@article{gao_liu_ma_jacobs_childs_wang_2019, title={Variational Bias Correction of TAMDAR Temperature Observations in the WRF Data Assimilation System}, volume={147}, ISSN={["1520-0493"]}, DOI={10.1175/MWR-D-18-0025.1}, abstractNote={AbstractA variational bias correction (VarBC) scheme is developed and tested using regional Weather Research and Forecasting Model Data Assimilation (WRFDA) to correct systematic errors in aircraft-based measurements of temperature produced by the Tropospheric Airborne Meteorological Data Reporting (TAMDAR) system. Various bias models were investigated, using one or all of aircraft height tendency, Mach number, temperature tendency, and the observed temperature as predictors. These variables were expected to account for the representation of some well-known error sources contributing to uncertainties in TAMDAR temperature measurements. The parameters corresponding to these predictors were evolved in the model for a two-week period to generate initial estimates according to each unique aircraft tail number. Sensitivity experiments were then conducted for another one-month period. Finally, a case study using VarBC of a cold front precipitation event is examined. The implementation of VarBC reduces biases in TAMDAR temperature innovations. Even when using a bias model containing a single predictor, such as height tendency or Mach number, the VarBC produces positive impacts on analyses and short-range forecasts of temperature with smaller standard deviations and biases than the control run. Additionally, by employing a multiple-predictor bias model, which describes the statistical relations between innovations and predictors, and uses coefficients to control the evolution of components in the bias model with respect to their reference values, VarBC further reduces the average error of analyses and short-range forecasts with respect to observations. The potential impacts of VarBC on precipitation forecasts were evaluated, and the VarBC is able to indirectly improve the prediction of precipitation location by reducing the forecast error for wind-related synoptic circulation leading to precipitation.}, number={6}, journal={MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW}, author={Gao, Feng and Liu, Zhiquan and Ma, Juhui and Jacobs, Neil A. and Childs, Peter P. and Wang, Hongli}, year={2019}, month={Jun}, pages={1927–1945} }
 @article{jacobs_raman_lackmann_childs_2008, title={The influence of the Gulf Stream induced SST gradients on the US East Coast winter storm of 24-25 January 2000}, volume={29}, ISSN={["0143-1161"]}, DOI={10.1080/01431160802175561}, abstractNote={This study presents an investigation of the influence of remotely sensed high resolution sea surface temperature (SST) and the SST gradient on the formation and evolution of the 24–25 January 2000 East Coast winter storm. A numerical model was employed for experimental simulation replaced SST analysis with a 1.1 km gridded data set. The most significant improvements were seen in the forecast deepening rate and track. Reduced development of the storm in the control simulation, as compared to the experimental simulation, appears to be due to the coarse grid SST representation, which fails to capture key thermal gradient features of the Gulf Stream. The simulations suggest that the high resolution remotely sensed SST data affect the track by changing the location of lower‐tropospheric frontal boundaries through thermally‐induced near‐surface convergence and differential turbulent heat flux. Enhanced vortex stretching associated with the convergence along the lower frontal boundary appears to contribute to a stronger storm in the experimental simulations.}, number={21}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING}, author={Jacobs, N. A. and Raman, S. and Lackmann, G. M. and Childs, P. P., Jr.}, year={2008}, pages={6145–6174} }
 @article{childs_raman_boyles_2007, title={High-resolution numerical simulations of hurricane Isabel (2003) over North Carolina}, volume={41}, ISSN={["0921-030X"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11069-006-9050-9}, number={3}, journal={NATURAL HAZARDS}, author={Childs, Peter and Raman, Sethu and Boyles, Ryan}, year={2007}, month={Jun}, pages={401–411} }
 @article{childs_qureshi_raman_alapaty_ellis_boyles_niyogi_2006, title={Simulation of convective initiation during IHOP_2002 using the flux-adjusting surface data assimilation system (FASDAS)}, volume={134}, ISSN={["1520-0493"]}, DOI={10.1175/MWR3064.1}, abstractNote={Abstract
               The Flux-Adjusting Surface Data Assimilation System (FASDAS) uses the surface observational analysis to directly assimilate surface layer temperature and water vapor mixing ratio and to indirectly assimilate soil moisture and soil temperature in numerical model predictions. Both soil moisture and soil temperature are important variables in the development of deep convection. In this study, FASDAS coupled within the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) was used to study convective initiation over the International H2O Project (IHOP_2002) region, utilizing the analyzed surface observations collected during IHOP_2002. Two 72-h numerical simulations were performed. A control simulation was run that assimilated all available IHOP_2002 measurements into the standard MM5 four-dimensional data assimilation. An experimental simulation was also performed that assimilated all available IHOP_2002 measurements into the FASDAS version of the MM5, where surface observations were used for the FASDAS coupling. Results from this case study suggest that the use of FASDAS in the experimental simulation led to the generation of greater amounts of precipitation over a more widespread area as compared to the standard MM5 FDDA used in the control simulation. This improved performance is attributed to better simulation of surface heat fluxes and their gradients.}, number={1}, journal={MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW}, author={Childs, PP and Qureshi, AL and Raman, S and Alapaty, K and Ellis, R and Boyles, R and Niyogi, D}, year={2006}, month={Jan}, pages={134–148} }
 @article{gilliam_childs_huber_raman_2005, title={Metropolitan-scale transport and dispersion from the New York World Trade Center following September 11, 2001. Part I: An evaluation of the CALMET meteorological model}, volume={162}, ISSN={["1420-9136"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00024-005-2701-z}, number={10}, journal={PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS}, author={Gilliam, RC and Childs, PP and Huber, AH and Raman, S}, year={2005}, month={Oct}, pages={1981–2003} }
 @article{herman_childs_2005, title={Narrative and cognition in 'Beowulf'}, volume={37}, number={2}, journal={Style (Fayetteville, Ark.)}, author={Herman, D. and Childs, B.}, year={2005}, pages={177-} }
 @article{childs_raman_2005, title={Observations and numerical simulations of urban heat island and sea breeze circulations over New York City}, volume={162}, ISSN={["0033-4553"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00024-005-2700-0}, number={10}, journal={PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS}, author={Childs, PP and Raman, S}, year={2005}, month={Oct}, pages={1955–1980} }