@article{vince_lascelles_mathews_altier_roe_2008, title={Evaluation of wraps covering the distal aspect of pelvic limbs for prevention of bacterial strike-through in an ex vivo canine model}, volume={37}, ISSN={["0161-3499"]}, url={https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-950X.2008.00395.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-950X.2008.00395.x}, abstractNote={Objective—To determine differences in bacterial strike‐through for materials commonly used to cover the distal aspect of the pelvic limb during operative site preparation.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Vince, Kent J. and Lascelles, B. Duncan X. and Mathews, Kyle G. and Altier, Craig and Roe, Simon C.}, year={2008}, month={Jun}, pages={406–411} }
 @article{huang_suyemoto_garner_cicconi_altier_2008, title={Formate acts as a diffusible signal to induce Salmonella invasion}, volume={190}, ISSN={["1098-5530"]}, DOI={10.1128/JB.00205-08}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={12}, journal={JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY}, author={Huang, Yanyan and Suyemoto, Mitsu and Garner, Cherilyn D. and Cicconi, Kellie M. and Altier, Craig}, year={2008}, month={Jun}, pages={4233–4241} }
 @article{lin_yan_huang_altier_li_carrasco_suyemoto_johnston_wang_wang_et al._2007, title={Design and synthesis of boronic-acid-labeled thymidine triphosphate for incorporation into DNA}, volume={35}, DOI={10.1093/nar/gkl1091}, abstractNote={The boronic acid moiety is a versatile functional group useful in carbohydrate recognition, glycoprotein pull-down, inhibition of hydrolytic enzymes and boron neutron capture therapy. The incorporation of the boronic-acid group into DNA could lead to molecules of various biological functions. We have successfully synthesized a boronic acid-labeled thymidine triphosphate (B-TTP) linked through a 14-atom tether and effectively incorporated it into DNA by enzymatic polymerization. The synthesis was achieved using the Huisgen cycloaddition as the key reaction. We have demonstrated that DNA polymerase can effectively recognize the boronic acid-labeled DNA as the template for DNA polymerization, that allows PCR amplification of boronic acid-labeled DNA. DNA polymerase recognitions of the B-TTP as a substrate and the boronic acid-labeled DNA as a template are critical issues for the development of DNA-based lectin mimics via in vitro selection.}, number={4}, journal={Nucleic Acids Research}, author={Lin, N. and Yan, J. and Huang, Z. and Altier, C. and Li, M. Y. and Carrasco, N. and Suyemoto, M. and Johnston, L. and Wang, S. M. and Wang, Q. and et al.}, year={2007}, pages={1222–1229} }
 @article{bush_poore_rogers_altier_2007, title={Effect of stacking method on Salmonella elimination from recycled poultry bedding}, volume={98}, ISSN={["0960-8524"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.biortech.2006.02.017}, abstractNote={Recycled poultry bedding (RPB) is a protein and mineral supplement for cattle. Concerns regarding this product have arisen because of the perceived risk of transmitting potentially pathogenic organisms to cattle. This study’s primary objective was to assess survival of Salmonella in RPB stacked to a recommended height (2.13 m—DS-RPB), or a height of 0.76 m (SS-RPB). Dialysis bags containing RPB and Salmonella typhimurium were placed throughout stacks. Temperature was monitored daily using thermocouples attached to sample bags. After 21 days, sample bags were recovered. Ammonia analysis was performed from multiple sites in the stacks. Bag contents were cultured to determine viability of the salmonella inoculates. This trial demonstrated a wide variation of temperature within the stacks. Temperature near the edge of stacks changed with ambient temperature. Ammonia concentration in the RPB was highest at the top of the DS-RPB. Salmonella was eliminated in 98.7% of sites, with at least a 5-log reduction in the Salmonella organisms in sites where it was still viable.}, number={3}, journal={BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY}, author={Bush, Dawn J. and Poore, Matthew H. and Rogers, Glenn M. and Altier, Craig}, year={2007}, month={Feb}, pages={571–578} }
 @article{fortune_suyemoto_altier_2006, title={Identification of CsrC and characterization of its role in epithelial cell invasion in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium}, volume={74}, ISSN={["1098-5522"]}, DOI={10.1128/IAI.74.1.331-339.2006}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={1}, journal={INFECTION AND IMMUNITY}, author={Fortune, DR and Suyemoto, M and Altier, C}, year={2006}, month={Jan}, pages={331–339} }
 @article{gebreyes_altier_thakur_2006, title={Molecular epidemiology and diversity of Salmonella serovar Typhimurium in pigs using phenotypic and genotypic approaches}, volume={134}, ISSN={["1469-4409"]}, DOI={10.1017/S0950268805004723}, abstractNote={SUMMARY}, number={1}, journal={EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION}, author={Gebreyes, WA and Altier, C and Thakur, S}, year={2006}, month={Feb}, pages={187–198} }
 @misc{altier_2005, title={Genetic and environmental control of Salmonella invasion}, volume={43}, number={Feb-05}, journal={Journal of Microbiology}, author={Altier, C.}, year={2005}, pages={85–92} }
 @article{gebreyes_davies_turkson_morgan morrow_funk_altier_thakur_2004, title={Characterization of Antimicrobial-Resistant Phenotypes and Genotypes among Salmonella enterica Recovered from Pigs on Farms, from Transport Trucks, and from Pigs after Slaughter}, volume={67}, ISSN={0362-028X}, url={http://jfoodprotection.org/doi/abs/10.4315/0362-028X-67.4.698}, DOI={10.4315/0362-028X-67.4.698}, abstractNote={The main objectives of this study were to determine antimicrobial resistance patterns among Salmonella serotypes and to evaluate the role of transport trucks in dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant strains of Salmonella. Salmonella from groups of nursery and finishing pigs on farms, from trucks, and from pigs after slaughter were compared using serotyping, patterns of antimicrobial resistance, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns. The five farms included in the study yielded 858 isolates representing 27 Salmonella serovars. The most common resistance observed (80% of all isolates) was to tetracycline; resistance to ampicillin (42%), chloramphenicol (31%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (30%), and piperacillin (31%) also were common. We found a correlation between serovar and antimicrobial resistance. High correlation was found between Salmonella Typhimurium var. Copenhagen and chloramphenicol resistance (Spearman rank correlation, rho = 0.7). Multidrug resistance was observed primarily in Salmonella Typhimurium var. Copenhagen (94%) and Salmonella Typhimurium (93%) and was much less common in the other common serovars, including Salmonella Derby (7%) and Salmonella Heidelberg (8%). Of the 225 isolates exhibiting the most common pentaresistance pattern in this study, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid-ampicillin-chloramphenicol-piperacillin-tetracycline, 220 (98%) were Salmonella Typhimurium var. Copenhagen, and 86% of the isolates of this serovar had this pattern. Isolates from the trucks were similar, based on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns, to those from the cecum and mesenteric lymph nodes of pigs on two of the farms, suggesting the probable infection of pigs during transport. Class I integrons were also common among various serovars.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Food Protection}, author={Gebreyes, Wondwossen A. and Davies, Peter R. and Turkson, Paa-Kobina and Morgan Morrow, W. E. and Funk, Julie A. and Altier, Craig and Thakur, Siddhartha}, year={2004}, month={Apr}, pages={698–705} }
 @article{gebreyes_davies_turkson_morrow_funk_altier_2004, title={Salmonella enterica serovars from pigs on farms and after slaughter and validity of using bacteriologic data to define herd Salmonella status}, volume={67}, ISSN={["1944-9097"]}, DOI={10.4315/0362-028X-67.4.691}, abstractNote={The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the validity of using data obtained from slaughtered pigs for farm-level epidemiologic studies of Salmonella. The study involved groups of pigs from five farms. Salmonella isolates were obtained from on-farm samples, and a total of 370 on-farm and an additional 486 isolates from samples collected after commercial slaughter were subsequently tested. Preharvest samples included feces of individual animals from defined groups of nursery and finishing pigs on commercial farms and swabs from trucks. Postslaughter samples were cecal contents and mesenteric lymph node samples. The concordance between Salmonella serovars isolated from on-farm samples and those serovars isolated after slaughter varied widely among farms. Results of paired lymph node and cecal cultures were strongly associated (odds ratio, 7.0), but the agreement between on-farm and postslaughter results at the pig level was poor (kappa = 0.34). The results support recent findings that risk of exposure to Salmonella during transport and lairage remains a concern under contemporary industry conditions. The findings further imply that slaughter plant studies based on phenotyping of Salmonella alone (such as serovars) may not reliably indicate the Salmonella status of commercial swine farms.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION}, author={Gebreyes, WA and Davies, PR and Turkson, PK and Morrow, WEM and Funk, JA and Altier, C}, year={2004}, month={Apr}, pages={691–697} }
 @article{gebreyes_thakur_davies_funk_altier_2004, title={Trends in antimicrobial resistance, phage types and integrons among Salmonella serotypes from pigs, 1997-2000}, volume={53}, ISSN={["1460-2091"]}, DOI={10.1093/jac/dkh247}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this study were to determine antimicrobial resistance and to identify phage types and class 1 integrons among non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates from 24 pig farms in North Carolina collected between 1997 and 2000.


METHODS
A total of 1314 isolates of 30 serotypes from pig faecal samples were collected and analysed over a 3 year period. The isolates were characterized using antimicrobial susceptibility testing, phage typing, PCR and DNA sequencing for class 1 integrons.


RESULTS
A high frequency of resistance to antimicrobial agents including tetracycline (85%), ampicillin (47%), co-amoxiclav (23%) and chloramphenicol (21%) was detected. Two multidrug resistance patterns were common in Typhimurium (including variant Copenhagen): isolates with co-amoxiclav, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline (R-type AxACSSuT) [36%] and isolates with ampicillin, kanamycin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline (R-type AKSSuT) [45%] resistance patterns. Definitive Type 104 (DT104) was the most common (34%) among eight phage types identified. AKSSuT was found among non-DT104 phage types, particularly DT21 and DT193. Class 1 integrons were detected among various serotypes including Typhimurium, Derby, Muenchen, Worthington, Bere and Muenster. aadA was the most common resistance gene insert, and the oxa30 beta-lactamase resistance gene was also identified among serovar Muenchen.


CONCLUSIONS
In this study, two most important multidrug resistance patterns (AxACSSuT and AKSSuT) and phage types of public health significance (DT104 and DT193) constituted two-thirds of the serotype Typhimurium isolates. The findings imply that pigs raised in the commercial production system may pose a risk in serving as reservoirs of resistant Salmonella.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy}, author={Gebreyes, W.A. and Thakur, S. and Davies, P.R. and Funk, J.A. and Altier, C.}, year={2004}, month={Jun}, pages={997–1003} }
 @article{lawhon_frye_suyemoto_porwollik_mcclelland_altier_2003, title={Global regulation by CsrA in Salmonella typhimurium}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1365-2958"]}, DOI={10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03535.x}, abstractNote={Summary}, number={6}, journal={MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Lawhon, SD and Frye, JG and Suyemoto, M and Porwollik, S and McClelland, M and Altier, C}, year={2003}, month={Jun}, pages={1633–1645} }
 @article{seguin_vaden_altier_stone_levine_2003, title={Persistent urinary tract infections and reinfections in 100 dogs (1989-1999)}, volume={17}, ISSN={["0891-6640"]}, DOI={10.1892/0891-6640(2003)017<0622:PUTIAR>2.3.CO;2}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Seguin, MA and Vaden, SL and Altier, C and Stone, E and Levine, JF}, year={2003}, pages={622–631} }
 @article{capucille_poore_altier_rogers_2002, title={Evaluation of Salmonella shedding in cattle fed recycled poultry bedding}, volume={36}, ISBN={0524-1685}, number={1}, journal={Bovine Practitioner}, author={Capucille, D. J. and Poore, M. H. and Altier, C. and Rogers, G. M.}, year={2002}, pages={15} }
 @article{lawhon_maurer_suyemoto_altier_2002, title={Intestinal short-chain fatty acids alter Salmonella typhimurium invasion gene expression and virulence through BarA/SirA}, volume={46}, ISSN={["1365-2958"]}, DOI={10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.03268.x}, abstractNote={Summary}, number={5}, journal={MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Lawhon, SD and Maurer, R and Suyemoto, M and Altier, C}, year={2002}, month={Dec}, pages={1451–1464} }
 @article{gebreyes_altier_2002, title={Molecular characterization of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica subsp enterica serovar Typhimurium isolates from swine}, volume={40}, ISSN={["0095-1137"]}, DOI={10.1128/JCM.40.8.2813-2822.2002}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Gebreyes, WA and Altier, C}, year={2002}, month={Aug}, pages={2813–2822} }
 @article{allen_fedorka-cray_vazquez-torres_suyemoto_altier_ryder_fang_libby_2001, title={In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium DT104 Virulence}, volume={69}, ISSN={0019-9567}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.69.7.4673-4677.2001}, DOI={10.1128/IAI.69.7.4673-4677.2001}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={7}, journal={Infection and Immunity}, publisher={American Society for Microbiology}, author={Allen, C. A. and Fedorka-Cray, P. J. and Vazquez-Torres, A. and Suyemoto, M. and Altier, C. and Ryder, L. R. and Fang, F. C. and Libby, S. J.}, year={2001}, month={Jul}, pages={4673–4677} }
 @article{feng_laster_tompkins_brown_xu_altier_gomez_benfield_mccaw_2001, title={In utero infection by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus is sufficient to increase susceptibility of piglets to challenge by Streptococcus suis type II}, volume={75}, ISSN={["1098-5514"]}, DOI={10.1128/JVI.75.10.4889-4895.2001}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={10}, journal={JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY}, author={Feng, WH and Laster, SM and Tompkins, M and Brown, T and Xu, JS and Altier, C and Gomez, W and Benfield, D and McCaw, MB}, year={2001}, month={May}, pages={4889–4895} }
 @misc{altier_2001, title={NCCLS quality control values for veterinary- use fluoroquinolones - Author's reply}, volume={39}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, author={Altier, C.}, year={2001}, pages={1681} }
 @article{gebreyes_davies_morrow_funk_altier_2000, title={Antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolates from swine}, volume={38}, number={12}, journal={Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, author={Gebreyes, W. A. and Davies, P. R. and Morrow, W. E. M. and Funk, J. A. and Altier, C.}, year={2000}, pages={4633–4636} }
 @article{altier_suyemoto_ruiz_burnham_maurer_2000, title={Characterization of two novel regulatory genes affecting Salmonella invasion gene expression}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1365-2958"]}, DOI={10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.01734.x}, abstractNote={A Salmonella typhimurium chromosomal deletion removing ≈19 kb of DNA at centisome 65 reduces invasion of cultured epithelial cells as well as the expression of lacZY operon fusions to several genes required for the invasive phenotype. As the deleted region contains no genes previously known to affect Salmonella invasion, we investigated the roles of individual genes in the deleted region using a combination of cloning, complementation and directed mutation. We find that the deletion includes two unrelated regulatory genes. One is the Salmonella homologue of Escherichia coli barA (airS ), which encodes a member of the multistep phosphorelay subgroup of two‐component sensor kinases. The action of BarA is coupled to that of SirA, a member of the phosphorylated response regulator family of proteins, and includes both HilA‐dependent and HilA‐independent components. The other regulatory gene removed by the deletion is the Salmonella homologue of E. coli csrB, which specifies a regulatory RNA implicated in controlling specific message turnover in E. coli. These results identify a protein that is likely to play a key role in the environmental control of Salmonella invasion gene expression, and they also suggest that transcriptional control of invasion genes could be subject to refinement at the level of message turnover.}, number={3}, journal={MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Altier, C and Suyemoto, M and Ruiz, AI and Burnham, KD and Maurer, R}, year={2000}, month={Feb}, pages={635–646} }
 @article{riddle_lemons_papich_altier_2000, title={Evaluation of ciprofloxacin as a representative of veterinary fluoroquinolones in susceptibility testing}, volume={38}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, author={Riddle, C. and Lemons, C. L. and Papich, M. G. and Altier, C.}, year={2000}, pages={1636–1637} }
 @article{altier_suyemoto_lawhon_2000, title={Regulation of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium invasion genes by csrA}, volume={68}, ISSN={["1098-5522"]}, DOI={10.1128/IAI.68.12.6790-6797.2000}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={12}, journal={INFECTION AND IMMUNITY}, author={Altier, C and Suyemoto, M and Lawhon, SD}, year={2000}, month={Dec}, pages={6790–6797} }
 @article{altier_suyemoto_1999, title={A recombinase-based selection of differentially expressed bacterial genes}, volume={240}, ISSN={["1879-0038"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0378-1119(99)00427-8}, abstractNote={Bacterial genes are often differentially expressed in response to specific environmental conditions. We have devised a method to identify regulated bacterial promoters, such that transient promoter expression leads to a permanent and selectable change in bacterial phenotype. This system consists of a promoterless derivative of cre, the phage P1 recombinase, carried on a plasmid, and two chromosomal loxP sites, the targets of the Cre recombinase. The loxP sites flank npt, conferring kanamycin resistance, and sacB, which confers sensitivity to sucrose, allowing positive selection for both the presence and absence of this chromosomal cassette. Fusion of active promoters to cre induces recombination of the loxP sites and deletion of intervening DNA, allowing selection on media containing sucrose, while inactive promoters fail to induce recombination and so remain resistant to kanamycin. We tested the system in Salmonella typhimurium using a known regulated promoter, that from the araBAD operon, and found it to be a sensitive indicator of gene expression over a wide range of promoter induction. We then used this system to identify S. typhimurium genes that are specifically expressed when bacteria interact with cultured epithelial cells and identified a novel DNA fragment, not found in E. coli, which might represent part of a new pathogenicity island.}, number={1}, journal={GENE}, author={Altier, C and Suyemoto, M}, year={1999}, month={Nov}, pages={99–106} }
 @article{lewbart_stoskopf_losordo_geyer_owen_smith_law_altier_1999, title={Safety and efficacy of the Environmental Products Group Masterflow Aquarium Management System with Aegis Microbe Shield (TM)}, volume={19}, ISSN={["0144-8609"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0144-8609(98)00043-0}, abstractNote={This study investigated the safety and efficacy of the EPG Masterflow Aquarium Management System with Aegis Microbe Shield™ (EPG-MAMS). Four different species of fish were used in the study. Ten fish of each species were placed in 75 l aquariums containing the EPG filter media, a commercially available filter media (Whisper®) and an aquarium with no filter material. At the end of the 45 day trial three fish from each tank were sacrificed and preserved in formalin for histopathology. Water quality parameters were routinely monitored. The EPG filter media was compared with the Whisper® filter media for efficacy against Aeromonas salmonicida using a shaker flask microbiological assay. The EPG filter proved to be clinically and histopathologically safe and reduced to some degree the number of A. salmonicida suspended in water in an in vitro study.}, number={2}, journal={AQUACULTURAL ENGINEERING}, author={Lewbart, GA and Stoskopf, MK and Losordo, T and Geyer, J and Owen, J and Smith, DW and Law, M and Altier, C}, year={1999}, month={Jan}, pages={93–98} }
 @article{sellon_walker_suyemoto_altier_1997, title={Nucleic acid amplification for rapid detection of Rhodococcus equi in equine blood and tracheal wash fluids}, volume={58}, number={11}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Sellon, D. C. and Walker, K. and Suyemoto, M. M. and Altier, C.}, year={1997}, pages={1232–1237} }