@article{shea_thorsen_2012, title={Ecological Risk Assessment}, volume={112}, ISBN={["978-0-12-415813-9"]}, ISSN={["1877-1173"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84866551834&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/b978-0-12-415813-9.00012-x}, abstractNote={Ecological risk assessment (ERA) has matured since the 1970s when it began as ecological assessment. ERA has its foundations in human health risk assessment, and as such, similarities exist between the two processes. However, the inherent complex nature of the ecosystem and its interwoven processes make the practice typically more complex for ERA than for human health risk assessment. In the early 1990s, the Environmental Protection Agency and others issued guidance documents that present a basic framework approach for conducting ERAs. This basic framework persists today and includes the three main components of the risk assessment process: problem formulation, analysis, and risk characterization. Over time, scientists, risk analysts, and risk managers have augmented the component steps with iterative feedbacks and a weight-of-evidence approach that integrates numerous lines of evidence for analyzing stressor effects, exposure likelihood, and ecosystem risks. This chapter aims to present the reader with an overview and examples of the current ERA process.}, journal={TOXICOLOGY AND HUMAN ENVIRONMENTS}, author={Shea, Damian and Thorsen, Waverly}, year={2012}, pages={323–348} }
 @article{thorsen_forestier_sandifer_lazaro_cope_shea_2004, title={Elimination rate constants of 46 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the unionid mussel, Elliptio complanata}, volume={47}, ISSN={["0090-4341"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-4644281509&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1007/s00244-004-3186-y}, abstractNote={Elimination rate constants (k2), biological half-lives (t(1/2)), and the time required to reach 95% of steady-state (t95) are reported for 46 individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) including both parent and alkyl homologues, for the freshwater unionid mussel, Elliptio complanata. Elimination rate constants generally follow first-order kinetics and range from 0.04/day (d) for perylene to 0.26/d for 2,6-dimethylnapthalene, half-lives range from 2.6 to 16.5 d, and t95 values range from 11.3 to 71.3 d. These values compare well with other k2, t(1/2), and t95 values reported in the literature for PAHs and other classes of hydrophobic organic contaminants. A linear regression of k2 versus log Kow demonstrates dependence of PAH elimination on hydrophobicity, as measured by an r2 value of 0.83, and produces the following regression equation: k2 = -0.06 (log Kow) + 0.44. This study provides evidence that mussels experiencing different forms of physiological stress (e.g., handling stress and fungal or bacterial growth) can exhibit large variation in toxicokinetic parameters. These results are particularly relevant to the extrapolation of laboratory results to field situations.}, number={3}, journal={ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY}, author={Thorsen, WA and Forestier, D and Sandifer, T and Lazaro, PR and Cope, WG and Shea, D}, year={2004}, month={Oct}, pages={332–340} }