@article{lordan_robinson_sazo_cowgill_black_huffman_grigg-mcguffin_francescatto_mcartney_2017, title={Use of Plant Growth Regulators for Feathering and Flower Suppression of Apple Nursery Trees}, volume={52}, ISSN={["2327-9834"]}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci11918-17}, abstractNote={The use of highly feathered trees can make high-density apple plantings more profitable through enhanced precocity and increased early yield. Currently, nurseries are asked to provide highly feathered trees with wide branch crotch angles. The use of plant growth regulators (PGRs) can play a key role when it comes to branch induction; however, dose and timing both need to be tested to enhance branching without compromising other tree quality attributes. Over the last 4 years, we have conducted studies of the use of MaxCel® (6-benzyladenine) and Promalin® (a mixture of 1.8% 6-benzyladenine and 1.8% GA4+7) in comparison with Tiberon™ SC (cyclanilide) at several nurseries in NY, WA, DE, Ontario (Canada), and Chile. The best results were obtained with four applications of MaxCel® or Promalin® (400 mg·L−1) beginning when leader growth reached 70 cm above the soil line and reapplied at 10–14 days intervals. Promalin® was a slightly less effective branching agent than MaxCel®. On the other hand, Promalin® stimulated leader growth resulting in improved final tree height, whereas MaxCel® induced the widest branch angles. Overall, we observed good response and quality ratings with ‘Cameo’, ‘Cripps Pink’, ‘Enterprise’, ‘Fuji’, ‘Ambrosia’, ‘Crimson Crisp’, ‘Gingergold’, and ‘Granny Smith’, whereas less quality ratings were observed on ‘Ambrosia’, ‘Cortland’, ‘Goldrush’, ‘Honeycrisp’, and ‘Suncrisp’. Response with ‘Gala’ varied depending on the temperature range. Multiple sprays of Gibberellins (GA4+7, or GA3) at 250 mg·L−1 applied to nursery trees in the late summer inhibited flower bud development and flowering in the orchard the next year. This reduces the risk of fire blight infection in newly planted trees.}, number={8}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={Lordan, Jaume and Robinson, Terence L. and Sazo, Mario Miranda and Cowgill, Win and Black, Brent L. and Huffman, Leslie and Grigg-McGuffin, Kristy and Francescatto, Poliana and McArtney, Steve}, year={2017}, month={Aug}, pages={1080–1091} }
 @article{mcartney_obermiller_2015, title={Effect of notching, 6-benzyladenine, and 6-benzyladenine plus gibberellin A(4) +A(7) on budbreak and shoot development from paradormant buds on the leader of young apple trees}, volume={25}, number={2}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={McArtney, S. and Obermiller, J. D.}, year={2015}, pages={233–237} }
 @article{mcartney_abrams_woolard_petracek_2014, title={Effects of s-abscisic acid and (+)-8 '-acetylene abscisic acid on fruit set and stomatal conductance in apple}, volume={49}, number={6}, journal={HortScience}, author={McArtney, S. J. and Abrams, S. R. and Woolard, D. D. and Petracek, P. D.}, year={2014}, pages={763–768} }
 @article{mcartney_greene_robinson_wargo_2014, title={Evaluation of GA(4+7) plus 6-benzyladenine as a frost-rescue treatment for apple}, volume={24}, number={2}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={McArtney, S. and Greene, D. and Robinson, T. and Wargo, J.}, year={2014}, pages={171–176} }
 @inproceedings{mcartney_obermiller_2014, title={Use of shading and the PSII inhibitor Metamitron to investigate the relationship between carbohydrate balance and chemical thinner activity in apples}, volume={1042}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2014.1042.2}, abstractNote={ISHS XII International Symposium on Plant Bioregulators in Fruit Production USE OF SHADING AND THE PSII INHIBITOR METAMITRON TO INVESTIGATE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CARBOHYDRATE BALANCE AND CHEMICAL THINNER ACTIVITY IN APPLES}, booktitle={Xii international symposium on plant bioregulators in fruit production}, author={McArtney, S. J. and Obermiller, J. D.}, year={2014}, pages={27–31} }
 @article{mcartney_greene_schmidt_yuan_2013, title={Naphthaleneacetic acid and ethephon are florigenic in the biennial apple cultivars Golden Delicious and York Imperial}, volume={48}, number={6}, journal={HortScience}, author={McArtney, S. and Greene, D. and Schmidt, T. and Yuan, R. C.}, year={2013}, pages={742–746} }
 @article{mcartney_obermiller_arellano_2012, title={Comparison of the effects of metamitron on chlorophyll fluorescence and fruit set in apple and peach}, volume={47}, number={4}, journal={HortScience}, author={McArtney, S. J. and Obermiller, J. D. and Arellano, C.}, year={2012}, pages={509–514} }
 @article{mcartney_obermiller_2011, title={Effect of dwarfing rootstocks on low temperature tolerance of 'Golden Delicious' apple trees during Winter 2008-2009}, volume={65}, number={4}, journal={Journal American Pomological Society}, author={McArtney, S. and Obermiller, J. D.}, year={2011}, pages={178–184} }
 @article{mcartney_parker_obermiller_hoyt_2011, title={Effects of 1-Methylcyclopropene on firmness loss and the development of rots in apple fruit kept in farm markets or at elevated temperatures}, volume={21}, number={4}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={McArtney, S. and Parker, M. and Obermiller, J. and Hoyt, T.}, year={2011}, pages={494–499} }
 @article{mcartney_obermiller_hoyt_parker_2009, title={'Law Rome' and 'Golden Delicious' apples differ in their response to preharvest and postharvest 1-Methylcyclopropene treatment combinations}, volume={44}, number={6}, journal={HortScience}, author={McArtney, S. J. and Obermiller, J. D. and Hoyt, T. and Parker, M. L.}, year={2009}, pages={1632–1636} }
 @article{unrath_obermiller_green_mcartney_2009, title={The effects of aminoethoxyvinylglycine and naphthaleneacetic acid treatments on abscission and firmness of 'Scarletspur Delicious' apples at normal and delayed harvests}, volume={19}, number={3}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={Unrath, C. R. and Obermiller, J. D. and Green, A. and McArtney, S. J.}, year={2009}, pages={620–625} }
 @article{mcartney_obermiller_2008, title={Comparative performance of air-induction and conventional nozzles on an axial fan sprayer in medium density apple orchards}, volume={18}, number={3}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={McArtney, S. J. and Obermiller, J. D.}, year={2008}, pages={365–371} }
 @article{janssen_thodey_schaffer_alba_balakrishnan_bishop_bowen_crowhurst_gleave_ledger_et al._2008, title={Global gene expression analysis of apple fruit development from the floral bud to ripe fruit}, volume={8}, DOI={10.1186/1471-2229-8-16}, abstractNote={Apple fruit develop over a period of 150 days from anthesis to fully ripe. An array representing approximately 13000 genes (15726 oligonucleotides of 45–55 bases) designed from apple ESTs has been used to study gene expression over eight time points during fruit development. This analysis of gene expression lays the groundwork for a molecular understanding of fruit growth and development in apple. Using ANOVA analysis of the microarray data, 1955 genes showed significant changes in expression over this time course. Expression of genes is coordinated with four major patterns of expression observed: high in floral buds; high during cell division; high when starch levels and cell expansion rates peak; and high during ripening. Functional analysis associated cell cycle genes with early fruit development and three core cell cycle genes are significantly up-regulated in the early stages of fruit development. Starch metabolic genes were associated with changes in starch levels during fruit development. Comparison with microarrays of ethylene-treated apple fruit identified a group of ethylene induced genes also induced in normal fruit ripening. Comparison with fruit development microarrays in tomato has been used to identify 16 genes for which expression patterns are similar in apple and tomato and these genes may play fundamental roles in fruit development. The early phase of cell division and tissue specification that occurs in the first 35 days after pollination has been associated with up-regulation of a cluster of genes that includes core cell cycle genes. Gene expression in apple fruit is coordinated with specific developmental stages. The array results are reproducible and comparisons with experiments in other species has been used to identify genes that may play a fundamental role in fruit development.}, journal={BMC Plant Biology}, author={Janssen, B. J. and Thodey, K. and Schaffer, R. J. and Alba, R. and Balakrishnan, L. and Bishop, R. and Bowen, J. H. and Crowhurst, R. N. and Gleave, A. P. and Ledger, S. and et al.}, year={2008} }
 @article{mcartney_obermiller_schupp_parker_edgington_2008, title={Preharvest 1-methyl cyclopropene delays fruit maturity and reduces softening and superficial scald of apples during long-term storage}, volume={43}, number={2}, journal={HortScience}, author={McArtney, S. J. and Obermiller, J. D. and Schupp, J. R. and Parker, M. L. and Edgington, T. B.}, year={2008}, pages={366–371} }
 @article{mccartney_unrath_obermiller_green_2007, title={Naphthaleneacetic acid, ethephon, and gibberellin A4+A7 have variable effects on flesh firmness and return bloom of apple}, volume={17}, number={1}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={McCartney, S. and Unrath, D. and Obermiller, J. D. and Green, A.}, year={2007}, pages={32–38} }
 @article{mccartney_obermiller_green_2007, title={Prohexadione-Ca reduces russet and does not negate the efficacy of GA(4+7) sprays for russet control on 'Golden delicious' apples}, volume={42}, number={3}, journal={HortScience}, author={McCartney, S. and Obermiller, J. D. and Green, A.}, year={2007}, pages={550–554} }
 @article{mcartney_ferree_schmid_obermiller_green_2006, title={Effects of prohexadione-Ca and GA(4+7) on scarf skin and fruit maturity in apple}, volume={41}, number={7}, journal={HortScience}, author={Mcartney, S. and Ferree, D. and Schmid, J. and Obermiller, J. D. and Green, A.}, year={2006}, pages={1602–1605} }
 @article{hoover_de silva_mcartney_hirst_2004, title={Bud development and floral morphogenesis in four apple cultivars}, volume={79}, ISSN={["1462-0316"]}, DOI={10.1080/14620316.2004.11511877}, abstractNote={Summary Buds were sampled from non-flowering spurs that had developed on 1 year-old wood of four apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars during the 1998-99 growing season in order to determine the effect of cultivar on appendage formation, doming and flower morphogenesis. Cultivars differed in their pattern of appendage formation over time. The rate of appendage formation was highest in ‘Fuji’ and ‘Pacific Rose™’ and lowest in ‘Braeburn’ during the first 60 d after bloom (DAB). A high proportion of buds were floral in all cultivars at the end of the growing season (75–100% depending on cultivar). However, the probability of observing doming was never greater than 0.13, indicating that flower morphogenesis proceeded rapidly once buds were committed to floral development. The four cultivars each exhibited a unique pattern of floral development, as determined by fitting response probabilities to each of five ordinal stages of development with time. Doming occurred significantly earlier in ‘Fuji’ buds (peaking 86 DAB) than in buds of the other cultivars (peaking 104–112 DAB). Doming was initiated at the same time in buds of ‘Braeburn’, ‘Royal Gala’ and ‘Pacific Rose™, but was completed earlier in ‘Braeburn’ than in ‘Royal Gala’. The timing of floral commitment was not related either to the time of flowering, or to the time of fruit maturity of the cultivar. These observations indicate that the timing of specific events during flower morphogenesis differed between cultivars.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE & BIOTECHNOLOGY}, author={Hoover, E and De Silva, N and Mcartney, S and Hirst, P}, year={2004}, month={Nov}, pages={981–984} }
 @article{mcartney_white_latter_campbell_2004, title={Individual and combined effects of shading and thinning chemicals on abscission and dry-matter accumulation of 'Royal Gala' apple fruit}, volume={79}, ISSN={["1462-0316"]}, DOI={10.1080/14620316.2004.11511787}, abstractNote={Summary Shade and chemical thinning treatments were applied to mature ‘Royal Gala’/M.26 apple trees either alone or in combination to study their effects on the pattern of abscission and growth of spur fruit. Natural fruit drop occurred in two distinct waves in both years; the first wave peaked 20 d after bloom (DAB) at a weekly abscission rate of c 15% in both years. The second wave of fruit drop in 2001 occurred earlier and was more intense than in the previous season. Application of NAA as a bloom thinner increased the maximum weekly abscission rate during the first wave of fruit drop in both years. Chemical fruit thinning treatments (Carbaryl in 2000, BA or delayed lime sulphur in 2001) had no effect on abscission or growth of spur fruit. Covering trees with 80% shade cloth for 3 d (2000) or 5 d (2001) stimulated a wave of fruit abscission that peaked c 10–15 d after removal of the cloth. Shade during the period from 20–25 DAB stimulated more fruit drop than earlier shade treatments, resulting in weekly abscission rates as high as 70%.There were no additive effects of combining thinning chemicals and shade treatments on abscission of fruit from spurs. However, additive effects of shade and thinning treatments were observed when measured as whole-tree crop density values, indicating that abscission of fruit from one-year wood was stimulated when low light conditions preceded application of (fruit) thinning chemicals. Shading trees from 34–39 DAB in 2000 resulted in a transient reduction and subsequent increase in the rate of dry-matter accumulation in fruit that were retained. Considerable challenges lie ahead in developing models of fruit growth that can account for the inter-dependent effects of light and crop load on fruit abscission and development that exist within an orchard environment.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE & BIOTECHNOLOGY}, author={McArtney, S and White, M and Latter, I and Campbell, J}, year={2004}, month={May}, pages={441–448} }