Guo, Yan Li and Luo, Xu Gang}, year={2017}, month={Sep}, pages={2038–2046} }
 @article{zhu_lu_liao_li_zhang_ji_lin_liu_odle_luo_et al._2017, title={Maternal dietary manganese protects chick embryos against maternal heat stress via epigenetic-activated antioxidant and anti-apoptotic abilities}, volume={8}, ISSN={1949-2553}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.20804}, DOI={10.18632/oncotarget.20804}, abstractNote={Maternal heat stress induced the aberrant epigenetic patterns resulting in the abnormal development of offspring embryos. It is unclear whether maternal dietary manganese supplementation as an epigenetic modifier could protect the chick embryonic development against maternal heat stress via epigenetic mechanisms. To test this hypothesis using an avian model, a completely randomized design with a 2 (maternal normal and high environmental temperatures of 21 and 32°C, respectively) × 3 (maternal dietary manganese sources, the control diet without manganese supplementation and the control diet + 120 mg/kg as either inorganic or organic manganese) factorial arrangement was adopted. Maternal environmental hyperthermia increased mRNA expressions of heat shock proteins 90 and 70, cyclin-dependent kinase 6 and B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2-associated X protein displaying oxidative damage and apoptosis in the embryonic heart. Maternal environmental hyperthermia impaired the embryonic development associated with the alteration of epigenetic status, as evidenced by global DNA hypomethylation and histone 3 lysine 9 hypoacetylation in the embryonic heart. Maternal dietary manganese supplementation increased the heart anti-apoptotic gene B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 expressions under maternal environmental hyperthermia and manganese superoxide dismutase enzyme activity in the embryonic heart. Maternal dietary organic Mn supplementation effectively eliminated the impairment of maternal environmental hyperthermia on the embryonic development. Maternal dietary manganese supplementation up-regulated manganese superoxide dismutase mRNA expression by reducing DNA methylation and increasing histone 3 lysine 9 acetylation of its promoter. It is suggested that maternal dietary manganese addition could protect the chick embryonic development against maternal heat stress via enhancing epigenetic-activated antioxidant and anti-apoptotic abilities.}, number={52}, journal={Oncotarget}, publisher={Impact Journals, LLC}, author={Zhu, Y. W. and Lu, L. and Liao, X. D. and Li, W. X. and Zhang, L. Y. and Ji, C. and Lin, X. and Liu, H. C. and Odle, J. and Luo, X. G. and et al.}, year={2017}, month={Sep}, pages={89665–89680} }
 @article{zhu_liao_lu_li_zhang_ji_lin_liu_odle_luo_et al._2017, title={Maternal dietary zinc supplementation enhances the epigenetic-activated antioxidant ability of chick embryos from maternal normal and high temperatures}, volume={8}, ISSN={1949-2553}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.15057}, DOI={10.18632/oncotarget.15057}, abstractNote={The role of maternal dietary zinc supplementation in protecting the embryos from maternal hyperthermia-induced negative effects via epigenetic mechanisms was examined using an avian model (Gallus gallus). Broiler breeder hens were exposed to two maternal temperatures (21°C and 32°C) × three maternal dietary zinc treatments (zinc-unsupplemented control diet, the control diet + 110 mg zinc/kg inorganic or organic zinc) for 8 weeks. Maternal hyperthermia increased the embryonic mortality and induced oxidative damage evidenced by the elevated mRNA expressions of heat shock protein genes. Maternal dietary zinc deficiency damaged the embryonic development associated with the global DNA hypomethylation and histone 3 lysine 9 hyperacetylation in the embryonic liver. Supplementation of zinc in maternal diets effectively eliminated the embryonic mortality induced by maternal hyperthermia and enhanced antioxidant ability with the increased mRNA and protein expressions of metallothionein IV in the embryonic liver. The increased metallothionein IV mRNA expression was due to the reduced DNA methylation and increased histone 3 lysine 9 acetylation of the metallothionein IV promoter regardless of zinc source. These data demonstrate that maternal dietary zinc addition as an epigenetic modifier could protect the offspring embryonic development against maternal heat stress via enhancing the epigenetic-activated antioxidant ability.}, number={12}, journal={Oncotarget}, publisher={Impact Journals, LLC}, author={Zhu, Y. W. and Liao, X. D. and Lu, L. and Li, W. X. and Zhang, L. Y. and Ji, C. and Lin, X. and Liu, H. C. and Odle, J. and Luo, X. and et al.}, year={2017}, month={Feb}, pages={19814–19824} }
 @article{chen_liu_wang_wang_li_shi_zhu_zhang_pi_hu_et al._2016, title={Asparagine improves intestinal integrity, inhibits TLR4 and NOD signaling, and differently regulates p38 and ERK1/2 signaling in weanling piglets after LPS challenge}, volume={22}, ISSN={1753-4259 1753-4267}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753425916664124}, DOI={10.1177/1753425916664124}, abstractNote={Asparagine (Asn), an activator of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), stimulates cell proliferation in intestinal epithelial cells. We hypothesized that Asn can mitigate LPS-induced injury of intestinal structure and barrier function by regulating inflammatory signaling pathways. We executed the following experiment using weanling pigs for each of the groups: (1) non-challenged control; (2) LPS-challenged control; (3) LPS + 0.5% Asn; (4) LPS + 1.0% Asn. After 21-d feeding, pigs received an i.p. injection of either saline or LPS. Four h after injection, the mid-jejunum and mid-ileum samples were collected. We found that Asn restored ODC expression that was decreased by LPS treatment. Asn also restored intestinal morphology and barrier function that were impaired by LPS treatment. In addition, Asn down-regulated intestinal caspase-3 protein expression and TNF-α concentration, and decreased the mRNA expression of intestinal TLR4, TLR4 downstream signals (myeloid differentiation factor 88, IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 and TNF-α receptor-associated factor 6 and NOD1, NOD2 and their adaptor molecule (receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2). Moreover, Asn decreased p38 phosphorylation but increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Our results suggest that Asn improves intestinal integrity during an inflammatory insult, which appears to be related to the decrease of intestinal pro-inflammatory cytokine (via TLR4, NODs and p38) and of enterocyte apoptosis (via p38 and ERK1/2).}, number={8}, journal={Innate Immunity}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Chen, Shaokui and Liu, Yulan and Wang, Xiuying and Wang, Haibo and Li, Shuang and Shi, Haifeng and Zhu, Huiling and Zhang, Jing and Pi, Dingan and Hu, Chien-An Andy and et al.}, year={2016}, month={Sep}, pages={577–587} }
 @article{wang_liu_wang_pi_leng_zhu_zhang_shi_li_lin_et al._2016, title={Asparagine reduces the mRNA expression of muscle atrophy markers via regulating protein kinase B (Akt), AMP-activated protein kinase α, toll-like receptor 4 and nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain protein signalling in weaning piglets after lipopolysaccharide challenge}, volume={116}, ISSN={0007-1145 1475-2662}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S000711451600297X}, DOI={10.1017/s000711451600297x}, abstractNote={Abstract Pro-inflammatory cytokines are critical in mechanisms of muscle atrophy. In addition, asparagine (Asn) is necessary for protein synthesis in mammalian cells. We hypothesised that Asn could attenuate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced muscle atrophy in a piglet model. Piglets were allotted to four treatments (non-challenged control, LPS-challenged control, LPS+0·5 % Asn and LPS+1·0 % Asn). On day 21, the piglets were injected with LPS or saline. At 4 h post injection, piglet blood and muscle samples were collected. Asn increased protein and RNA content in muscles, and decreased mRNA expression of muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbx) and muscle RING finger 1 (MuRF1). However, Asn had no effect on the protein abundance of MAFbx and MuRF1. In addition, Asn decreased muscle AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) α phosphorylation, but increased muscle protein kinase B (Akt) and Forkhead Box O (FOXO) 1 phosphorylation. Moreover, Asn decreased the concentrations of TNF-α, cortisol and glucagon in plasma, and TNF-α mRNA expression in muscles. Finally, Asn decreased mRNA abundance of muscle toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain protein (NOD) signalling-related genes, and regulated their negative regulators. The beneficial effects of Asn on muscle atrophy may be associated with the following: (1) inhibiting muscle protein degradation via activating Akt and inactivating AMPKα and FOXO1; and (2) decreasing the expression of muscle pro-inflammatory cytokines via inhibiting TLR4 and NOD signalling pathways by modulation of their negative regulators.}, number={7}, journal={British Journal of Nutrition}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Wang, Xiuying and Liu, Yulan and Wang, Shuhui and Pi, Dingan and Leng, Weibo and Zhu, Huiling and Zhang, Jing and Shi, Haifeng and Li, Shuang and Lin, Xi and et al.}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={1188–1198} }
 @article{zhu_lu_li_zhang_ji_lin_liu_odle_luo_2016, title={Effect of dietary manganese on antioxidant status and expressions of heat shock proteins and factors in tissues of laying broiler breeders under normal and high environmental temperatures}, volume={116}, ISSN={0007-1145 1475-2662}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114516003822}, DOI={10.1017/s0007114516003822}, abstractNote={Abstract To investigate the effect of Mn on antioxidant status and on the expressions of heat shock proteins/factors in tissues of laying broiler breeders subjected to heat challenge, we used a completely randomised design (n 6) with a factorial arrangement of 2 environmental temperatures (normal, 21±1°C, and high, 32±1°C)×3 dietary Mn treatments (a Mn-unsupplemented basal diet (CON), or a basal diet supplemented with 120 mg Mn/kg diet, either as inorganic Mn sulphate (iMn) or as organic Mn proteinate (oMn)). There were no interactions (P>0·10) between environmental temperature and dietary Mn in any of the measured indices. High temperature decreased (P<0·003) Mn content, and also tended (P=0·07) to decrease Cu Zn superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) activity in the liver and heart. However, an increased Mn superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) activity (P<0·05) and a slight increase in malondialdehyde level (P=0·06) were detected in breast muscle. Up-regulated (P<0·05) expressions of heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) and HSF3 mRNA and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) mRNA and protein were found in all three tissues. Broiler breeders fed either iMn or oMn had higher tissue Mn content (P<0·0001), heart MnSOD and CuZnSOD activities (P<0·01) and breast muscle MnSOD protein levels (P<0·05), and lower (P<0·05) breast muscle HSP70 mRNA and protein levels compared with those fed CON. Broiler breeders fed oMn had higher (P<0·03) bone Mn content than those fed iMn. These results indicate that high temperature decreases Mn retention and increases HSP70, HSF1 and HSF3 expressions in the tissues of laying broiler breeders. Furthermore, dietary supplementation with Mn in either source may enhance the heart’s antioxidant ability and inhibit the expression of HSP70 in breast muscle. Finally, the organic Mn appears to be more available than inorganic Mn for bone in laying broiler breeders regardless of environmental temperatures.}, number={11}, journal={British Journal of Nutrition}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Zhu, Yong-Wen and Lu, Lin and Li, Wen-Xiang and Zhang, Li-Yang and Ji, Cheng and Lin, Xi and Liu, Hsiao-Ching and Odle, Jack and Luo, Xu-Gang}, year={2016}, month={Nov}, pages={1851–1860} }
 @article{xiao_ao_zhou_spears_lin_huang_2016, title={Effects of Supplemental Chromium Propionate on Serum Lipids, Carcass Traits, and Meat Quality of Heat-Stressed Broilers}, volume={176}, ISSN={0163-4984 1559-0720}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12011-016-0852-7}, DOI={10.1007/s12011-016-0852-7}, abstractNote={["This study was conducted to investigate the effects of chromium from chromium propionate (CrPro) on serum lipids, carcass traits, and breast meat quality in heat-stressed birds. A total of 210 1-day-old male broilers were randomly allotted by initial body weight (BW) into 5 treatments with 7 replicates with 6 birds per replicate pen for 42 days. The treatments included a basal corn-soybean meal diet and basal diet supplemented with 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, or 1.6 mg Cr/kg diet. Birds had ad libitum access to feed and distilled-deionized water at normal conditions for 1-3 weeks with little or no stress, and then birds were housed under heat stress conditions with 35 ± 2 °C ambient temperature for 4-6 weeks. Results showed that serum triglyceride (TG) (P = 0.0006) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) (P = 0.0038) concentrations were decreased linearly as Cr dose increased. Compared with other groups, birds receiving 0.8 or 1.6 mg Cr/kg had lower TG (P = 0.0015). Compared to control birds, birds fed diets with 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, or 1.6 mg Cr/kg supplementation had lower LDLC (P = 0.0006). However, the total cholesterol (TC) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) concentrations in serum were not affected by treatment (P > 0.05). No difference was observed in BW, the relative weights of breast muscle, thigh muscle and abdominal fat (P > 0.05), and breast meat quality (Ph", {:sub=>"15min"}, ", Ph", {:sub=>"24h,"}, " L", {:sup=>"*"}, ", a", {:sup=>"*"}, ", b", {:sup=>"*"}, ", cooking loss, shear force) among the treatments (P > 0.05). Results from this study indicated that CrPro supplementation could be beneficial to serum lipids metabolism of heat-stressed broiler chickens by decreasing TG and LDLC contents, but had no impacts on meat quality and carcass traits of the heat-stressed broilers."]}, number={2}, journal={Biological Trace Element Research}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Xiao, Fang and Ao, Degulina and Zhou, Bo and Spears, Jerry W and Lin, Xi and Huang, Yanling}, year={2016}, month={Sep}, pages={401–406} }
 @article{zhu_lu_li_zhang_ji_lin_liu_odle_luo_2015, title={Effect of dietary manganese on antioxidant status and expression levels of heat-shock proteins and factors in tissues of laying broiler breeders under normal and high environmental temperatures (Retracted article. See vol. 119, pg. 117, 2018)}, volume={114}, ISSN={["1475-2662"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84949319502&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1017/s0007114515003803}, abstractNote={To investigate the effect of Mn on antioxidant status and expression levels of heat-shock proteins/factors in tissues of laying broiler breeders subjected to heat challenge, we used a completely randomised design (n 6) with a factorial arrangement of 2 environmental temperatures (normal, 21 (sem 1)°C and high, 32 (sem 1)°C)×3 dietary Mn treatments (an Mn-unsupplemented basal diet (CON), or a basal diet supplemented with 120 mg Mn/kg diet as inorganic Mn sulphate (iMn) or organic Mn proteinate (oMn)). There were no interactions (P>0·10) between environmental temperature and dietary Mn in all of the measured indices. High temperature decreased (P<0·003) Mn content, and also tended (P=0·07) to decrease copper zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) activity in the liver and heart. However, an increased manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) activity (P<0·05) and a slight increase of malondialdehyde level (P=0·06) were detected in breast muscle. Up-regulated (P<0·05) expression levels of heat-shock factor 1 (HSF1) and HSF3 mRNA and heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70) mRNA and protein were found in all three tissues. Broiler breeders fed either iMn or oMn had higher tissue Mn content (P<0·0001), heart MnSOD and CuZnSOD activities (P<0·01) and breast muscle MnSOD protein levels (P<0·05), and lower (P<0·05) breast muscle HSP70 mRNA and protein levels than those fed CON. Broiler breeders fed oMn had higher (P<0·03) bone Mn content than those fed iMn. These results indicate that high temperature decreases Mn retention and increases HSP70 and HSF1, HSF3 expression levels in tissues of laying broiler breeders. Furthermore, dietary supplementation with Mn in either source may enhance heart antioxidant ability and inhibit the expression of HSP70 in breast muscle. Finally, the organic Mn appears to be more available than inorganic Mn for bone in laying broiler breeders regardless of environmental temperatures.}, number={12}, journal={BRITISH JOURNAL OF NUTRITION}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Zhu, Yong-Wen and Lu, Lin and Li, Wen-Xiang and Zhang, Li-Yang and Ji, Cheng and Lin, Xi and Liu, Hsiao-Ching and Odle, Jack and Luo, Xu-Gang}, year={2015}, month={Dec}, pages={1965–1974} }
 @article{huang_yang_xiao_lloyd_lin_2015, title={Effects of Supplemental Chromium Source and Concentration on Growth Performance, Carcass Traits, and Meat Quality of Broilers Under Heat Stress Conditions}, volume={170}, ISSN={0163-4984 1559-0720}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12011-015-0443-z}, DOI={10.1007/s12011-015-0443-z}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplemental chromium (Cr) on growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality of broilers reared under heat stress. A total of 252 1-d-old Cobb 500 commercial female broilers were randomly allotted by body weight (BW) to one of six replicate cages (six broilers per cage) for each of seven treatments in a completely randomized design involving a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments with three Cr sources (Cr propionate, CrPro; Cr picolinate, CrPic; Cr chloride, CrCl3) and two concentrations of added Cr (0.4, or 2.0 mg of Cr/kg) plus a Cr-unsupplemented control group. Feed and distilled-deionized water were available ad libitum for an experimental phase of 42 days. For induction of heat stress, the house temperature was set at 33 ± 2 °C from 15 to 42 days of age. Results showed that birds supplemented with Cr, regardless of Cr source, had increased ADG (P = 0.032) than controls. Birds fed 2.0 mg Cr/kg diet had greater ADG (P = 0.005) than birds fed 0.4 mg Cr/kg diet. Compared to controls, birds fed with Cr had greater dressing percentage (P = 0.021). Percentage of abdominal fat decreased (P = 0.013), whereas, breast intramuscular fat (IMF) remained unaffected (P = 0.147) in Cr supplemented vs control broilers. Broilers supplemented Cr had decreased b* values of meat color (P = 0.042) in breast muscle. B*values were also lesser (P = 0.049) in birds fed CrPro than birds supplemented with CrCl3 or CrPic. Regardless of Cr source, the percentage of cooking loss was decreased (P = 0.025) with Cr supplementation in breast muscle when compared to controls. Results from this study indicate that Cr supplementation, independent of its source, could promote growth and improve carcass traits and meat quality of broilers under heat stress conditions. Chromium propionate seems to have greater beneficial effects on meat color in comparison with CrPic and CrCl3.}, number={1}, journal={Biological Trace Element Research}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Huang, Yanling and Yang, Jian and Xiao, Fang and Lloyd, Karen and Lin, Xi}, year={2015}, month={Jul}, pages={216–223} }
 @article{zheng_huang_xiao_lin_lloyd_2015, title={Effects of Supplemental Chromium Source and Concentration on Growth, Carcass Characteristics, and Serum Lipid Parameters of Broilers Reared Under Normal Conditions}, volume={169}, ISSN={0163-4984 1559-0720}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12011-015-0419-z}, DOI={10.1007/s12011-015-0419-z}, abstractNote={An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary chromium (Cr) source and concentration on growth performance, carcass traits, and some serum lipid parameters of broilers under normal rearing conditions for 42 days. A total of 252 1-day-old Cobb 500 commercial female broilers were randomly allotted by body weight (BW) to one of six replicate cages (six broilers per cage) for each of seven treatments in a completely randomized design involved in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments with three Cr sources (Cr propionate (CrPro), Cr picolinate (CrPic), Cr chloride (CrCl3)) and two concentrations of added Cr (0.4 and 2.0 mg of Cr/kg) plus a Cr-unsupplemented control diet. The results showed that dietary Cr supplementation tended to increase the breast muscle percentage compared with the Cr-unsupplemented control group (P = 0.0784), while Cr from CrPic tended to have higher breast muscle percentage compared with Cr from CrCl3 (P = 0.0881). Chromium from CrPic also tended to increase the breast intramuscular fat (IMF) compared with Cr from CrCl3 (P = 0.0648). In addition, supplementation of 0.4 mg/kg Cr tended to decrease low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (P = 0.0614). Compared with the control group, broilers fed Cr-supplemented diets had higher triglyceride (TG) (P = 0.0129) regardless of Cr source and Cr concentration. Chromium from CrPro and CrPic had lower total cholesterol (TC) compared with Cr from CrCl3 (P = 0.0220). These results indicate that dietary supplementation of Cr has effects on carcass characteristics and serum lipid parameters of broilers under normal rearing conditions, while supplementation of organic Cr can improve carcass characteristics and reduce the cholesterol content in serum.}, number={2}, journal={Biological Trace Element Research}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Zheng, Cancai and Huang, Yanling and Xiao, Fang and Lin, Xi and Lloyd, Karen}, year={2015}, month={Jul}, pages={352–358} }
 @article{xie_tang_lu_zhang_lin_liu_odle_luo_2015, title={Effects of acute and chronic heat stress on plasma metabolites, hormones and oxidant status in restrictedly fed broiler breeders}, volume={94}, ISSN={0032-5791}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps/pev105}, DOI={10.3382/ps/pev105}, abstractNote={Heat tolerance can be improved by feed restriction in broiler chickens. It is unknown whether the same is true for broiler breeders, which are restrictedly fed. Therefore, the current study was conducted to study the effects of heat stress on plasma metabolites, hormones, and oxidative status of restricted fed broiler breeders with special emphases on the temperature and latency of heat exposure. In trial 1, 12 broiler breeders were kept either in a thermoneutral chamber (21°C, control, n = 6) or in a chamber with a step-wise increased environmental temperature from 21 to 33°C (21, 25, 29, 33°C, heat-stressed, n = 6). Changes in plasma total cholesterol, glucose, and triiodothyronine (T3) were closely related to the environmental temperature. When the temperature reached 29°C, plasma T3 (P < 0.05) was significantly decreased in acute heat-stressed birds, whereas plasma glucose (P < 0.001) and cholesterol (P = 0.002) increased only when the temperature reached 33°C. Plasma triglyceride (P = 0.026) and creatine kinase (CK, P = 0.018) were lower in heat-stressed birds than controls regardless of the temperatures applied. In Trial 2, 24 broiler breeders were divided into 2 groups and raised under 21°C and 32°C for 8 weeks, respectively. Total cholesterol was increased in chronic heat-stressed broiler breeders after 4 weeks. Plasma lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, P = 0.047) and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT, P = 0.036) was up-regulated after 6 weeks of thermal treatment, whereas plasma CK (P = 0.009) was increased at the end of thermal treatment. Plasma malonaldehyde, protein carbonyl content, activity of total superoxide dismutase (SOD), and corticosterone content were not altered after acute and prolonged heat challenges. Taken together, acute heat stress primarily resulted in disturbance of plasma metabolites, whereas chronic heat stress caused tissue damage reflected by increased plasma LDA, GOT, and CK. During acute heat stress, plasma metabolites were minimally disturbed in broiler breeders until the environmental temperature reached 33°C.}, number={7}, journal={Poultry Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Xie, Jingjing and Tang, Li and Lu, Lin and Zhang, Liyang and Lin, Xi and Liu, Hsiao-Ching and Odle, Jack and Luo, Xugang}, year={2015}, month={Jul}, pages={1635–1644} }
 @article{zhu_xie_li_lu_zhang_ji_lin_liu_odle_luo_2015, title={Effects of environmental temperature and dietary manganese on egg production performance, egg quality, and some plasma biochemical traits of broiler breeders}, volume={93}, ISSN={0021-8812 1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2015-8956}, DOI={10.2527/jas.2015-8956}, abstractNote={An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of environmental temperature and dietary Mn on egg production performance, egg quality, and some plasma biochemical traits of broiler breeders. A completely randomized factorial design involved 2 environmental temperatures (a normal temperature, 21 ± 1°C, and a high temperature, 32 ± 1°C) × 3 dietary Mn treatments (a Mn-unsupplemented corn–soybean meal basal diet or the basal diet supplemented with 120 mg of Mn/kg of diet as either MnSO4·H2O or manganese proteinate). There were 6 treatments with 6 replicates (4 birds per replicate). High temperature decreased egg weight (P < 0.0001), laying rate (P < 0.0001), egg yield (P < 0.0001), feed intake (P < 0.0001), egg:feed ratio (P < 0.0001), eggshell strength (P < 0.05) and thickness (P < 0.0001), plasma triiodothyronine level (P < 0.05), and alkaline phosphatase activity (P < 0.04) whereas it increased rectal temperature (P < 0.0001); plasma malondialdehyde level (P < 0.02); and activities (P < 0.002) of lactic dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, and creatine kinase. Broiler breeders fed the diets supplemented with Mn regardless of source had greater (P < 0.05) eggshell strength and lower (P ≤ 0.05) plasma triiodothyronine level and protein carbonyl content than those fed the control diet. The broiler breeders fed the diet supplemented with the organic Mn had greater (P < 0.01) eggshell thickness than those fed the control diet. There were interactions (P < 0.05) between environmental temperature and dietary Mn in laying rate, egg yield, feed intake, and egg:feed ratio. Under normal temperature, dietary Mn did not affect the above 4 parameters; however, under high temperature, broiler breeders fed the diet supplemented with the organic Mn showed greater (P < 0.03) improvements in these 4 parameters than those fed the control diet. The results from this study indicated that high temperature significantly impaired egg production performance and eggshell quality and induced lipid peroxidation and tissue damage whereas dietary supplementation of either organic or inorganic Mn improved eggshell strength and thermotolerance and reduced protein oxidation and that the organic Mn could alleviate the negative effect of high temperature on egg production performance of broiler breeders at the period of 32 to 45 wk of age.}, number={7}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Zhu, Y. W. and Xie, J. J. and Li, W. X. and Lu, L. and Zhang, L. Y. and Ji, C. and Lin, X. and Liu, H. C. and Odle, J. and Luo, X. G.}, year={2015}, month={Jul}, pages={3431–3440} }
 @article{zhu_lu_li_zhang_ji_lin_liu_odle_luo_2015, title={Effects of maternal dietary manganese and incubation temperature on hatchability, antioxidant status, and expression of heat shock proteins in chick embryos}, volume={93}, ISSN={0021-8812 1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2015-9610}, DOI={10.2527/jas.2015-9610}, abstractNote={To investigate whether supplementing manganese (Mn) to the maternal diet could reduce the deleterious effect of heat stress on the developing embryo, the hatchability, antioxidant status, and expression of heat shock proteins (HSP) were evaluated in chick embryos under normal and high incubation temperatures. A completely randomized design ( = 6) with 2 maternal dietary Mn treatments (unsupplemented control basal diet versus the basal diet + 120 mg Mn/kg as inorganic Mn) × 2 incubation temperatures (normal, 37.8°C, versus high, 39.0°C) was used. High incubation temperature did not affect ( > 0.19) hatchability and embryo mortality and development but did increase ( < 0.05) activities of heart manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and liver copper zinc superoxide dismutase and liver MnSOD mRNA and protein levels in embryos. High incubation temperature also decreased ( < 0.003) HSP70 protein level in the heart but had no effects ( > 0.07) in the liver of embryos. Maternal diet with Mn supplementation not only increased ( < 0.05) the hatchability and Mn content ( < 0.001) in the yolk and embryonic tissues and the activity of MnSOD in the heart ( < 0.004) as well as relative liver weight ( < 0.05) under normal incubation temperature but also decreased ( ≤ 0.05) embryo mortality and HSP90 mRNA level in the liver and heart of embryos. Furthermore, under high incubation temperature, maternal diet Mn supplementation increased ( < 0.002) MnSOD protein expression in the liver of embryos but had no effect ( > 0.43) under normal incubation temperature. These results indicated that high incubation temperature induced self-protective responses of chick embryos with a modification of antioxidant status and a depression of HSP70 protein level. Maternal dietary supplementation of Mn could improve the hatchability as well as antioxidant ability to protect against heat challenge in embryos during incubation.}, number={12}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Zhu, Y. W. and Lu, L. and Li, W. X. and Zhang, L. Y. and Ji, C. and Lin, X. and Liu, H. C. and Odle, J. and Luo, X. G.}, year={2015}, month={Dec}, pages={5725–5734} }
 @article{bai_yan_xie_hu_lin_wu_zhou_wang_see_2015, title={Effects of pre-slaughter stressor and feeding preventative Chinese medicinal herbs on glycolysis and oxidative stability in pigs}, volume={87}, ISSN={1344-3941}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/asj.12537}, DOI={10.1111/asj.12537}, abstractNote={A total of 64 5-month-old Pietrain pigs were randomly allocated to four treatments with four replicates per treatment according to body weight. The pigs were fed either a standard corn-soybean meal based control diet (treatments 1 and 2), the standard diet with 1% Lycium barbarum (LB) (treatment 3), or the standard diet with 1% Polygala tenuifolia Willd (PT) (treatment 4). Serum lactic acid and glucose concentrations were increased in stressed pigs (P < 0.05). Addition of the herbs in the diet had no effect on the serum lactic acid concentration, but 1% LB decreased (P < 0.05) serum glucose concentration in the stressed pigs. Pre-slaughter stress also decreased (P < 0.01) liver glycogen concentration and the decrease could be inhibited by addition of 1% LB in the diet (P > 0.05). Pre-slaughter stress increased the concentration of maleic dialdehyde (MDA) (P < 0.05) and decreased glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in serum, while dietary 1% LB increased (P < 0.05) the activity of GSH-Px and decreased the concentration of MDA in the serum. In conclusion, pre-slaughter stress induces oxidative stress in pigs and dietary supplementation with 1% LB improves antioxidant capacity in stressed pigs before slaughtering.}, number={8}, journal={Animal Science Journal}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Bai, Xiumei and Yan, Xue and Xie, Linqi and Hu, Xiaodong and Lin, Xi and Wu, Changzheng and Zhou, Ningcong and Wang, Anru and See, Miles Todd}, year={2015}, month={Oct}, pages={1028–1033} }
 @article{lin_jacobi_odle_2015, title={Transplacental induction of fatty acid oxidation in term fetal pigs by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha agonist clofibrate}, volume={6}, ISSN={2049-1891}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40104-015-0010-7}, DOI={10.1186/s40104-015-0010-7}, abstractNote={To induce peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) expression and increase milk fat utilization in pigs at birth, the effect of maternal feeding of the PPARα agonist, clofibrate (2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-methyl-propanoic acid, ethyl ester), on fatty acid oxidation was examined at full-term delivery (0 h) and 24 h after delivery in this study. Each group of pigs (n = 10) was delivered from pregnant sows fed a commercial diet with or without 0.8% clofibrate for the last 7 d of gestation. Blood samples were collected from the utero-ovarian artery of the sows and the umbilical cords of the pigs as they were removed from the sows by C-section on day 113 of gestation.HPLC analysis identified that clofibric acid was present in the plasma of the clofibrate-fed sow (~4.2 μg/mL) and its offspring (~1.5 μg/mL). Furthermore, the maternal-fed clofibrate had no impact on the liver weight of the pigs at 0 h and 24 h, but hepatic fatty acid oxidation examined in fresh homogenates showed that clofibrate increased (P < 0.01) (14)C-accumulation in CO2 and acid soluble products 2.9-fold from [1-(14)C]-oleic acid and 1.6-fold from [1-(14)C]-lignoceric acid respectively. Correspondingly, clofibrate increased fetal hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) and acyl-CoA oxidase (ACO) activities by 36% and 42% over controls (P < 0.036). The mRNA abundance of CPT I was 20-fold higher in pigs exposed to clofibrate (P < 0.0001) but no differences were detected for ACO and PPARα mRNA between the two groups.These data demonstrate that dietary clofibrate is absorbed by the sow, crosses the placental membrane, and enters fetal circulation to induce hepatic fatty acid oxidation by increasing the CPT and ACO activities of the newborn.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Lin, Xi and Jacobi, Sheila and Odle, Jack}, year={2015}, month={Mar} }
 @article{bai_lin_drayton_liu_ji_odle_2014, title={Clofibrate Increases Long-Chain Fatty Acid Oxidation by Neonatal Pigs}, volume={144}, ISSN={0022-3166 1541-6100}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/jn.114.193169}, DOI={10.3945/jn.114.193169}, abstractNote={BACKGROUND
Utilization of energy-dense lipid fuels is critical to the rapid development and growth of neonates.


OBJECTIVE
To increase efficiency of milk fat utilization by newborn pigs, the effect of clofibrate on in vivo and in vitro long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) oxidation was evaluated.


METHODS
Newborn male pigs were administered 5 mL of vehicle (2% Tween 80) with or without clofibrate (75 mg/kg body weight) once daily via i.g. gavage for 4 d. Total LCFA oxidative capacity was measured in respiration chambers after gastric infusion (n = 5 per treatment) with isoenergetic amounts of [1-(14)C]triglycerides (TGs), either oleic acid (18:1n-9) TG [3.02 mmol/kg body weight (BW)(0.75)] or erucic acid (22:1n-9) TG (2.46 mmol/kg BW(0.75)). Total expired (14)CO2 was collected and quantified at 20-min intervals over 24 h. Hepatic in vitro LCFA oxidation was determined simultaneously using [1-(14)C]oleic acid and erucic acid substrates.


RESULTS
The in vivo 24-h accumulative [1-(14)C]TG oxidation (percentage of energy intake/kg BW(0.75)) tended to increase with clofibrate supplementation (P = 0.10), although there was no difference in the peak or mean utilization rate. The maximal extent of oleic acid TG oxidation was 1.6-fold that of erucic acid TG (P < 0.006). Hepatic in vitro LCFA oxidation increased 61% with clofibrate (P < 0.0008). The increase in mitochondria was 4-fold greater than in peroxisomes. The relative abundance of mRNA increased 2- to 3-fold for hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α and its target genes (fatty acyl-coenzyme A oxidase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase) in the pigs that were administered clofibrate (P < 0.04).


CONCLUSION
Clofibrate may improve in vivo LCFA oxidative utilization in neonatal pigs.}, number={11}, journal={The Journal of Nutrition}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Bai, Xiumei and Lin, Xi and Drayton, Josephine and Liu, Yulan and Ji, Cheng and Odle, Jack}, year={2014}, month={Sep}, pages={1688–1693} }
 @article{pi_liu_shi_li_odle_lin_zhu_chen_hou_leng_et al._2014, title={Dietary supplementation of aspartate enhances intestinal integrity and energy status in weanling piglets after lipopolysaccharide challenge}, volume={25}, ISSN={0955-2863}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.12.006}, DOI={10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.12.006}, abstractNote={The intestine has a high requirement for ATP to support its integrity, function and health, and thus, energy deficits in the intestinal mucosa may play a critical role in intestinal injury. Aspartate (Asp) is one of the major sources of ATP in mammalian enterocytes via mitochondrial oxidation. We hypothesized that dietary supplementation of Asp could attenuate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intestinal damage via modulation of intestinal energy status. Twenty-four weanling piglets were allotted to one of four treatments: (1) nonchallenged control, (2) LPS-challenged control, (3) LPS+0.5% Asp treatment, and (4) LPS+1.0% Asp treatment. On day 19, pigs were injected with saline or LPS. At 24 h postinjection, pigs were killed and intestinal samples were obtained. Asp attenuated LPS-induced intestinal damage indicated by greater villus height and villus height/crypt depth ratio as well as higher RNA/DNA and protein/DNA ratios. Asp improved intestinal function indicated by increased intestinal mucosal disaccharidase activities. Asp also improved intestinal energy status indicated by increased ATP, ADP and total adenine nucleotide contents, adenylate energy charge and decreased AMP/ATP ratio. In addition, Asp increased the activities of tricarboxylic acid cycle key enzymes including citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and alpha-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. Moreover, Asp down-regulated mRNA expression of intestinal AMP-activated protein kinase α1 (AMPKα1), AMPKα2, silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) and peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC1α) and decreased intestinal AMPKα phosphorylation. These results indicate that Asp may alleviate LPS-induced intestinal damage and improve intestinal energy status.}, number={4}, journal={The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Pi, D. and Liu, Y. and Shi, H. and Li, S. and Odle, J. and Lin, X. and Zhu, H. and Chen, F. and Hou, Y. and Leng, W. and et al.}, year={2014}, month={Apr}, pages={456–462} }
 @article{huang_wang_lin_guo_2014, title={Effects of Supplemental Copper on the Serum Lipid Profile, Meat Quality, and Carcass Composition of Goat Kids}, volume={159}, ISSN={0163-4984 1559-0720}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12011-014-9976-9}, DOI={10.1007/s12011-014-9976-9}, abstractNote={To evaluate the effects of copper (Cu) supplementation on the serum lipid profile, meat quality, and carcass composition of goat kids, thirty-five 3-4-month-old Jian Yang big-eared goat kids (BW 20.3±0.6 kg) were randomly assigned to one of seven dietary Cu treatments (n=5/treatment). The dietary Cu concentrations were: (1) control (no supplemental Cu), (2) 20 mg, (3) 40 mg, (4) 80 mg, (5) 160 mg, (6) 320 mg, and (7) 640 mg of supplemental Cu/kg dry matter (DM). Copper was supplemented as CuSO4.5H2O (25.2 % Cu). The goats were fed a high-concentrate basal diet with the different concentrations of supplemental Cu/kg DM for 96 days. The serum lipid profile was determined on day 51 and day 96. Meat quality and carcass composition of longissimus dorsi muscle were measured after the goats were slaughtered at 96 days. Serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) were not affected by treatment (P>0.18). No differences were observed in drip loss, cooking loss, a* (redness/greenness) and b* (yellowness/blueness) values (P>0.17); however, the 24-h pH value (linear; P=0.0009) and L* (brightness) value (linear; P=0.0128) decreased, and shear force increased (linear; P=0.0005) as Cu supplementation increased. The intramuscular fat (%) increased (linear; P=0.001) as supplemental Cu increased. No differences (P>0.21) in the moisture, crude protein, and ash (%) were observed. Results of this study indicate that supplemental Cu does not modify the serum lipid profile; however, it can impact intramuscular fat content and the meat quality of goat kids.}, number={1-3}, journal={Biological Trace Element Research}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Huang, Yanling and Wang, Yong and Lin, Xi and Guo, Chunhua}, year={2014}, month={Apr}, pages={140–146} }
 @article{odle_lin_jacobi_kim_stahl_2014, title={The Suckling Piglet as an Agrimedical Model for the Study of Pediatric Nutrition and Metabolism}, volume={2}, ISSN={2165-8102 2165-8110}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-022513-114158}, DOI={10.1146/annurev-animal-022513-114158}, abstractNote={The neonatal pig ranks among the most prominent research models for the study of pediatric nutrition and metabolism. Its precocial development at birth affords ready adaptation to artificial rearing systems, and research using this model spans a wide array of nutrients. Sophisticated in vitro and in vivo methodologies supporting both invasive, reduction-science research as well as whole-animal preclinical investigations have been developed. Potential applications may dually benefit both agricultural and medical sciences (e.g., "agrimedical research"). The broad scope of this review is to outline the fundamental elements of the piglet model and to highlight key aspects of relevance to various macronutrients, including lipids, carbohydrates, proteins/amino acids, and calcium/phosphorus. The review examines similarities between piglets and infants and also piglet idiosyncrasies, concluding that, overall, the piglet represents an adaptable and robust model for pediatric nutrition and metabolism research.}, number={1}, journal={Annual Review of Animal Biosciences}, publisher={Annual Reviews}, author={Odle, Jack and Lin, Xi and Jacobi, Sheila K. and Kim, Sung Woo and Stahl, Chad H.}, year={2014}, month={Feb}, pages={419–444} }
 @article{price_lin_van heugten_odle_willis_odle_2013, title={Diet physical form, fatty acid chain length, and emulsification alter fat utilization and growth of newly weaned pigs}, volume={91}, ISSN={0021-8812 1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2012-5307}, DOI={10.2527/jas.2012-5307}, abstractNote={An experiment was conducted to examine the interplay of diet physical form (liquid vs. dry), fatty acid chain length [medium- (MCT) vs. long-chain triglyceride (LCT)], and emulsification as determinants of fat utilization and growth of newly weaned pigs. Ninety-six pigs were weaned at 20.0 ± 0.3 d of age (6.80 ± 0.04 kg) and fed ad libitum 1 of 8 diets for 14 d according to a 2(3) factorial arrangement of treatments with 6 pens per diet and 2 pigs per pen. The MCT contained primarily C8:0 and C10:0 fatty acids, whereas the LCT mainly contained C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, and C18:2. Diet physical form greatly impacted piglet growth (P < 0.001), with liquid-fed pigs (486 g/d) growing faster than dry-fed pigs (332 g/d) by 46%. Pigs fed LCT grew 22% faster (P = 0.01) than MCT-fed pigs; however, effects of emulsifier were not detected (P > 0.1). Furthermore, feed intake and G:F were 15% and 29% greater for liquid-fed pigs, and intake also was 21% greater for pigs fed LCT (P = 0.01). Diet physical form had no effect on apparent ileal fatty acid digestibility, but as expected, digestibility was greater (P < 0.001) for the MCT than the LCT diet (98.5% vs. 93.4%). Emulsification improved digestibility of most fatty acids in pigs fed LCT but not MCT (interaction, P < 0.01). Both jejunal and ileal villi height increased from 7 to 14 d postweaning (P < 0.01). Liquid-fed pigs had greater jejunal crypt depth (P < 0.05) compared with pigs fed the dry diet; however, ileal morphology was not affected by diet physical form, fat chain length, or emulsification. Plasma ketone body concentrations were 6-fold greater in pigs fed MCT than LCT, and the difference was greater in pigs fed dry diets (interaction, P = 0.01). The bile salt concentration in jejunal digesta was 2.2-fold greater in pigs fed LCT than in pigs fed MCT (P < 0.001). Collectively, we conclude that feeding liquid diets containing emulsified LCT can improve fat utilization and markedly accentuate feed intake, growth, and G:F of weanling pigs.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Price, K. L. and Lin, X. and van Heugten, E. and Odle, R. and Willis, G. and Odle, J.}, year={2013}, month={Feb}, pages={783–792} }
 @article{herfel_jacobi_lin_jouni_chichlowski_stahl_odle_2013, title={Dietary supplementation of Bifidobacterium longum strain AH1206 increases its cecal abundance and elevates intestinal interleukin-10 expression in the neonatal piglet}, volume={60}, ISSN={0278-6915}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2013.07.020}, DOI={10.1016/j.fct.2013.07.020}, abstractNote={Intestinal microbiota of infants differ in response to gestational age, delivery mode and feeding regimen. Dietary supplementation of probiotic bacteria is one method of promoting healthy populations. We examined the impact of a novel probiotic strain of Bifidobacterium longum (AH1206) on the health, growth and development of neonatal pigs as a model for infants. Day-old pigs were fed milk-based formula containing AH1206 at 0, 109, or 1011 CFU/d for 18 d (n = 10/treatment). Differences were not detected in growth, organ weights or body temperatures (P > 0.1); however pigs fed the high dose showed a small (2%) reduction in feed intake. Bacterial translocation was not affected as indicated by total anaerobic and aerobic counts (CFU) in samples of spleen, liver and mesenteric lymph nodes (P > 0.1). Feeding AH1206 had no effects on fecal consistency, but increased the density of B. longum in the cecum. Ileal TNF expression tended to increase (P = 0.08) while IL-10 expression increased linearly (P = 0.01) with supplementation. Based upon findings in the suckling piglet model, we suggest that dietary supplementation with B. longum (AH1206) may be safe for human infants based on a lack of growth, development or deleterious immune-related effects observed in piglets.}, journal={Food and Chemical Toxicology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Herfel, Tina M. and Jacobi, Sheila K. and Lin, Xi and Jouni, Zeina E. and Chichlowski, Maciej and Stahl, Chad H. and Odle, Jack}, year={2013}, month={Oct}, pages={116–122} }
 @article{cabrera_lin_ashwell_moeser_odle_2013, title={Early postnatal kinetics of colostral immunoglobulin G absorption in fed and fasted piglets and developmental expression of the intestinal immunoglobulin G receptor}, volume={91}, ISSN={0021-8812 1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2011-4426}, DOI={10.2527/jas.2011-4426}, abstractNote={The transport of IgG across the epithelial barrier and into the circulation is achieved in part by the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), and this provides passive immunity to the neonate. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of time and feeding state on IgG absorption, intestinal morphology, and expression of IgG receptors in the first 24 h postbirth. Twenty newborn pigs were obtained immediately after birth and fitted with umbilical arterial catheters. Colostrum was manually collected from 12 lactating sows and centrifuged to produce defatted colostrum. Piglets were orally gavaged with 32 mL defatted colostrum per kilogram of BW (given in 2 doses 1 h apart) either at birth (0 h) or at 12 h postbirth under either fed (milk replacer) or fasted (saline solution) condition (n=5 per treatment). A fifth reference group (n=5) was euthanized at birth. Blood was collected every hour for the first 2 h immediately after the catheter was inserted and then every 4 h until 12 h (i.e., 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 h) for the treatment in which the defatted colostrum was given right after birth. For the treatment gavaged at 12 h postbirth, the sampling schedule was at 12, 13, 14, 16, 20, and 24 h. At 12 h postgavage, pigs were euthanized and jejunum tissues were collected for measurement of villi height, width, crypt depth, and gene expression of FcRn and β2-microglobulin (β2M) via reverse transcription PCR. Pig serum IgG concentration was determined by radial immunodiffusion. Data were analyzed according to a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments (0 h-fed, 0 h-fasted, 12 h-fed, and 12 h-fasted). There was no interaction between the time (age) of offering defatted colostrum (0 vs. 12 h) and nutritional state (fed vs. fasted) for any of the measurements, and there were no differences between fed and fasted pigs. Serum IgG concentrations increased progressively with time. Piglets offered defatted colostrum at 0 h had greater (P<0.05) overall IgG absorption and greater (P<0.05) villi height than those offered defatted colostrum at 12 h postbirth. Abundance of mRNA of FcRn and β2M were normalized to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Abundance of FcRn transcript was lower (P=0.006) in pigs euthanized at birth compared with those euthanized at 12 h of age. In conclusion, the effects of delayed offering of defatted colostrum and age-dependent changes in IgG receptor were modest over the first 24 h of life.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Cabrera, R. and Lin, X. and Ashwell, M. and Moeser, A. and Odle, J.}, year={2013}, month={Jan}, pages={211–218} }
 @article{huang_wang_spears_lin_guo_2013, title={Effect of copper on performance, carcass characteristics, and muscle fatty acid composition of meat goat kids}, volume={91}, ISSN={0021-8812 1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2012-5820}, DOI={10.2527/jas.2012-5820}, abstractNote={An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of dietary Cu on performance, carcass characteristics, and muscle fatty acid composition in meat goats. Thirty five Jianyang Big-ear goat (JYB) kids (average BW 20.3 ± 0.6 kg and age 3 to 4 mo) were stratified by weight and randomly assigned to 1 of 7 experimental treatments (n = 5 goats per treatment). Treatments consisted of: 1) control (no supplemental Cu; 14.3 mg Cu/kg DM), 2) 20 mg supplemental Cu/kg DM, 3) 40 mg supplemental Cu/kg DM, 4) 80 mg supplemental Cu/kg DM, 5) 160 mg supplemental Cu/kg DM, 6) 320 mg supplemental Cu/kg DM, and 7) 640 mg supplemental Cu/kg DM. Copper was supplemented from CuSO4•5H2O (25.2% Cu). Goats were individually fed a concentrate-hay based diet for 96 d. Performance was not affected by Cu concentration. Liver Cu concentration was increased (P < 0.01) with Cu supplementation. Goats supplemented with 0 or 20 mg Cu/kg DM had lower (P < 0.01) liver Cu concentrations than the other treatments. Backfat depth (P < 0.01) and intramuscular fat (IMF) content (P < 0.01) were also increased with Cu supplementation. However, Cu-supplemented goats had lower (P = 0.04) longissimus muscle area (LMA) compared with control. Dietary Cu supplementation increased the percentage of C14:0 (P < 0.01), C20:4 (P < 0.01), and total polyunsaturated fatty acids (P = 0.03), decreased C18:1 trans (P = 0.04), and tended to decrease C18:0 (P = 0.08) in LM. Other fatty acids detected were not affected by dietary Cu supplementation (P > 0.10). These results indicate that JYB goats can tolerate up to 640 mg Cu/kg DM for 96 d without adverse effects on performance, but fat deposition and fatty acid composition in the body could be altered by Cu supplementation as low as 20 mg/kg of diet with high concentrate-hay. Copper supplementation increased backfat depth, IMF, and percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids in LM and decreased LMA in the carcass of JYB goats.}, number={10}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Huang, Y. L. and Wang, Y. and Spears, J. W. and Lin, X. and Guo, C. H.}, year={2013}, month={Oct}, pages={5004–5010} }
 @article{lovercamp_stewart_lin_flowers_2013, title={Effect of dietary selenium on boar sperm quality}, volume={138}, ISSN={0378-4320}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2013.02.016}, DOI={10.1016/j.anireprosci.2013.02.016}, abstractNote={The primary objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of long-term dietary selenium supplementation of commercial swine diets on semen production and sperm quality. The dietary treatments were a non-supplemented basal diet or the basal diet supplemented with 0.3 ppm selenium in either an organic or inorganic form. A secondary objective was to determine if there were any beneficial effects of dietary selenium supplementation on changes in sperm quality during storage of semen post collection. Boars were fed dietary treatments from weaning at 20.97 ± 0.18 d of age until the study was terminated when they were 382.97 ± 0.18 d of age. Boars (n = 6 per treatment) were maintained on a 1 time per week collection frequency for 5 months. Immediately after this, boars were collected six times over a 4 day period. Ejaculates were extended in a commercially available, 5-day semen extender and evaluated on day 1 and 6 of storage post-collection. Boars fed the organic selenium had higher (P < 0.01) plasma levels of selenium compared to control boars and similar levels to those supplemented with the inorganic form (P = 0.18). Dietary treatment did not affect (P > 0.2) volume, concentration, total sperm in the ejaculate, sperm motility, progressive motility, morphology, lipid peroxidation, or glutathione peroxidase activity. These results indicate that supplementing a basal diet with organic or inorganic selenium did not affect semen quantity or sperm quality in fresh ejaculates nor did it appear to have any beneficial latent effects in extended semen stored post collection.}, number={3-4}, journal={Animal Reproduction Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Lovercamp, K.W. and Stewart, K.R. and Lin, X. and Flowers, W.L.}, year={2013}, month={May}, pages={268–275} }
 @article{liu_chen_li_odle_lin_zhu_pi_hou_hong_shi_et al._2013, title={Fish Oil Alleviates Activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Associated with Inhibition of TLR4 and NOD Signaling Pathways in Weaned Piglets after a Lipopolysaccharide Challenge}, volume={143}, ISSN={0022-3166 1541-6100}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/jn.113.179960}, DOI={10.3945/jn.113.179960}, abstractNote={Long-chain n-3 (ω-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids exert beneficial effects in neuroendocrine dysfunctions in animal models and clinical trials. However, the mechanism(s) underlying the beneficial effects remains to be elucidated. We hypothesized that dietary treatment with fish oil (FO) could mitigate LPS-induced activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis through inhibition of Toll-like receptor 4 and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein signaling pathways. Twenty-four weaned pigs were used in a 2 × 2 factorial design, and the main factors consisted of diet (5% corn oil vs. 5% FO) and immunological challenge (saline vs. LPS). After 21 d of dietary treatment with 5% corn oil or FO diets, pigs were treated with saline or LPS. Blood samples were collected at 0 (preinjection), 2, and 4 h postinjection, and then pigs were humanely killed by intravenous injection of 40 mg/kg body weight sodium pentobarbital for tissue sample collection. FO led to enrichment of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid and total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, spleen, and thymus. FO decreased plasma adrenocorticotrophin and cortisol concentrations as well as mRNA expressions of hypothalamic corticotropin releasing hormone and pituitary proopiomelanocortin. FO also reduced mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-α in hypothalamus, adrenal gland, spleen, and thymus, and of cyclooxygenase 2 in hypothalamus. Moreover, FO downregulated the mRNA expressions of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and its downstream molecules, including cluster differentiation factor 14, myeloid differentiation factor 2, myeloid differentiation factor 88, interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1, tumor necrosis factor-α receptor-associated factor 6, and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells p65, and also decreased the mRNA expressions of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2, and their adaptor molecule receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2. These results suggested that FO attenuates the activation of the HPA axis induced by LPS challenge. The beneficial effects of FO on the HPA axis may be associated with decreasing the production of brain or peripheral proinflammatory cytokines through inhibition of TLR4 and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein signaling pathways.}, number={11}, journal={The Journal of Nutrition}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Liu, Y. and Chen, F. and Li, Q. and Odle, J. and Lin, X. and Zhu, H. and Pi, D. and Hou, Y. and Hong, Y. and Shi, H. and et al.}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={1799–1807} }
 @article{liu_chen_odle_lin_zhu_shi_hou_yin_2013, title={Fish Oil Increases Muscle Protein Mass and Modulates Akt/FOXO, TLR4, and NOD Signaling in Weanling Piglets After Lipopolysaccharide Challenge}, volume={143}, ISSN={0022-3166 1541-6100}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/jn.113.176255}, DOI={10.3945/jn.113.176255}, abstractNote={Proinflammatory cytokines play a key role in the pathophysiology of muscle atrophy. In addition, n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) exert an inhibitory effect on proinflammatory cytokines affecting many inflammatory diseases. We hypothesized that dietary supplementation of fish oil could attenuate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced muscle atrophy. Weanling pigs were used in a 2 × 2 factorial design and the main factors included diet (5% corn oil or 5% fish oil) and immunological challenge (LPS or saline). After 21 d of treatment with either fish oil or corn oil, pigs received an i.p. injection of either saline or LPS. At 4 h postinjection, blood and muscle samples were obtained. Fish oil led to enrichment of eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and total n3 PUFAs in muscles. Fish oil increased muscle protein mass, indicated by a higher protein:DNA ratio in gastrocnemius and longissimus dorsi (LD) muscles. In addition, fish oil increased Akt1 mRNA abundance and decreased Forkhead Box O (FOXO) 1 and FOXO4 mRNA abundance. Fish oil also increased phosphorylation of Akt and FOXO1 in gastrocnemius and LD muscles. Fish oil decreased the mRNA abundance of muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbx) and muscle RING finger 1 in gastrocnemius and LD muscles. Moreover, fish oil reduced the plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α, muscle TNFα, and prostaglandin E2 concentrations, and muscle TNFα and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) mRNA abundance. Finally, fish oil downregulated the mRNA abundance of muscle toll-like receptor (TLR4) and its downstream signaling molecules [myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), TNFα receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), and NF-κB p65], and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein (NOD1), NOD2, and their adaptor molecule [receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 (RIPK2)]. These results indicate fish oil may suppress muscle proinflammatory cytokine production via regulation of TLR and NOD signaling pathways and therefore improve muscle protein mass, possibly through maintenance of Akt/FOXO signaling.}, number={8}, journal={The Journal of Nutrition}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Liu, Yulan and Chen, Feng and Odle, Jack and Lin, Xi and Zhu, Huiling and Shi, Haifeng and Hou, Yongqing and Yin, Jingdong}, year={2013}, month={Jun}, pages={1331–1339} }
 @article{herfel_jacobi_lin_van heugten_fellner_odle_2013, title={Stabilized rice bran improves weaning pig performance via a prebiotic mechanism}, volume={91}, ISSN={0021-8812 1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2012-5287}, DOI={10.2527/jas.2012-5287}, abstractNote={Stabilized rice bran (SRB) is classified as a "functional food" because of its prebiotic characteristics. With increasing grain prices and the pressure to remove antibiotics from swine diets because of concern over antibiotic resistance, SRB was investigated as a nursery diet ingredient with and without the addition of antibiotics (ANT). Two hundred pigs were weaned at 21 d of age, blocked by BW, and allotted to diets containing 0 or 10% SRB ± ANT according to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Five animals were housed per pen throughout a 28-d growth period. At the end of the trial, 1 pig from each pen was euthanized for measurement of intestinal morphology. Antibiotic supplementation improved ADG by 6.4% during Phase 2 (d 14 to 28; P = 0.02), but other production variables were unaffected by ANT. During Phase 2 and cumulatively (d 0 to 28), the supplementation of SRB improved G:F by 10% in ANT-free pigs but not in pigs fed ANT (ANT × SRB, P < 0.03). Ileal histology revealed an increase in crypt depth of pigs fed the diet containing ANT plus SRB and corresponding decreases in villi:crypt associated with both ANT and SRB supplementation (P < 0.05). Intraepithelial lymphocytes were increased by 15% in pigs fed SRB without ANT, but were unaffected by SRB in pigs fed ANT (ANT x SRB, P = 0.003). Colonic bifidobacteria tended to increase with SRB supplementation (P < 0.10). Differences in ileal and cecal digesta short-chain fatty acid concentrations were not detected. In summary, SRB improved the efficiency of nutrient utilization in nursery diets lacking antibiotics and tended to increase intestinal bifidobacteria concentrations, indicating that SRB may exert beneficial prebiotic effects in weanling pigs.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Herfel, T. and Jacobi, S. and Lin, X. and Van Heugten, E. and Fellner, V. and Odle, J.}, year={2013}, month={Feb}, pages={907–913} }
 @article{liu_chen_odle_lin_jacobi_zhu_wu_hou_2012, title={Fish Oil Enhances Intestinal Integrity and Inhibits TLR4 and NOD2 Signaling Pathways in Weaned Pigs after LPS Challenge}, volume={142}, ISSN={0022-3166 1541-6100}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/jn.112.164947}, DOI={10.3945/jn.112.164947}, abstractNote={Long-chain (n-3) PUFA exert beneficial effects on inflammatory bowel diseases in animal models and clinical trials. In addition, pattern recognition receptors such as toll-like receptors (TLR) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain proteins (NOD) play a critical role in intestinal inflammation. We hypothesized that fish oil could alleviate Escherichia coli LPS-induced intestinal injury via modulation of TLR4 and NOD signaling pathways. Twenty-four weaned piglets were used in a 2 × 2 factorial design and the main factors included a dietary treatment (5% corn oil or 5% fish oil) and immunological challenge (LPS or saline). After feeding fish oil or corn oil diets for 21 d, pigs were injected with LPS or saline. At 4 h postinjection, blood samples were collected and pigs were killed. EPA, DHA, and total (n-3) PUFA were enriched in intestinal mucosa through fish supplementation. Fish oil improved intestinal morphology, indicated by greater villus height and villus height:crypt depth ratio, and intestinal barrier function, indicated by decreased plasma diamine oxidase (DAO) activity and increased mucosal DAO activity as well as enhanced protein expression of intestinal tight junction proteins including occludin and claudin-1. Moreover, fish oil decreased intestinal TNFα and PGE(2) concentrations and caspase-3 and heat shock protein 70 protein expression. Finally, fish oil downregulated the mRNA expression of intestinal TLR4 and its downstream signals myeloid differentiation factor 88, IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1, TNFα receptor-associated factor 6, and NOD2, and its adaptor molecule, receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2. Fish oil decreased the protein expression of intestinal NFκB p65. These results indicate that fish oil supplementation is associated with inhibition of TLR4 and NOD2 signaling pathways and concomitant improvement of intestinal integrity under an inflammatory condition.}, number={11}, journal={The Journal of Nutrition}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Liu, Yulan and Chen, Feng and Odle, Jack and Lin, Xi and Jacobi, Sheila K. and Zhu, Huiling and Wu, Zhifeng and Hou, Yongqing}, year={2012}, month={Sep}, pages={2017–2024} }
 @article{jacobi_lin_corl_hess_harrell_odle_2011, title={Dietary Arachidonate Differentially Alters Desaturase-Elongase Pathway Flux and Gene Expression in Liver and Intestine of Suckling Pigs}, volume={141}, ISSN={0022-3166 1541-6100}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/jn.110.127118}, DOI={10.3945/jn.110.127118}, abstractNote={Because dietary arachidonate (ARA) and its eicosanoid derivatives are major regulators of intestinal homeostasis and repair following injury, we evaluated the effects of dietary ARA on desaturation and elongation of (13)C-18:2(n-6) and mRNA abundance of Δ-6-desaturase (FADS2), elongase (ELOVL5), and Δ-5-desaturase (FADS1) in liver and intestine. Day-old pigs (n = 96) were fed milk-based formula containing 0, 0.5, 2.5, or 5% ARA or 5% eicosapentaenoic acid of total fatty acids for 4, 8, and 16 d. In liver, the desaturation rate [nmol/(g tissue⋅h)] of (13)C-18:2(n-6) to (13)C-18:3(n-6) decreased 56% between 4 and 16 d but was not affected by diet. Whereas accumulation in (13)C-20:3(n-6) also decreased with age by 67%, it increased linearly with increasing dietary ARA (P < 0.06). In comparison, intestinal flux was ~50% less than liver flux and was unaffected by age, but desaturation to (13)C-18:3(n-6) increased linearly (by 57%) in pigs fed ARA diets (P < 0.001), equaling the rate observed in sow-fed controls. In both liver and intestine, alternate elongation to (13)C-20:2(n-6) (via Δ-8-desaturase) was markedly elevated in pigs fed the 0% ARA diet compared with all other dietary treatments (P < 0.01). Transcript abundance of FADS2, ELOVL5, and FADS1 was not affected in liver by diet (P > 0.05) but decreased precipitously between birth and d 4 (~70%; P < 0.05). In contrast, intestinal abundance of FADS2 and FADS1 increased 60% from d 4 to 16. In conclusion, dietary ARA regulated the desaturase-elongase pathway in a tissue-specific manner. In liver, ARA had modest effects on (n-6) fatty acid flux, and intestinal FADS2 activity and mRNA increased. Additionally, hepatic flux decreased with postnatal age, whereas intestinal flux did not change.}, number={4}, journal={The Journal of Nutrition}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Jacobi, Sheila K. and Lin, Xi and Corl, Benjamin A. and Hess, Holly A. and Harrell, Robert J. and Odle, Jack}, year={2011}, month={Feb}, pages={548–553} }
 @article{lin_bo_oliver_corl_jacobi_oliver_harrell_odle_2011, title={Dietary conjugated linoleic acid alters long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in brain and liver of neonatal pigs}, volume={22}, ISSN={0955-2863}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.09.002}, DOI={10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.09.002}, abstractNote={Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, 1% mixed isomers) on n-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) oxidation and biosynthesis were investigated in liver and brain tissues of neonatal piglets. Fatty acid β-oxidation was measured in tissue homogenates using [1-14C]linoleic acid (LA) and -arachidonic acid (ARA) substrates, while fatty acid desaturation and elongation were traced using [U-13C]LA and GC-MS. Dietary CLA had no effect on fatty acid β-oxidation, but significantly decreased n-6 LCPUFA biosynthesis by inhibition of LA elongation and desaturation. Differences were noted between our 13C tracer assessment of desaturation/elongation and simple precursor-product indices computed from fatty acid composition data, indicating that caution should be exercised when employing the later. The inhibitory effects of CLA on elongation/desaturation were more pronounced in pigs fed a low fat diet (3% fat) than a high fat diet (25% fat). Direct elongation of linoleic acid to C20:2n-6 via the alternate elongation pathway might play an important role in n-6 LCPUFA synthesis because more than 40% of the synthetic products of [U-13C]LA accumulated in [13C]20:2n-6. Overall, the data show that dietary CLA shifted the distribution of the synthetic products of [U-13C]LA between elongation and desaturation in liver and decreased the total synthetic products of [U-13C]LA in brain by inhibiting LA elongation to C20:2n-6. The impact of CLA on brain LCPUFA metabolism of the developing neonate merits consideration and further investigation.}, number={11}, journal={The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Lin, Xi and Bo, Jenny and Oliver, Susan A. Mathews and Corl, Benjamin A. and Jacobi, Sheila K. and Oliver, William T. and Harrell, Robert J. and Odle, Jack}, year={2011}, month={Nov}, pages={1047–1054} }
 @article{shields_van heugten_lin_odle_stark_2011, title={Evaluation of the nutritional value of glycerol for nursery pigs}, volume={89}, ISSN={0021-8812 1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2010-3558}, DOI={10.2527/jas.2010-3558}, abstractNote={In Exp. 1, a total of 144 pigs (BW, 6.68 ± 0.17 kg) were weaned at 21 d, blocked by BW, and allocated to 48 pens with 3 pigs per pen. Pens were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 dietary treatments (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10% glycerol supplemented to replace up to 10% lactose in a basal starter 1 diet containing 20% total lactose, which was fed for 2 wk), and a negative control diet with 10% lactose and 0% glycerol. A common starter diet was fed for the next 2 wk. In Exp. 2, a total of 126 pigs (BW, 6.91 ± 0.18 kg) were weaned at 21 d of age, blocked by BW, and allocated to 42 pens with 3 pigs per pen. Pigs were assigned to 1 of 6 treatments in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design with factors being 1) glycerol inclusion in replacement of lactose in starter 1 diets (0 or 5%) fed for 2 wk, and 2) glycerol inclusion in starter 2 diets (0, 5, or 10%) fed for 3 wk. In Exp. 1, glycerol supplementation at 10% improved (P=0.01) ADG (266 vs. 191 g/d) and G:F (871 vs. 679 g/kg) during the starter 1 period when compared with the negative control. Incremental amounts of glycerol linearly (P<0.05) increased ADG and ADFI, but did not affect G:F during starter 1. There was no effect of feeding glycerol during the starter 1 phase on subsequent performance during the starter 2 phase or overall. Serum glycerol concentrations increased linearly (P=0.003) with increasing dietary glycerol, and serum creatinine (P=0.004) and bilirubin (P=0.03) concentrations decreased with increasing glycerol. In Exp. 2, glycerol did not affect performance during starter 1, but it linearly increased (P≤0.01) ADG and ADFI during starter 2 (464, 509, and 542 and 726, 822, and 832 g/d, respectively) and overall (368, 396, and 411 and 546, 601, and 609 g/d, respectively). At the end of the study, pigs were 1.0 and 1.5 kg heavier when fed 5 and 10% glycerol, respectively (linear, P<0.01). Serum glycerol concentrations increased linearly during starter 2 (P<0.001), but were not affected during starter 1. Glycerol supplementation increased serum urea N quadratically (P<0.001) and decreased creatinine linearly (P<0.05) in the starter 2 phase. Overall, data indicate that glycerol can be added to nursery pig diets at 10%, while improving growth performance.}, number={7}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Shields, M. C. and van Heugten, E. and Lin, X. and Odle, J. and Stark, C. S.}, year={2011}, month={Jul}, pages={2145–2153} }
 @article{herfel_jacobi_lin_fellner_walker_jouni_odle_2011, title={Polydextrose Enrichment of Infant Formula Demonstrates Prebiotic Characteristics by Altering Intestinal Microbiota, Organic Acid Concentrations, and Cytokine Expression in Suckling Piglets}, volume={141}, ISSN={0022-3166 1541-6100}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/jn.111.143727}, DOI={10.3945/jn.111.143727}, abstractNote={Oligosaccharides, the 3rd-most abundant component in human milk, are virtually absent from infant formulas and from the cow milk on which most are based. In breast-fed infants, human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) act as both receptor analogs, interfering with pathogen adhesion, and as prebiotics, stimulating the growth of certain commensal bacteria (e.g. bifidobacteria) and supporting the innate immunity. To further align the functional properties of infant formula with those of human milk, polydextrose (PDX) is proposed as a substitute for HMO. To determine the prebiotic functionality of PDX, 1-d-old pigs were fed a cow milk-based formula supplemented with increasing concentrations of PDX (0, 1.7, 4.3, 8.5, or 17 g/L) for 18 d (n = 13). Additional reference groups included pigs sampled at d 0 and sow-reared pigs sampled at d 18 (n = 12). Ileal Lactobacilli CFU, but not Bifidobacteria, increased linearly with increasing PDX (P = 0.02). The propionic acid concentration in digesta linearly increased with the PDX level (P = 0.045) and lactic acid increased linearly by 5-fold with increasing PDX (P = 0.001). Accordingly, digesta pH decreased linearly (P < 0.05) as PDX increased, with a maximal reduction approaching 0.5 pH units in pigs fed 17 g/L. Expression of TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-8 showed a negative quadratic pattern in response to PDX supplementation, declining at intermediate concentrations and rebounding at higher concentrations of PDX. In summary, PDX enrichment of infant formula resulted in a prebiotic effect by increasing ileal lactobacilli and propionic and lactic acid concentrations and decreasing pH with associated alterations in ileal cytokine expression.}, number={12}, journal={The Journal of Nutrition}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Herfel, Tina M. and Jacobi, Sheila K. and Lin, Xi and Fellner, Vivek and Walker, D. Carey and Jouni, Zeina E. and Odle, Jack}, year={2011}, month={Oct}, pages={2139–2145} }
 @article{lin_shim_odle_2010, title={Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I control of acetogenesis, the major pathway of fatty acid β-oxidation in liver of neonatal swine}, volume={298}, ISSN={0363-6119 1522-1490}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00634.2009}, DOI={10.1152/ajpregu.00634.2009}, abstractNote={To examine the regulation of hepatic acetogenesis in neonatal swine, carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I) activity was measured in the presence of varying palmitoyl-CoA (substrate) and malonyl-CoA (inhibitor) concentrations, and [1-(14)C]-palmitate oxidation was simultaneously measured. Accumulation rates of (14)C-labeled acetate, ketone bodies, and citric acid cycle intermediates within the acid-soluble products were determined using radio-HPLC. Measurements were conducted in mitochondria isolated from newborn, 24-h (fed or fasted), and 5-mo-old pigs. Acetate rather than ketone bodies was the predominant radiolabeled product, and its production increased twofold with increasing fatty acid oxidation during the first 24-h suckling period. The rate of acetogenesis was directly proportional to CPT I activity. The high activity of CPT I in 24-h-suckling piglets was not attributable to an increase in CPT I gene expression, but rather to a large decrease in the sensitivity of CPT I to malonyl-CoA inhibition, which offset a developmental decrease in affinity of CPT I for palmitoyl-CoA. Specifically, the IC(50) for malonyl-CoA inhibition and K(m) value for palmitoyl-CoA measured in 24-h-suckling pigs were 1.8- and 2.7-fold higher than measured in newborn pigs. The addition of anaplerotic carbon from malate (10 mM) significantly reduced (14)C accumulation in acetate (P < 0.003); moreover, the reduction was much greater in newborn (80%) than in 24-h-fed (72%) and 5-mo-old pigs (55%). The results demonstrate that acetate is the primary product of hepatic mitochondrial beta-oxidation in Sus scrofa and that regulation during early development is mediated primarily via kinetic modulation of CPT I.}, number={5}, journal={American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology}, publisher={American Physiological Society}, author={Lin, Xi and Shim, Kwanseob and Odle, Jack}, year={2010}, month={May}, pages={R1435–R1443} }
 @article{herfel_jacobi_lin_walker_jouni_odle_2009, title={Safety evaluation of polydextrose in infant formula using a suckling piglet model}, volume={47}, ISSN={0278-6915}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2009.03.039}, DOI={10.1016/j.fct.2009.03.039}, abstractNote={Oligosaccharides, the third largest component in human milk, are virtually absent from cow’s milk and most infant formula. Prebiotic carbohydrates like polydextrose (PDX) have been proposed as surrogates for human milk oligosaccharides. Safety assessments of novel infant formula ingredients include dose-response experiments in appropriate neonatal animal models such as the suckling pig. To further substantiate the safety of the ingredient, one-day old pigs were fed a cow’s milk-based formula supplemented with PDX (1.7, 4.3, 8.5 or 17 g/L) for 18 days (n = 13/dose) and compared to appropriate control (unsupplemented formula; n = 13) and reference groups (day 0 pigs, and sow-reared pigs; n = 13). Growth rate, formula intake, stool consistency, behavior score, blood chemistry and hematology, relative organ weights (% of body weight), tissue morphology (i.e. liver, kidney and pancreas) and pancreas biochemistry did not differ among formula-fed pigs (P > 0.1). Polydextrose mimicked other prebiotic carbohydrates and had no adverse effect at the highest tested level 17.0 g PDX/L, equivalent to a dose of 8.35 g/kg of body weight per day.}, number={7}, journal={Food and Chemical Toxicology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Herfel, T.M. and Jacobi, S.K. and Lin, X. and Walker, D.C. and Jouni, Z.E. and Odle, J.}, year={2009}, month={Jul}, pages={1530–1537} }
 @article{brown_goodband_tokach_dritz_nelssen_minton_higgins_lin_odle_woodworth_et al._2008, title={Effects of feeding l-carnitine to gilts through day 70 of gestation on litter traits and the expression of insulin-like growth factor system components and l-carnitine concentration in foetal tissues}, volume={92}, ISSN={0931-2439 1439-0396}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.2007.00762.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1439-0396.2007.00762.x}, abstractNote={We investigated the influence of supplemental L-carnitine on foetal blood metabolites, litter characteristics, L-carnitine concentration in skeletal muscle and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis components in foetal hepatic and skeletal muscle tissues at day 40, 55 and 70 of gestating gilts. A total of 59 gilts (body weight = 137.7 kg) received a constant feed allowance of 1.75 kg/day and a top-dress containing either 0 or 50 ppm of L-carnitine starting on the first day of breeding through the allotted gestation length. Foetuses from the gilts fed diets with L-carnitine tended to be heavier (p = 0.06) and the circulating IGF-II tended to be lower (p = 0.09) at day 70, compared with the foetuses from the control gilts. Insulin-like growth factor-I messenger RNA (mRNA) was lower (p = 0.05) in hepatic tissue in the foetuses collected from gilts fed L-carnitine. Free and total carnitine concentration increased (p < 0.05) in the skeletal muscle from the foetuses collected from gilts fed supplemental L-carnitine. This study showed that L-carnitine had beneficial effects on the average foetal weight at day 70 of gestation, associated with changes in the foetal IGF system.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Brown, K. R. and Goodband, R. D. and Tokach, M. D. and Dritz, S. S. and Nelssen, J. L. and Minton, J. E. and Higgins, J. J. and Lin, X. and Odle, J. and Woodworth, J. C. and et al.}, year={2008}, month={Dec}, pages={660–667} }
 @article{hess_corl_lin_jacobi_harrell_blikslager_odle_2008, title={Enrichment of Intestinal Mucosal Phospholipids with Arachidonic and Eicosapentaenoic Acids Fed to Suckling Piglets Is Dose and Time Dependent}, volume={138}, ISSN={0022-3166 1541-6100}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/jn.108.094136}, DOI={10.3945/jn.108.094136}, abstractNote={Infant formula companies began fortifying formulas with long-chain PUFA in 2002, including arachidonic acid (ARA) at approximately 0.5% of total fatty acids. The primary objective of this study was to determine the time-specific effects of feeding formula enriched with supra-physiologic ARA on fatty acid composition of intestinal mucosal phospholipids. One-day-old pigs (n = 96) were fed a milk-based formula for 4, 8, or 16 d. Diets contained either no PUFA (0% ARA, negative control), 0.5% ARA, 2.5% ARA, 5% ARA, or 5% eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) of total fatty acids (wt:wt). Growth (299 +/- 21 g/d) and clinical hematology were unaffected by treatment (P > 0.6). Although minimal on d 4, concentrations of ARA in jejunal mucosa were enriched 47, 272 and 428% by d 8 and 144, 356, and 415% by d 16 in pigs fed the 0.5% ARA, 2.5% ARA, and 5% ARA diets, respectively, compared with the 0% ARA control pigs (P < 0.01). On d 16, ARA enrichment increased progressively with increasing dietary ARA supplementation from 0 to 2.5% but plateaued as dietary ARA rose to 5%. A similar pattern of ARA enrichment was observed in ileal mucosal phospholipids, but maximal enrichment in the ileum exceed that in the jejunum by >50%. As ARA increased, linoleic acid content decreased reciprocally. Although maximal enterocyte enrichment with EPA approached 20-fold by d 8, concentrations were only approximately 50% of those attained for ARA. Negligible effects on gross villus/crypt morphology were observed. These data demonstrate a dose-dependent response of intestinal mucosal phospholipid ARA concentration to dietary ARA with nearly full enrichment attained within 8 d of feeding formula containing ARA at 2.5% of total fatty acids and that supra-physiologic supplementation of ARA is not detrimental to growth.}, number={11}, journal={The Journal of Nutrition}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Hess, Holly A. and Corl, Benjamin A. and Lin, Xi and Jacobi, Sheila K. and Harrell, Robert J. and Blikslager, Anthony T. and Odle, Jack}, year={2008}, month={Nov}, pages={2164–2171} }
 @article{lyvers peffer_lin_jacobi_gatlin_woodworth_odle_2007, title={Ontogeny of Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase I Activity, Carnitine-Km, and mRNA Abundance in Pigs throughout Growth and Development}, volume={137}, ISSN={0022-3166 1541-6100}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/137.4.898}, DOI={10.1093/jn/137.4.898}, abstractNote={Carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) I catalyzes an important regulatory step in lipid metabolism; however, no studies, to our knowledge, have evaluated the molecular and kinetic [maximal velocity and Michaelis constant (K(m)) for carnitine] ontogeny of CPT I and prevailing tissue concentrations of carnitine in pigs. To this end, hepatic and skeletal muscle tissues were examined at various ages: birth; 24 h; 1, 3, 5, and 8 wk of age; and adult. Hepatic and skeletal muscle CPT I specific activities were low at birth and increased 100 and 70%, respectively, during the first week of life (P < 0.05). Skeletal muscle transcript amounts were 2.7-fold greater (P < 0.001) in 24-h-old pigs relative to newborns, whereas hepatic CPT I mRNA remained constant at each age studied. The apparent K(m) for carnitine decreased 48% (P < 0.05) during the initial 3 wk of life in liver and decreased 40% (P < 0.05) during the first week of life in skeletal muscle. Plasma and liver free carnitine concentrations increased 95 and 62%, respectively, within 24 h after birth (P < 0.05) and hepatic carnitine concentrations remained constant through 5 wk of age. Consequently, hepatic carnitine concentrations were 20-80% greater (P < 0.05) than the K(m) for carnitine during the suckling period. Skeletal muscle carnitine met or exceeded the apparent K(m) for carnitine at each stage of development. Collectively, these findings suggest that postnatal increases in CPT I activity during the suckling period are accompanied by increased tissue carnitine; however, the lack of hepatic CPT I mRNA induction and low activity reported in both tissues prior to 1 wk of age may limit postnatal lipid utilization during the piglet's transition to extra-uterine life.}, number={4}, journal={The Journal of Nutrition}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Lyvers Peffer, Pasha and Lin, Xi and Jacobi, Sheila K. and Gatlin, Lori Averette and Woodworth, Jason and Odle, Jack}, year={2007}, month={Apr}, pages={898–903} }
 @article{dicklin_robinson_lin_odle_2006, title={Ontogeny and chain-length specificity of gastrointestinal lipases affect medium-chain triacylglycerol utilization by newborn pigs}, volume={84}, ISSN={0021-8812 1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/2006.844818x}, DOI={10.2527/2006.844818x}, abstractNote={Ontogeny and fatty acid chain-length specificity of gastrointestinal lipases in neonatal piglets were examined to explore the basis for variations in postnatal use of medium-chain triacylglycerols (MCT). Twenty-four newborn pigs were studied at 4 ages: 0, 6, 18, and 48 h postpartum (n = 6 pigs/age). Piglets were gastrically intubated and given 3.0 mmol/kg of BW(0.75) each of emulsified tri-C6:0 and tri-C8:0. One hour after intubation, the plasma concentration of C6:0 was 7.5-fold greater than that of C8:0 (P < 0.001), with total plasma medium-chain fatty acid concentrations 3.7-fold greater at 48 h than at 6 h of age (P < 0.05). Pancreatic, gastric, and lingual tissues were analyzed for lipase activity using an equimolar mixture of tri-C6:0 and tri-C8:0 as substrate. Pancreatic lipase activity averaged 7.0 +/- 0.8 micromol of fatty acid released/min per mg of protein for the medium-chain fatty acid substrates. Hexanoate (C6:0) release was greater at 0 h than at 6, 18, or 48 h (P < 0.05); however, age did not affect C8:0 release (P > 0.05). The lowest lipase activity was observed at 18 h for both tri-C6:0 and tri-C8:0. Chain-length specificity of pancreatic lipase was measured with tri-C4:0, tri-C6:0, tri-C8:0, and tri-C10:0 as combined or separate substrates. As separate substrates, the lipase activity decreased progressively as chain length increased from tri-C4:0 to tri-C10:0. As combined substrates, tri-C6:0 was hydrolyzed fastest (P < 0.05), followed by C4:0, C8:0, and C10:0. Gastric and lingual lipase activities averaged 2.7 nmol/min per mg of protein for the medium-chain fatty acid substrates, with hydrolysis of C6:0 being 7-fold greater than that of C8:0. In conclusion, pancreatic lipase dominates the preduodenal lipases in the neonatal pig, and greater activity of the gastrointestinal lipases toward tri-C6:0 underlies its increased rate of use.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Dicklin, M. E. and Robinson, J. L. and Lin, X. and Odle, J.}, year={2006}, month={Apr}, pages={818–825} }
 @article{peffer_lin_odle_2005, title={Hepatic β-oxidation and carnitine palmitoyltransferase I in neonatal pigs after dietary treatments of clofibric acid, isoproterenol, and medium-chain triglycerides}, volume={288}, ISSN={0363-6119 1522-1490}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00822.2004}, DOI={10.1152/ajpregu.00822.2004}, abstractNote={A suckling piglet model was used to study nutritional and pharmacologic means of stimulating hepatic fatty acid β-oxidation. Newborn pigs were fed milk diets containing either long- or medium-chain...}, number={6}, journal={American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology}, publisher={American Physiological Society}, author={Peffer, Pasha Lyvers and Lin, Xi and Odle, Jack}, year={2005}, month={Jun}, pages={R1518–R1524} }
 @article{lin_house_odle_2005, title={Ontogeny and kinetics of carnitine palmitoyltransferase in liver and skeletal muscle of the domestic felid ()}, volume={16}, ISSN={0955-2863}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2004.12.012}, DOI={10.1016/j.jnutbio.2004.12.012}, abstractNote={The ontogeny of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) was examined in liver and muscle throughout growth and development of the domestic felid. Homogenates from animals in six age categories (newborn, 24-h, 3-, 6- and 9-week-old, and adult) were examined. Hepatic CPT specific activity increased progressively from birth to 6 weeks and then declined slightly into adulthood, with maximal values for animals greater than 24 h of age [171 nmol/(min g wet tissue)] being 70% higher than for newborns [99 nmol/(min g wet tissue)] (P<.05). Specific activity in adults was similar to that in 6- and 9-week-old juveniles. Total hepatic CPT activity [nmol/(min liver)] increased linearly with age, but the activity expressed per kg body weight [nmol/(min kg BW)] declined after 3 weeks. In contrast, skeletal muscle CPT-specific activity remained unchanged from birth to 3 weeks and then increased significantly, with maximal values at 9 weeks being 90% greater than those for young animals (newborn to 3 weeks; P<.05), whereas specific activity in adults was 50% lower than that observed in 9-week-old animals (P<.05). Hepatic and muscle apparent Km's for carnitine averaged 440 μM and did not vary with age. Hepatic carnitine concentrations remained relatively constant during development, but were lower in adult lactating females, whereas skeletal muscle concentrations increased markedly with age. Hepatic concentrations were 20–50% higher than apparent Km's for carnitine in young and growing animals, but concentrations were similar to the apparent Km at 6 weeks and significantly lower than the apparent Km in adults. Carnitine concentrations in skeletal muscle were 37% lower than apparent Km during the neonatal period, but significantly higher in cats >3 weeks of age. We conclude that postnatal increases in CPT activity support increased capacity for fatty acid oxidation in the developing felid and that dietary carnitine may be required to maximize enzyme activity.}, number={6}, journal={The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Lin, X and House, R and Odle, J}, year={2005}, month={Jun}, pages={331–338} }
 @article{qiao_lin_odle_whittaker_van kempen_2004, title={Refining in vitro digestibility assays: Fractionation of digestible and indigestible peptides}, volume={82}, ISSN={0021-8812 1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/2004.8261669x}, DOI={10.2527/2004.8261669x}, abstractNote={Typically, in vitro methods used for estimating the amount of ileal digestible AA do not exhaustively digest samples, and arbitrary methods for separating digestible from indigestible protein are used. This may lead to over- or underestimation of digestibility coefficients. A method that exhaustively digests proteins using pepsin and pancreatin was developed, and the first objective of this research was to confirm that exhaustive digestion was indeed appropriate and to determine the fractionation method for separating digestible from indigestible proteins. For this, three homoarginine-labeled animal proteins were prepared. Samples were subsequently digested in vivo and in vitro to determine which fraction should be considered indigestible, and in vitro followed by in vivo to determine whether the extent of digestion in vivo was improved by predigestion. In vivo, soluble but unabsorbed peptides were smaller than 1 kDa, suggesting that the size of soluble peptides is not what prevents their absorption. Thus, all in vitro-soluble proteins should be considered digestible. In vitro, 88 +/- 3% of the soluble peptides were smaller than 1 kDa, with the remainder between 1 and 5 kDa, suggesting that in vitro digestion is less complete. Predigested samples were digested in vivo to the same size distribution as the nonpredigested samples. The second objective was to test whether in vitro digestibility assays based on these principles equaled in vivo digestibility. For this, digestibility data for 25 animal proteins were compared. Results showed a lack of correlation between lysine digestibility coefficients; however, across samples, the extent of digestion did not differ for lysine (P = 0.71), threonine (P = 0.26), methionine (P = 0.18), or valine (P = 0.66), whereas in vitro digestibility coefficients were lower for (the less water-soluble) histidine (P = 0.05), isoleucine (P < 0.01), leucine (P < 0.01), and phenylalanine (P = 0.05). In conclusion, in vitro digestibility assays should exhaustively digest proteins to mimic in vivo digestibility. All in vitro-soluble peptides could be considered digestible, because in vivo, no large soluble peptides were observed whose size prevented them from being absorbed. However, an in vitro assay based on these principles lacked precision for highly water-soluble AA, and underestimated digestibility for other AA. Better solubilization of the digesta and more replicates may improve the in vitro assay further.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Qiao, Y. and Lin, X. and Odle, J. and Whittaker, A. and van Kempen, T. A. T. G.}, year={2004}, month={Jun}, pages={1669–1677} }