@article{koch_zhang_kaplan_lin_weglarz_trexler_2001, title={Numerical simulations of a gravity wave event over CCOPE. Part III: The role of a mountain-plains solenoid in the generation of the second wave episode}, volume={129}, ISSN={["0027-0644"]}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<0909:NSOAGW>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Mesoscale model simulations have been performed of the second episode of gravity waves observed in great detail in previous studies on 11–12 July 1981 during the Cooperative Convective Precipitation Experiment. The dominant wave simulated by the model was mechanically forced by the strong updraft associated with a mountain–plains solenoid (MPS). As this updraft impinged upon a stratified shear layer above the deep, well-mixed boundary layer that developed due to strong sensible heating over the Absaroka Mountains, the gravity wave was created. This wave rapidly weakened as it propagated eastward. However, explosive convection developed directly over the remnant gravity wave as an eastward-propagating density current produced by a rainband generated within the MPS leeside convergence zone merged with a westward-propagating density current in eastern Montana. The greatly strengthened cool pool resulting from this new convection then generated a bore wave that appeared to be continuous with the move...}, number={5}, journal={MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW}, author={Koch, SE and Zhang, FQ and Kaplan, ML and Lin, YL and Weglarz, R and Trexler, CM}, year={2001}, pages={909–933} }
 @article{lin_chiao_wang_kaplan_weglarz_2001, title={Some common ingredients for heavy orographic rainfall}, volume={16}, ISSN={["0882-8156"]}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0434(2001)016<0633:SCIFHO>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract The purpose of this paper is to synthesize some common synoptic and mesoscale environments conducive to heavy orographic rainfall. Previous studies of U.S. and Alpine cases and new analyses of some Alpine and east Asian cases have shown the following common synoptic and mesoscale environments are conducive to heavy orographic rainfall: 1) a conditionally or potentially unstable airstream impinging on the mountains, 2) a very moist low-level jet (LLJ), 3) a steep mountain, and 4) a quasi-stationary synoptic system to slow the convective system over the threat area. A deep short-wave trough is found to approach the threat area in the U.S. and European cases, but is not found in the east Asian cases. On the other hand, a high convective available potential energy (CAPE) value is observed in east Asian cases, but is not consistently observed in the U.S. and European cases. The enhancement of low-level upward motion and the increase of instability below the trough by the approaching deep short-wave tr...}, number={6}, journal={WEATHER AND FORECASTING}, author={Lin, YL and Chiao, S and Wang, TA and Kaplan, ML and Weglarz, RP}, year={2001}, pages={633–660} }
 @article{kaplan_lin_charney_pfeiffer_ensley_decroix_weglarz_2000, title={A terminal area PBL prediction system at Dallas-Fort Worth and its application in simulating diurnal PBL jets}, volume={81}, ISSN={["0003-0007"]}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0477(2000)081<2179:ATAPPS>2.3.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract A state–of–the–science meso–b–scale numerical weather prediction model is being employed in a prototype forecast system for potential operational use at the Dallas–Fort Worth International Airport (DFW). The numerical model is part of a unique operational forecasting system being developed to support the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Terminal Area Productivity Program. This operational forecasting system will focus on meso–b–scale aviation weather problems involving planetary boundary layer (PBL) turbulence, and is named the Terminal Area PBL Prediction System (TAPPS). TAPPS (version 1) is being tested and developed for NASA in an effort to improve 1–6–h terminal area forecasts of wind, vertical wind shear, temperature, and turbulence within both stable and convective PBLs at major airport terminal areas. This is being done to enhance terminal area productivity, that is, aircraft arrival and departure throughput, by using the weather forecasts as part of the Aircraft Vort...}, number={9}, journal={BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY}, author={Kaplan, ML and Lin, YL and Charney, JJ and Pfeiffer, KD and Ensley, DB and DeCroix, DS and Weglarz, RP}, year={2000}, month={Sep}, pages={2179–2204} }
 @article{hamilton_lin_weglarz_kaplan_1998, title={Jetlet formation from diabatic forcing with applications to the 1994 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak}, volume={126}, ISSN={["0027-0644"]}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0493(1998)126<2061:JFFDFW>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract The three-dimensional responses of simple stably stratified barotropic and baroclinic flows to prescribed diabatic forcing are investigated using a dry, hydrostatic, primitive equation numerical model (the North Carolina State University Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Model). A time-dependent diabatic forcing is utilized to isolate the effects of latent heat release in a midlatitude convective system. Examination of the mass-momentum adjustments to the diabatic forcing is performed with a focus on the development of an isolated midlevel wind maximum. The results of both cases suggest the formation of a midlevel wind maximum in the form of a perturbation meso-β-scale cyclone, which later propagates downstream as the heating is decreased. The scale of the perturbation cyclone remains at a sub-Rossby radius of deformation length scale. Therefore, the mass perturbations adjust to the wind perturbations as the mesocyclone propagates downstream. Transverse vertical circulations, which favor ascent on the r...}, number={8}, journal={MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW}, author={Hamilton, DW and Lin, YL and Weglarz, RP and Kaplan, ML}, year={1998}, month={Aug}, pages={2061–2089} }
 @article{weglarz_lin_1998, title={Nonlinear adjustment of a rotating homogeneous atmosphere to zonal momentum forcing}, volume={50}, ISSN={["0280-6495"]}, DOI={10.1034/j.1600-0870.1998.t01-4-00004.x}, number={5}, journal={TELLUS SERIES A-DYNAMIC METEOROLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY}, author={Weglarz, RP and Lin, YL}, year={1998}, month={Oct}, pages={616–636} }
 @article{weglarz_lin_1997, title={A linear theory for jet streak formation due to zonal momentum forcing in a stably stratified atmosphere}, volume={54}, ISSN={["0022-4928"]}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0469(1997)054<0908:ALTFJS>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract A perturbation potential vorticity (PV) theory is developed to investigate the three-dimensional, time-dependent, linear geostrophic adjustment of a stably stratified, Boussinesq atmosphere that is disturbed from (i) quiescent equilibrium due to a localized, unbalanced, zonal wind anomaly and (ii) geostrophic equilibrium of the uniform zonal flow due to an isolated couplet of acceleration–deceleration forcing. This prescribed zonal momentum forcing propagates downstream at a speed c that is less than the basic-state zonal flow speed U and physically represents the parameterized effects of nonlinear inertial advection. Transient, dispersive inertia–gravity waves in all fields are essentially removed during the early stage of the response associated with the initial value problem. The steady-state equilibrium that conserves the initial perturbation PV is a localized, geostrophic zonal jet with meridionally confluent (diffluent) flow in its entrance (exit) region. This jet is supported by a couplet ...}, number={7}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES}, author={Weglarz, RP and Lin, YL}, year={1997}, month={Apr}, pages={908–932} }
 @article{kaplan_koch_lin_weglarz_rozumalski_1997, title={Numerical simulations of a gravity wave event over CCOPE .1. The role of geostrophic adjustment in mesoscale jetlet formation}, volume={125}, ISSN={["1520-0493"]}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0493(1997)125<1185:NSOAGW>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Mesoscale model simulations are performed in order to provide insight into the complex role of jet streak adjustments in establishing an environment favorable to the generation of gravity waves on 11–12 July 1981. This wave event was observed in unprecedented detail downstream of the Rocky Mountains in Montana during the Cooperative Convective Precipitation Experiment. The high-resolution model simulations employ a variety of terrain treatments in the absence of the complicating effects of precipitation physics in order to examine the complex interactions between orography and adiabatic geostrophic adjustment processes. Results indicate that prior to gravity wave formation, a four-stage geostrophic adjustment process modified the structure of the mid- to upper-tropospheric jet streak by creating secondary mesoscale jet streaks (jetlets) to the southeast of the polar jet streak in proximity to the gravity wave generation region (WGR). During stage I, a strong rightward-directed ageostrophic flow i...}, number={6}, journal={MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW}, author={Kaplan, ML and Koch, SE and Lin, YL and Weglarz, RP and Rozumalski, RA}, year={1997}, month={Jun}, pages={1185–1211} }