@article{ward_haskett_2008, title={Exploration and validation of clusters of physically abused children}, volume={32}, ISSN={["0145-2134"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.07.012}, abstractNote={Cluster analysis was used to enhance understanding of heterogeneity in social adjustment of physically abused children. Ninety-eight physically abused children (ages 5–10) were clustered on the basis of social adjustment, as measured by observed behavior with peers on the school playground and by teacher reports of social behavior. Seventy-seven matched nonabused children served as a comparison sample. Clusters were validated on the basis of observed parental sensitivity, parents’ self-reported disciplinary tactics, and children's social information processing operations (i.e., generation of solutions to peer relationship problems and attributions of peer intentions in social situations). Three subgroups of physically abused children emerged from the cluster analysis; clusters were labeled Socially Well Adjusted, Hanging in There, and Social Difficulties. Examination of cluster differences on risk and protective factors provided substantial evidence in support of the external validity of the three-cluster solution. Specifically, clusters differed significantly in attributions of peer intent and in parenting (i.e., sensitivity and harshness of parenting). Clusters also differed in the ways in which they were similar to, or different from, the comparison group of nonabused children. Results supported the contention that there were clinically relevant subgroups of physically abused children with potentially unique treatment needs. Findings also pointed to the relevance of social information processing operations and parenting context in understanding diversity among physically abused children. Pending replication, findings provide support for the importance of considering unique treatment of needs among physically abused children. A singular approach to intervention is unlikely to be effective for these children. For example, some physically abused children might need a more intensive focus on development of prosocial skills in relationships with peers while the prosocial skills of other abused children will be developmentally appropriate. In contrast, most physically abused children might benefit from training in social problem-solving skills. Findings also point to the importance of promoting positive parenting practices in addition to reducing harsh discipline of physically abusive parents.}, number={5}, journal={CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT}, author={Ward, Caryn Sabourin and Haskett, Mary E.}, year={2008}, month={May}, pages={577–588} }
 @article{haskett_nears_ward_mcpherson_2006, title={Diversity in adjustment of maltreated children: Factors associated with resilient functioning}, volume={26}, DOI={10.1016/j.cpr.2006.03.005}, abstractNote={Many decades of research indicate that physical abuse and neglect are associated with substantial risk for maladaptation across many developmental tasks of childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Recent investigations, however, indicate that in spite of elevated risk for negative outcomes, some abused and neglected children demonstrate relatively positive adjustment and success in developmental tasks. An overview of studies of resilient functioning among maltreated children is provided, and results indicate that although a proportion of maltreated children do appear to be resilient to harsh and inadequate caretaking, resilient functioning might be short-lived and/or limited to single areas of functioning. A summary of factors associated with resilient functioning among abused and neglected children is provided. Such factors include individual child characteristics (e.g., self-regulatory processes), features of the child's family context (e.g., supportive parenting), and experiences in the broader environment (e.g., close friendships). Methodological considerations and recommendations for further research are provided, and implications of this literature for clinical and policy applications are presented.}, number={6}, journal={Clinical Psychology Review}, author={Haskett, M. E. and Nears, K. and Ward, C. S. and McPherson, A. V.}, year={2006}, pages={796–812} }
 @article{haskett_ahern_ward_allaire_2006, title={Factor structure and validity of the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1537-4424"]}, DOI={10.1207/s15374424jccp3502_14}, abstractNote={The psychometric properties of the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF) were examined in a sample of 185 mothers and fathers. Factor analysis revealed 2 reasonably distinct factors involving parental distress and dysfunctional parent-child interactions. Both scales were internally consistent, and these scales were correlated with measures of parent psychopathology, parental perceptions of child adjustment, and observed parent and child behavior. PSI-SF scores were related to parent reports of child behavior 1 year later, and the Childrearing Stress subscale was a significant predictor of a parental history of abuse.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY}, author={Haskett, ME and Ahern, LS and Ward, CS and Allaire, JC}, year={2006}, month={Jun}, pages={302–312} }
 @article{groot_ward_wang_pokrzywa_o’brien_bennett_kelly_santangelo_schal_gould_2004, title={Introgressing pheromone QTL between species: Towards an evolutionary understanding of differentiation in sexual communication}, volume={30}, ISSN={["1573-1561"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10886-004-7946-y}, abstractNote={As a first step toward understanding how noctuid moths evolve species-specific pheromone communication systems, we hybridized and back-crossed two closely related moth species, Heliothis virescens (Hv) and H. subflexa (Hs), which differ qualitatively and quantitatively in their multicomponent sex pheromone blends. We used amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) marker-based mapping of backcross families to determine which of the 30 autosomes in these moths contained quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling the percentages of specific chemical components in the pheromone blends. In two previous backcrosses to Hs, we found a strong depressive effect of Hv-chromosome 22 on the percentage of three acetate components in the pheromone gland. These acetates are present in Hs and absent in Hv. Here, we describe how we introgressed Hv-chromosome 22 into the genomic background of Hs. Selection for Hv-chromosome 22 started from backcross 3 (BC3) females. All females that had Hv-chromosome 22 and a low percentage of acetates (<3% of the total amount of pheromone components present) were backcrossed to Hs males. In BC5 to BC8, we determined whether Hv-chromosome 22 was present by a) running only the primer pairs that would yield the markers for that chromosome, and/or b) determining the relative percentages of acetates in the pheromone glands. Either or both genotype and phenotype were used as a criterion to continue to backcross these females to Hs males. In BC9, we confirmed the isolation of Hv-chromosome 22 in the Hs genomic background, and backcrossed the males to Hs females to eliminate the Hv-sex chromosome as well as mitochondrial DNA. The pheromone composition was determined in BC3, BC5, and BC11 females with and without Hv-chromosome 22. All backcross females with Hv-chromosome 22 contained significantly less acetates than females without this chromosome. In addition, BC3 females with Hv-chromosome 22 contained significantly more Z11-16:OH than BC3 females without Hv-chromosome 22. However, in BC5 and BC11 females, the correlation between Z11-16:OH and Hv-chromosome 22 was lost, suggesting that there are separate QTL for the acetates and for Z11-16:OH, and that the relative amount of the alcohol component is only affected in epistasis with other (minor) QTL. Now that we have succeeded in isolating the chromosome that has a major effect on acetate production, we can test in behavioral experiments whether the presence of acetates may have been a driving force for a shift in pheromone composition. Such tests are necessary to move towards an evolutionary understanding of the differentiation in sexual communication in Heliothis spp. moths.}, number={12}, journal={Journal of Chemical Ecology}, author={Groot, A.T. and Ward, C. and Wang, J. and Pokrzywa, A. and O’Brien, J. and Bennett, J. and Kelly, J. and Santangelo, R.G. and Schal, C. and Gould, F.}, year={2004}, pages={2495–2514} }
 @article{haskett_scott_ward_2004, title={Subgroups of physically abusive parents based on cluster analysis of parenting behavior and affect}, volume={74}, ISSN={["0002-9432"]}, DOI={10.1037/0002-9432.74.4.436}, abstractNote={Cluster analysis of observed parenting and self-reported discipline was used to categorize 83 abusive parents into subgroups. A 2-cluster solution received support for validity. Cluster 1 parents were relatively warm, positive, sensitive, and engaged during interactions with their children, whereas Cluster 2 parents were relatively negative, disengaged or intrusive, and insensitive. Further, clusters differed in emotional health, parenting stress, perceptions of children, and problem solving. Children of parents in the 2 clusters differed on several indexes of social adjustment. Cluster 1 parents were similar to nonabusive parents (n = 66) on parenting and related constructs, but Cluster 2 parents differed from nonabusive parents on all clustering variables and many validation variables. Results highlight clinically relevant diversity in parenting practices and functioning among abusive parents.}, number={4}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY}, author={Haskett, ME and Scott, SS and Ward, CS}, year={2004}, month={Oct}, pages={436–447} }