@article{leksrisompong_romero-sanchez_plumstead_brannan_yahav_brake_2009, title={Broiler incubation. 2. Interaction of incubation and brooding temperatures on broiler chick feed consumption and growth}, volume={88}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.2008-00412}, abstractNote={The effect of either hot or cool brooding litter temperature on feed consumption, BW, and mortality of broiler chicks that had been exposed to either normal or high temperature during latter stages of incubation was studied in 2 experiments. The duration of experiments 1 and 2 was 14 and 21 d, respectively, with BW and feed consumption determined at 2, 5, 7, and 14 d of age in experiment 1 and at 7, 14, and 21 d of age in experiment 2. High incubator temperature after embryonic d 16 decreased chick feed consumption and BW at all ages in both experiments. Hot brooding litter temperature increased feed consumption at 2 and 5 d in experiment 1 and at 7 d in experiment 2 but decreased feed consumption at 14 and 21 d in experiment 2. Feed consumption was also influenced by the incubation temperature x brooding litter temperature interaction. From 0 to 2 d or 0 to 7 d in experiments 1 and 2, respectively, the highest to lowest feed consumption was exhibited by the normal-hot, high-hot, normal-cool, and high-cool interaction groups but the order changed to normal-cool, normal-hot approximately high-cool, and high-hot from 7 to 14 and 14 to 21 d in experiment 2. Significant effects on mortality were observed in experiment 2 only where males exhibited greater mortality that was most evident in the combination of high temperature incubation followed by cool brooding. Excessive (high) eggshell temperature during the latter stages of incubation reduced feed consumption and BW through 21 d of age. However, the results showed that the hot brooding litter temperature supported increased feed consumption during the first few days of brooding even for the chicks that had been subjected to high incubation temperature. Hot brooding also reduced male mortality in experiment 2. Nonetheless, hot brooding litter temperatures should be limited as extending beyond a few days eventually decreased feed consumption.}, number={6}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Leksrisompong, N. and Romero-Sanchez, H. and Plumstead, P. W. and Brannan, K. E. and Yahav, S. and Brake, J.}, year={2009}, month={Jun}, pages={1321–1329} }
 @article{zakaria_plumstead_romero-sanchez_leksrisompong_brake_2009, title={The effects of oviposition time on egg weight loss during storage and incubation, fertility, and hatchability of broiler hatching eggs}, volume={88}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.2009-00069}, abstractNote={An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of time of oviposition, generally representing different positions in the normal egg laying sequence, on egg weight loss during storage and incubation, and on fertility and fertile hatchability of eggs from mid-lay (42 wk) and old (67 wk) broiler breeders. A total of 1,800 eggs (900 eggs per flock age) were collected during 10 consecutive days between 0830 and 1830 h each day. The eggs were individually marked, weighed, and stored for 1 to 10 d before incubation was initiated. Egg weight remained less from collection through incubation for eggs from the mid-lay flock than those from the old flock. Fresh weight of early laid (first-in-sequence; C1) eggs was significantly greater than that for the middle-of-day laid (mid-sequence; Cs), or late-in-day laid eggs (terminal-in-sequence; Ct). Percentage of egg weight loss during storage did not differ significantly between the mid-lay and old flocks but percentage of weight loss in the mid-lay flock was greater during incubation. Egg weight loss during storage of eggs from the middle-of-day laid (Cs) eggs was significantly greater than for early laid (C1) eggs, which was greater than for the late-in-day laid (Ct) eggs. Fertility was significantly decreased due to flock age but not due to oviposition time. Fertile hatchability was also significantly decreased due to flock age, but there was no significant effect of oviposition time. Early and late dead embryos increased with flock age, but there was no significant effect of oviposition time. It was concluded that there was no effect of oviposition time on fertility or fertile hatchability even though there were significant differences in egg weight and egg weight loss during storage due to oviposition time.}, number={12}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Zakaria, A. H. and Plumstead, P. W. and Romero-Sanchez, H. and Leksrisompong, N. and Brake, J.}, year={2009}, month={Dec}, pages={2712–2717} }
 @article{leytem_kwanyuen_plumstead_maguire_brake_2008, title={Evaluation of phosphorus characterization in broiler ileal digesta, manure, and litter samples: P-31-NMR vs. HPLC}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1537-2537"]}, DOI={10.2134/jeq2007.0134}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY}, author={Leytem, A. B. and Kwanyuen, P. and Plumstead, P. W. and Maguire, R. O. and Brake, J.}, year={2008}, pages={494–500} }
 @article{plumstead_leytem_maguire_spears_kwanyuen_brake_2008, title={Interaction of calcium and phytate in broiler diets. 1. Effects on apparent prececal digestibility and retention of phosphorus}, volume={87}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.2007-00231}, abstractNote={Phytate P utilization from soybean meal (SBM) included in broiler diets has been shown to be poor and highly dependent on dietary Ca intake. However, the effect of Ca on P utilization and on the optimal ratio of Ca to nonphytate P (Ca:NPP) when diets contained varying levels of phytate has not been clearly shown and was the objective of this research. A factorial treatment structure was used with 4 dietary Ca levels from 0.47 to 1.16% and 3 levels of phytate P (0.28, 0.24, and 0.10%). Varying dietary phytate P levels were obtained by utilizing SBM produced from 3 varieties of soybeans with different phytate P concentrations. Ross 508 broiler chicks were fed 1 of 12 diets from 16 to 21 d of age. Excreta were collected from 16 to 17 d and from 19 to 20 d of age and ileal digesta was collected at 21 d of age. Apparent prececal P digestibility decreased when dietary Ca concentration increased and was higher when diets contained low-phytate SBM. The apparent digestibility of Ca and percentage of phytate P hydrolysis at the distal ileum were not reduced when dietary phytate P concentration increased. Including low-phytate SBM in diets reduced total P output in the excreta by 49% compared with conventional SBM. The optimum ratio of Ca:NPP that resulted in the highest P retention and lowest P excretion was 2.53:1, 2.40:1, and 2.34:1 for diets with 0.28, 0.24, and 0.10% phytate P. These data suggested that increased dietary Ca reduced the extent of phytate P hydrolysis and P digestibility and that the optimum Ca:NPP ratio at which P retention was maximized was reduced when diets contained less phytate P.}, number={3}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Plumstead, P. W. and Leytem, A. B. and Maguire, R. O. and Spears, J. W. and Kwanyuen, P. and Brake, J.}, year={2008}, month={Mar}, pages={449–458} }
 @article{leytem_plumstead_maguire_kwanyuen_burton_brake_2008, title={Interaction of calcium and phytate in broiler diets. 2. Effects on total and soluble phosphorus excretion}, volume={87}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.2007-00229}, abstractNote={Dietary Ca has been reported to influence the amount of phytate excreted from broilers and affect the solubility of P in excreta. To address the effects of dietary Ca and phytate on P excretion, 12 dietary treatments were fed to broilers from 16 to 21 d of age. Treatments consisted of 3 levels of phytate P (0.10, 0.24, and 0.28%) and 4 levels of Ca (0.47, 0.70, 0.93, and 1.16%) in a randomized complete block design. Feed phytate concentrations were varied by formulating diets with 3 different soybean meals (SBM): a low-phytate SBM, a commercial SBM, and a high phytate Prolina SBM having phytate P concentrations of 0.15 to 0.51%. Fresh excreta was collected from cages during 2 separate 24-h periods; collection I commenced after the start of dietary treatments (16 to 17 d) and collection II followed a 3-d adaptation period (19 to 20 d). Ileal samples were also collected at 21 d. Excreta samples were analyzed for total P, water soluble P (WSP), and phytate P, whereas ileal samples were analyzed for total P and phytate P. Results indicated that excreta total P could be reduced by up to 63% and WSP by up to 66% with dietary inclusion of low-phytate SBM. There was a significant effect of dietary Ca on both the excreta WSP and the ratio of WSP:total P. As dietary Ca increased, the excreta WSP and WSP:total P decreased, with the effects being more pronounced following a dietary adaptation period. There was a linear relationship between the slope of the response in WSP to dietary Ca and feed phytate content for excreta from collection II (r(2) = 0.99). There was also a negative correlation between excreta phytate concentration and excreta WSP during both excreta collections. The response in WSP to dietary manipulation was important from an environmental perspective because WSP in excreta has been related to potential for off-site P losses following land application.}, number={3}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Leytem, A. B. and Plumstead, P. W. and Maguire, R. O. and Kwanyuen, P. and Burton, J. W. and Brake, J.}, year={2008}, month={Mar}, pages={459–467} }
 @article{leksrisompong_romero-sanchez_plumstead_brannan_brake_2007, title={Broiler incubation. 1. Effect of elevated temperature during late incubation on body weight and organs of chicks}, volume={86}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.2007-00170}, abstractNote={Three experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of increased egg temperature during the final third of incubation on BW, yolk sac, heart, and digestive organs of broiler chicks at hatching. Egg temperatures were found to be approximately 1.0 to 1.5 degrees C higher than incubator air temperature. Elevated egg temperature (39.5 degrees C) after embryonic day 14 generally accelerated hatching time but decreased the relative weight of the heart in all 3 experiments, whereas BW and relative weights of the gizzard, proventriculus, and small intestines were significantly smaller in 2 of 3 experiments as compared with the control (approximately 38.2 degrees C). Relative weights of the yolk sac or liver were significantly larger due to elevated egg temperature in single experiments only. A striking feature of the chicks that developed at an elevated egg temperature was their white color as compared with the yellow color of chicks from eggs incubated at more normal temperatures.}, number={12}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Leksrisompong, N. and Romero-Sanchez, H. and Plumstead, P. W. and Brannan, K. E. and Brake, J.}, year={2007}, month={Dec}, pages={2685–2691} }
 @article{leytem_taylor_raboy_plumstead_2007, title={Dietary low-phytate mutant-M 955 barley grain alters phytate degradation and mineral digestion in sheep fed high-grain diets}, volume={138}, ISSN={["1873-2216"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.11.005}, abstractNote={Greater production demands for ruminants require increased dietary inclusion of high-energy feeds. Grains and oil seeds are most commonly used to enhance diet energy density. However, use of such feeds proportionally increases the amount of dietary phytate phosphorus (P), which the ruminant may not be able to fully utilise. Our objectives for this study were to determine the extent of phytate degradation and mineral digestion in wethers fed high-grain diets consisting of either a non-mutant or low-phytate mutant barley grain. In two separate experiments, mature Columbia wethers (n = 7) fitted with rumen and duodenal cannulas and Columbia × Polypay wether lambs (n = 8) were individually fed one of two finishing diets formulated with either non-mutant Harrington (HARR) variety or low-phytate mutant-M 955 (M955) barley grains. Total-P intake was similar (P=0.46–0.70) between the M955 and HARR treatments for mature (5756 and 5550 mg/day, respectively) and lamb (5207 and 4894 mg/day, respectively) wethers. Dietary water-soluble P was 3.6 times greater in M955 versus HARR diets and phytate P was 11 times greater in HARR versus M955 treatment diets. Apparent total-P digestion was similar between M955 and HARR treatments (P=0.52–0.69). More monoester P was identified in the duodenal chyme of mature wethers fed HARR treatment diet, presumably due to incomplete hydrolysis of phytate P in the rumen. Feeding M955, compared to HARR, treatment diet resulted in greater (P<0.05) apparent partial-tract digestion of calcium (Ca) and total-tract digestion of iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), and zinc in mature wethers and apparent total-tract digestion of Mg and Fe and retention of Ca, Fe, and Mg in wether lambs. These results indicate that phytate in diets formulated with Harrington variety barley grain may not be fully digested in the rumen. Subsequent passage of partially digested phytate from the rumen may interfere with mineral digestion in wethers fed high-grain diets.}, number={1}, journal={ANIMAL FEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Leytem, A. B. and Taylor, J. B. and Raboy, V. and Plumstead, P. W.}, year={2007}, month={Oct}, pages={13–28} }
 @article{plumstead_romero-sanchez_paton_spears_brake_2007, title={Effects of dietary metabolizable energy and protein on early growth responses of broilers to dietary lysine}, volume={86}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.2007-00168}, abstractNote={Two studies evaluated effects of metabolizable energy (ME), digestible Lys (dLys), and amino acid (AA) balance on broiler performance. In experiment 1 diets contained 3 levels of ME (3,000, 3,100, and 3,200 kcal/kg) in combination with 4 levels of dLys (1.05, 1.13, 1.21, and 1.29%). A fixed proportion of dLys relative to CP and key indispensable AA was maintained in graded increments of CP from 21.9 to 26.9%. There was no interaction of ME and dLys for 21 d BW gain or adjusted feed conversion ratio, which improved linearly with dietary dLys. Increasing the dLys or ME had no effect on feed intake, and the linear improvement in performance was attributed to a step-wise increase in dLys when diets contained a balance of AA and CP. Experiment 2 evaluated broiler response to 20 d of age when diets contained graded increments in dLys while maintaining a fixed proportion of dLys relative to CP and indispensable AA (balanced CP), or when dLys was increased in diets by supplementing synthetic l-Lys to 1 of 2 basal diets with 22.0% CP (low CP) or 27.0% CP (high CP) without adjusting concentrations of other AA or CP. The BW gain of broilers fed the low CP diet series followed a quadratic response, and the dLys requirement was estimated to be 1.19 +/- 0.03% (1.30% total Lys). By contrast, BW gain on both the high CP and balanced CP diet series increased linearly. The higher BW gain and continued response to dLys above 1.19% when CP and AA concentrations were increased confirmed that the dLys requirement of broilers was dependent on the dietary CP. When a fixed ratio of dLys to CP was applied and indispensable and dispensable AA were not limiting, broiler BW gain and adjusted feed conversion ratio responded positively to incremental dLys up to at least 1.32% (27.2% CP) and was independent of the dietary ME over a range from 3,000 to 3,200 kcal/kg.}, number={12}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Plumstead, P. W. and Romero-Sanchez, H. and Paton, N. D. and Spears, J. W. and Brake, J.}, year={2007}, month={Dec}, pages={2639–2648} }
 @article{plumstead_romero-sanchez_maguire_gernat_brake_2007, title={Effects of phosphorus level and phytase in broiler breeder rearing and laying diets on live performance and phosphorus excretion}, volume={86}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/86.2.225}, abstractNote={The effects of a reduced dietary nonphytate phosphorus (NPP) level and inclusion of phytase on broiler breeder performance and P concentrations in the litter and manure were investigated. Ross 308 broiler breeder pullets and Ross 344 cockerels were placed sex-separate in a blackout growing house and fed standard starter and grower diets to 9 wk of age. At 10 wk of age, 4 treatments (A, B, C, D) were assigned to each of 4 floor pens of 68 pullets and 1 pen of 50 cockerels. From 10 to 21 wk, treatments A to D contained 0.37, 0.27, 0.27, and 0.17% NPP, respectively, with 300 phytase units (FTU)/kg of phytase added to treatments B and D. At 21 wk of age, birds were photostimulated and transferred to a two-thirds slat-litter breeder house with 16 pens of 60 pullets and 6 cockerels. A laying diet was fed from 22 to 64 wk and NPP levels of treatments A to D were adjusted to 0.37, 0.27, 0.19, and 0.09%, respectively, and phytase addition to treatments B and D was increased to 500 FTU/kg. Analysis of the litter from growing pens showed no effect on litter total P when phytase replaced 0.1% of NPP. However, decreasing the dietary NPP by 0.1% without phytase reduced the litter total P by 18%. Water-soluble P (WSP) and the WSP:total P ratio decreased when the grower dietary NPP level was reduced to 0.17% with added phytase and was correlated with litter moisture levels in growing pens. During the laying period, a reduction in NPP from 0.37 to 0.09% with added phytase reduced both the manure total P and WSP by 42%. Hen-day egg production was highest on the lowest NPP diet with phytase, but fertility decreased when the dietary NPP was reduced below 0.37%. Results showed that phytase inclusion in a broiler breeder laying diet at the expense of all added P from dicalcium phosphate reduced the manure total P and WSP concentrations by 42%, with no effect on the number of chicks produced per hen housed.}, number={2}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Plumstead, P. W. and Romero-Sanchez, H. and Maguire, R. O. and Gernat, A. G. and Brake, J.}, year={2007}, month={Feb}, pages={225–231} }
 @article{romero-sanchez_plumstead_brake_2007, title={Feeding broiler breeder males. 1. Effect of feeding program and dietary crude protein during rearing on body weight and fertility of broiler breeder males}, volume={86}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/86.1.168}, abstractNote={A 2 x 2 factorial experiment was conducted to compare the effects of 2 male broiler breeder feed allocation programs (Concave or Sigmoid) during the rearing period to 26 wk of age and the interaction with dietary CP (12 or 17%) on BW and fertility. From 0 to 2 wk, all birds received a starter diet, after which, pens were randomly assigned to the 4 treatment combinations that ended at 26 wk of age. All males were weighed individually at 4, 8, 12, 16, 22, 26, 28, 32, 36, 40, 48, 52, 56, and 64 wk of age, and fertility was determined weekly from 27 to 32 wk of age and then every 2 wk to 64 wk of age. At 49 wk of age, the male feed allocation for all treatments was increased by 5 g/d. Even when fed the same as Sigmoid program males during the production period, males reared on the Concave feeding program lost BW from 32 to 40 wk of age and exhibited lower BW from 40 to 48 wk of age, which corresponded to a more rapid decrease in fertility. The 17% CP diet increased BW from 8 to 32 wk of age, but no significant differences were subsequently observed. The 12% CP rearing diet improved both weekly and cumulative fertility. A significant interaction between rearing feeding program and dietary CP during the third quartile period showed that the Concave program-17% CP diet combination was most negatively affected. The increase in male feed allocation at 49 wk restored fertility and caused differences among treatments to diminish. These data suggested that BW during the early rearing period did not affect fertility, but an increased BW due to either providing fast feed increments toward the end of the rearing period (Concave) or feeding a 17% CP diet produced males that were unable to sustain fertility after 40 wk of age without an appropriate allocation of feed.}, number={1}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Romero-Sanchez, H. and Plumstead, P. W. and Brake, J.}, year={2007}, month={Jan}, pages={168–174} }
 @article{romero-sanchez_plumstead_leksrisompong_brake_2007, title={Feeding broiler breeder males. 2. Effect of cumulative rearing nutrition on body weight, shank length, comb height, and fertility}, volume={86}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/86.1.175}, abstractNote={Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of 2 planes (low and high) of cumulative nutrient intake during the rearing period on performance of broiler breeder males. The low cumulative nutrition program supplied 29,580 kcal of ME and 1,470 g of CP, whereas the high cumulative nutrition program supplied 33,500 kcal of ME and 1,730 g of CP to photostimulation at 21 wk of age. Two diets (LoDiet and HiDiet) were used with a single feeding program in experiment 1. In experiment 2, a single diet with 2 feeding programs (LoFeed and HiFeed) was used. In experiment 1, the 2 diets were blended from 21 to 24 wk to provide a gradual transition to a single common laying breeder diet that was fed during the production period. At 21 wk of age in experiment 2, males were divided into light or heavy BW groups to complete a 2 x 2 factorial design during the production period. The high plane of nutrition increased BW, shank length, and comb height during the rearing period, but the differences disappeared after 28 wk of age. Retrospective analysis showed that the heavy males at 21 wk of age in experiment 2 were also the heaviest males at 8 wk of age. Both low plane groups (LoDiet in experiment 1 and LoFeed in experiment 2) exhibited better fertility during late production. A cumulative nutrient intake during the rearing period of 29,580 kcal of ME and 1,470 g of CP was minimally sufficient for subsequent male reproductive performance.}, number={1}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Romero-Sanchez, H. and Plumstead, P. W. and Leksrisompong, N. and Brake, J.}, year={2007}, month={Jan}, pages={175–181} }
 @article{romero-sanchez_plumstead_brake_2007, title={Feeding broiler breeder males. 3. Effect of feed allocation program from sixteen to twenty-six weeks and subsequent feed increments during the production period on body weight and fertility}, volume={86}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/86.4.775}, abstractNote={Two experiments were conducted to compare different feed allocation programs from 16 to 26 wk of age and during the subsequent production period on broiler breeder male BW and fertility. In experiment 1, Ross 344 males were randomly assigned to 3 rates (slow, medium, or fast) of weekly feed increase from 16 to 26 wk of age that provided a gradual increase from 85 to 110 g/male/d. Feed allocation was also increased 5 g/ male/d in a single increment at 55 wk of age after fertility had declined. In experiment 2, a 2 x 2 factorial design was used to evaluate the interaction between the slow and fast feeding programs described in experiment 1 in combination with 2 feeding programs (constant or increasing) during the subsequent production period. In experiment 1, the males on the fast feed program exhibited higher mortality after 32 wk of age and lower fertility after 46 wk of age. However, fertility recovered in all treatments after the feed allocation was increased at 55 wk of age. In experiment 2, the constant program elicited lower fertility from 36 to 55 wk. Males that received the slow feed program from 16 to 26 wk of age gained BW more slowly and apparently required less feed to sustain their BW throughout the production period. Increasing male feed allocation during the production period improved fertility.}, number={4}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Romero-Sanchez, H. and Plumstead, P. W. and Brake, J.}, year={2007}, month={Apr}, pages={775–781} }
 @article{maguire_plumstead_brake_2006, title={Impact of diet, moisture, location, and storage on soluble phosphorus in broiler breeder manure}, volume={35}, ISSN={["0047-2425"]}, DOI={10.2134/jeq2005.0435}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY}, author={Maguire, RO and Plumstead, PW and Brake, J}, year={2006}, pages={858–865} }
 @article{zakaria_plumstead_romero-sanchez_leksrisompong_osborne_brake_2005, title={Oviposition pattern, egg weight, fertility, and hatchability of young and old broiler breeders}, volume={84}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/84.9.1505}, abstractNote={Two experiments were conducted to investigate egg weight, fertility, hatchability, and embryonic mortality in relation to time of oviposition of young and old broiler breeder flocks. In experiment 1, eggs were collected from 2 flocks (34 and 59 wk) for 2 d at hourly intervals between 0700 and 1900 h. Most eggs were laid between 0700 and 1300 h, but eggs were laid later in the day by the old flock. Weights of early laid (C1) eggs were significantly greater than middle laid (Cs) and the late laid (Ct) eggs in the young flock, whereas late laid eggs (Ct) were significantly smaller than early laid (C1) and middle laid (Cs) eggs in the old flock. In experiment 2, eggs from experiment 1 were categorized as early laid first-in-sequence (C1) eggs (0700 to 0800 h), the mid-sequence (Cs) eggs (0900 to 1200 h), and the late laid terminal-in-sequence (Ct) eggs (1300 to 1700 h). These eggs were incubated to determine fertility, hatchability, and stage of embryonic mortality relative to oviposition time and flock age. Fertility declined with flock age, but there were no differences due to time of oviposition. There were no differences in hatchability of fertile eggs or embryonic mortality relative to time of oviposition (sequence position) or flock age. These results suggested that although there were differences in egg weight among eggs at different times of the day (different sequence positions), there were no differences in fertility, fertile hatchability, or embryonic mortality in naturally mated broiler breeders.}, number={9}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Zakaria, AH and Plumstead, PW and Romero-Sanchez, H and Leksrisompong, N and Osborne, J and Brake, J}, year={2005}, month={Sep}, pages={1505–1509} }