@article{bartelt-hunt_knappe_barlaz_2008, title={A Review of Chemical Warfare Agent Simulants for the Study of Environmental Behavior}, volume={38}, ISSN={1064-3389 1547-6537}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10643380701643650}, DOI={10.1080/10643380701643650}, abstractNote={There is renewed interest in the environmental fate of chemical warfare agents attributable to the intensified threat of chemical weapons use in a terrorist attack. Knowledge of processes that influence the fate of agents such as distilled mustard, lewisite, tabun, sarin, soman, and VX in the environment is important for development of disposal strategies and for risk and exposure assessments. However, it is often necessary to conduct studies examining chemical agent behavior using simulants due to the toxicity of the agents and usage restrictions. The objective of this study was to review the physical–chemical properties and mammalian toxicity of compounds that can be used to simulate chemical agents and to identify the most appropriate compounds to simulate specific environmental fate processes, including hydrolysis, sorption, bioavailability, and volatilization.}, number={2}, journal={Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Bartelt-Hunt, Shannon L. and Knappe, Detlef R. U. and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2008}, month={Jan}, pages={112–136} }
 @article{lowry_bartelt-hunt_beaulieu_barlaz_2008, title={Development of a coupled reactor model for prediction of organic contaminant fate in landfills}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1520-5851"]}, DOI={10.1021/es800907j}, abstractNote={Models describing the behavior of organic chemicals in landfills can be useful to predict their fate and transport and also to generate input data for estimates of exposure and risk. The landfill coupled-reactor (LFCR) model developed in this work simulates a landfill as a series of fully mixed reactors, each representing a daily volume of waste. The LFCR model is a numerical model allowing time-variable input parameters such as gas generation, and cover type and thickness. The model was applied to three volatile organic chemicals (acetone, toluene, benzene) as well as naphthalene and the chemical warfare agent sarin under three landfill conditions (conventional, arid, bioreactor). Sarin was rapidly hydrolyzed, whereas naphthalene was largely associated with the landfill solid phase in all scenarios. Although similar biodegradation rates were used for acetone and toluene, toluene was more persistent in the landfill due to its hydrophobicity. The cover soil moisture content had a significant impact on gaseous diffusive losses.}, number={19}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY}, author={Lowry, Michael I. and Bartelt-Hunt, Shannon L. and Beaulieu, Stephen M. and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2008}, month={Oct}, pages={7444–7451} }
 @inbook{fitch_bartelt-hunt_smith_2005, title={Characterization and environmental management of storm water runoff from road salt storage facilities}, number={1911}, booktitle={Maintenance management and operations services}, publisher={Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board}, author={Fitch, G. M. and Bartelt-Hunt, S. and Smith, J. A.}, year={2005}, pages={125–132} }
 @article{bartelt-hunt_smith_burns_rabideau_2005, title={Evaluation of granular activated carbon, shale, and two organoclays for use as sorptive amendments in clay landfill liners}, volume={131}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:7(848)}, abstractNote={Four materials with high sorptive capacities for organic compounds [granular activated carbon (GAC), shale, benzyltriethylammonium-bentonite (BTEA-bentonite), and hexadecyltrimethylammonium-bentonite (HDTMA-bentonite)] were evaluated for their use in compacted clay landfill liners by conducting laboratory sorption and permeability experiments with both a 0.002 N CaS O4 solution (to simulate the ionic strength of ground water) and a synthetic leachate. Results from equilibrium sorption experiments with 0.002 N CaS O4 indicate that all four amendments have a very high sorptive capacity for the three organic solutes tested: benzene, trichloroethylene, and 1,2-dichlorobenzene. GAC exhibited the highest sorptive capacity for all three solutes, followed by BTEA-bentonite, HDTMA-bentonite, and shale. Experiments conducted with synthetic leachate indicate that GAC and BTEA-bentonite did not exhibit competitive sorption effects with the synthetic leachate constituents, while shale did exhibit some competitive sorp...}, number={7}, journal={Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering}, author={Bartelt-Hunt, S. L. and Smith, J. A. and Burns, S. E. and Rabideau, A. J.}, year={2005}, pages={848–856} }