@article{roe_bailey_zhao_young_carter_gould_sorenson_kennedy_bacheler_1999, title={Assay kit for species and insecticide resistance diagnosis for tobacco budworm and bollworm in cotton}, number={1999}, journal={Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Proceedings}, author={Roe, R. M. and Bailey, W.D. and Zhao, G. and Young, H.P. and Carter, L.M. and Gould, F. and Sorenson, C.E. and Kennedy, G.G. and Bacheler, J.S.}, year={1999}, pages={926–930} }
 @article{bailey_zhao_carter_gould_kennedy_roe_1998, title={Feeding disruption bioassay for species and Bacillus thuringiensis resistance diagnosis for Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa zea in cotton (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1873-6904"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0261-2194(98)00057-X}, abstractNote={Bioassay methodology was developed for species diagnosis of Heliothis virescens compared with Helicoverpa zea in cotton and to detect H. virescens larvae with significant levels of resistance to the biopesticide, Bacillus thuringiensis. The assay end-point is feeding disruption, which is measured by a lack of fecal production by larvae exposed to a diagnostic dose of CrylAc in a blue indicator diet. In laboratory tests, the bioassay accurately distinguished neonates of H. zea from H. virescens and was able to detect B. thuringiensis resistance in H. virescens. The assay is rapid compared with mortality assays and should be inexpensive. The assay should also be adaptable to current cotton integrated pest management programs and sampling techniques and detect most physiological mechanisms of B. thuringiensis resistance. The potential utility of the feeding disruption assay in cotton integrated pest management and with other crops, insect pests and insecticides is discussed. The studies reported here were conducted on laboratory strains of B. thuringiensis susceptible H. virescens and H. zea and a highly B. thuringiensis-resistant laboratory strain of H. virescens (YHD2) originally collected in North Carolina.}, number={7}, journal={CROP PROTECTION}, author={Bailey, WD and Zhao, G and Carter, LM and Gould, F and Kennedy, GG and Roe, RM}, year={1998}, month={Sep}, pages={591–598} }
 @article{zhao_rose_hodgson_roe_1996, title={Biochemical mechanisms and diagnostic microassays for pyrethroid, carbamate, and organophosphate insecticide resistance/cross-resistance in the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens}, volume={56}, ISSN={["1095-9939"]}, DOI={10.1006/pest.1996.0072}, abstractNote={Abstract Tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens, larvae were collected from wild velvet leaf in Macon Ridge (LA) where insecticide resistance in cotton was previously reported. The initial resistance levels were 58.0-fold for thiodicarb and 16.0-fold for cypermethrin compared to a susceptible laboratory population. Selection of this Macon Ridge population with thiodicarb on cotton increased resistance for thiodicarb to 172.9-fold and resulted in cross-resistance for cypermethrin to 161.3-fold compared to the susceptible control. Thiodicarb-selected Macon Ridge budworms were also resistant to methyl parathion (7.6-fold), profenofos (59.9-fold), and azinphosmethyl (>38.8-fold). Cytochrome P450 metabolism of p -nitroanisole was elevated 30.1-, 16.8-, and 18.8-fold in midgut, fat body, and carcass, respectively, of the selected Macon Ridge budworms. The P450 content was also increased. Ester hydrolysis of 1-naphthyl acetate and p -nitrophenyl acetate as well as 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene glutathione S -transferase activity were elevated approximately 2-fold with some variability among the specific tissues examined. Piperonyl butoxide increased thiodicarb toxicity by 14.8-fold, methyl parathion by 9.3-fold, and cypermethrin by 19.4-fold. S,S,S -Tributylphosphorothioate increased thiodicarb toxicity by 14.5-fold, methyl parathion by 6.6-fold, and profenofos by 7.2-fold. These results suggests that both cytochrome P450 and esterase play an important role in tobacco budworm resistance and cross-resistance between carbamates, organophosphates, and pyrethroids. Acetylthiocholine hydrolysis was 3.4- and 3.5-fold insensitive to paraoxon and methomyl, respectively, in the thiodicarb-selected Macon Ridge strain. Microassays based on p -nitroanisole and p -nitrophenyl acetate metabolism were successfully used to diagnose resistance in field populations of the tobacco budworm in different geographical areas of the U.S.}, number={3}, journal={PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Zhao, GY and Rose, RL and Hodgson, E and Roe, RM}, year={1996}, month={Nov}, pages={183–195} }