@article{lanier_schnerch_rizkalla_2009, title={Behavior of steel monopoles strengthened with high-modulus CFRP materials}, volume={47}, ISSN={["1879-3223"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.tws.2008.10.010}, abstractNote={This paper introduces a strengthening technique for steel monopole towers using high-modulus carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) materials. The technique is based on a theoretical and analytical investigation including testing large scale steel monopole towers strengthened with different CFRP materials and connection details. Based on the research findings, design aspects and installation procedures are introduced. The recommended installation procedure describes the surface preparation, application of the adhesives and the sequence of CFRP application. The design aspects are based on flexural elastic analysis and material properties of the CFRP and steel monopole shaft. This paper recommends specific connection details to ensure the development of the forces from the CFRP to the steel tower baseplate. The research findings conclude that CFRP materials provide a viable alternative for strengthening steel monopoles that can be easily designed and installed to increase their flexural strength and stiffness.}, number={10}, journal={THIN-WALLED STRUCTURES}, author={Lanier, B. and Schnerch, D. and Rizkalla, S.}, year={2009}, month={Oct}, pages={1037–1047} }
 @article{schnerch_dawood_rizkalla_sumner_2007, title={Proposed design guidelines for strengthening of steel bridges with FRP materials}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1879-0526"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.03.003}, abstractNote={This paper focuses on the use of externally bonded high modulus carbon fiber reinforced polymer (HM CFRP) materials to strengthen steel bridges and structures. Proper installation of the CFRP materials is necessary to prevent premature failure due to debonding. The paper proposes guidelines and installation techniques based on the best practice reported in the literature and the extensive practical experience in bonding of composite materials. The surface preparation of the materials, the application of the adhesive and the detailing of the strengthening are provided in detail. The design guidelines include the structural design criteria for the use of high modulus CFRP materials as flexural strengthening system of typical steel–concrete composite bridge girders. The flexural design procedure is based on a moment–curvature analysis and a specified increase of the live load carried by the bridge to satisfy specific serviceability requirements. A bond model is also described which can be used to calculate the shear and peel stresses within the adhesive thickness. To prevent a premature debonding failure of the strengthening system, the criteria specify a maximum principle stress in the adhesive which cannot be exceeded for a given characteristic strength of an adhesive. A worked example is presented to illustrate the proposed flexural design approach. The research findings conclude that high modulus CFRP materials provide a promising alternative for strengthening steel bridges that can be easily designed and installed to increase their strength and stiffness.}, number={5}, journal={CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS}, author={Schnerch, D. and Dawood, M. and Rizkalla, S. and Sumner, E.}, year={2007}, month={May}, pages={1001–1010} }
 @article{schnerch_stanford_sumner_rizkalla_2004, title={Strengthening steel structures and bridges with high-modulus carbon fiber-reinforced polymers - Resin selection and scaled monopole behavior}, ISBN={["0-309-09487-9"]}, ISSN={["0361-1981"]}, DOI={10.3141/1892-25}, abstractNote={ Cost-effective solutions for the rehabilitation and strengthening of steel structures, including bridges and monopole towers, are greatly needed. Rehabilitation is often required because of cross-section losses occurring as a result of corrosion; strengthening may also be required because of changes in the use of a structure. Current techniques for strengthening steel structures have several drawbacks, including their fatigue performance and the need for ongoing maintenance owing to continued corrosion attack. The current research program makes use of a high-modulus carbon fiber for the strengthening of steel structures. This program, currently in progress, includes phases for the resin and adhesive selection for wet layup of carbon fiber sheets and bonding of precured laminate plates. Test results of the first scaled monopole tower showed a 25% increase in stiffness in the elastic range compared with the same monopole before strengthening. }, number={1892}, journal={DESIGN OF STRUCTURES 2004}, author={Schnerch, D and Stanford, K and Sumner, EA and Rizkalla, S}, year={2004}, pages={237–245} }