@article{miles_farin_rodriguez_alexander_farin_2005, title={Effects of embryo culture on angiogenesis and morphometry of bovine placentas during early gestation}, volume={73}, ISSN={["1529-7268"]}, DOI={10.1095/biolreprod.105.040808}, abstractNote={Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the effects of undefined and semidefined culture systems for in vitro embryo production on angiogenesis and morphometry of bovine placentas during early gestation. Blastocysts produced in vivo were recovered from superovulated Holstein cows and served as controls. Blastocysts produced in vitro were exposed to either serum-supplemented medium with cumulus cell coculture (in vitro-produced with serum; IVPS) or modified synthetic oviductal fluid medium without serum or coculture (mSOF). Single blastocysts from each production system were transferred into heifers. Fetuses and placentas were recovered on Day 70 of gestation. Cotyledonary tissues were obtained for quantification of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARG) mRNA and protein. Samples of placentomes were prepared for immunocytochemistry and histological analysis. Placentas from the mSOF group were heavier and had the fewest placentomes, least placental fluid, and lowest placental efficiency (fetal weight/placental weight) compared with the in vivo and IVPS groups. There was no effect of embryo culture system on volume densities of fetal villi or maternal endometrium within placentomes. The volume density of fetal pyknotic cells was increased in placentomes in the mSOF group compared with the in vivo and IVPS groups. Placentomes in the mSOF group had decreased densities of blood vessels and decreased levels of VEGF mRNA in cotyledonary tissue. In conclusion, compared with placentas from embryos produced in vivo or in vitro using an undefined culture system, placentas from embryos produced in vitro using a semidefined culture system exhibited a greater degree of aberrant development of the placenta during early gestation.}, number={4}, journal={BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION}, author={Miles, JR and Farin, CE and Rodriguez, KF and Alexander, JE and Farin, PW}, year={2005}, month={Oct}, pages={663–671} }
 @article{miles_farin_rodriguez_alexander_farin_2004, title={Angiogenesis and morphometry of bovine placentas in late gestation from embryos produced in vivo or in vitro}, volume={71}, ISSN={["1529-7268"]}, DOI={10.1095/biolreprod.104.031427}, abstractNote={Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the effects of in vitro embryo production on angiogenesis and morphometry of the bovine placenta during late gestation. Blastocysts produced in vivo were recovered from superovulated Holstein cows. Blastocysts produced in vitro were obtained after culture of in vitro-matured and -fertilized Holstein oocytes. Single blastocysts from each production system were transferred into heifers. Fetuses and placentas were recovered on Day 222 of gestation (in vivo, n = 12; in vitro, n = 12). Cotyledonary and caruncular tissues were obtained for quantification of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) mRNA and protein. Tissue sections of placentomes were prepared for morphometric analysis. Fetuses and placentas were heavier from embryos produced in vitro than from embryos produced in vivo. More placentas from embryos produced in vitro had an excessive volume of placental fluid. There was no effect of treatment on the expression of mRNA for VEGF and PPARγ in either cotyledonary or caruncular tissues. The expression of VEGF protein in cotyledons and caruncles as well as the expression of PPARγ protein in cotyledons were not different between the in vitro and in vivo groups. However, caruncles from the in vitro group had increased expression of PPARγ protein. The total surface area of endometrium was greater for the in vitro group compared with controls. In contrast, the percentage placentome surface area was decreased in the in vitro group. Fetal villi and binucleate cell volume densities were decreased in placentomes from embryos produced in vitro. The proportional tissue volume of blood vessels in the maternal caruncles was increased in the in vitro group. Furthermore, the ratios of blood vessel volume density-to-placentome surface area were increased in the in vitro group. In conclusion, these findings are consistent with the concept that compensatory mechanisms exist in the vascular beds of placentas from bovine embryos produced in vitro.}, number={6}, journal={BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION}, author={Miles, JR and Farin, CE and Rodriguez, KF and Alexander, JE and Farin, PW}, year={2004}, month={Dec}, pages={1919–1926} }
 @article{farin_miles_farin_2004, title={Pregnancy loss associated with embryo technologies in cattle}, volume={34}, ISBN={0225-9591}, number={1}, journal={Medecin Veterinaire du Quebec}, author={Farin, P. W. and Miles, J. R. and Farin, C. E.}, year={2004}, pages={62} }