@article{lee_hubbe_2009, title={Morphologies of synthetic mineral microparticles for papermaking as a function of synthetic conditions}, volume={339}, ISSN={["0927-7757"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.02.006}, abstractNote={Abstract Morphological characteristics were determined for a system of synthetic mineral microparticles (SMM), which have been developed to promote drainage of water and retention of fine particles during papermaking. Prior research, as well as our own preliminary research showed that the SMM system can have advantages in both of drainage and retention, compared with montmorillonite (bentonite), which is one of the most popular materials presently used in this kind of application. A partially gelled form of a silica-type microparticle additive is known to perform better than the corresponding sol form, in terms of fine-particle retention during papermaking. For this reason it was of interest to investigate the morphological behavior of SMM as a function of the conditions of synthesis. BET nitrogen adsorption was used to measure the surface area of SMM. The distribution of SMM particle size was investigated in the aqueous state, using a light-scattering technique. The coagulation behavior and morphology of SMM were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that the structural characteristics of SMM particles could be explained in terms of the effects of ionic charges on colloidal stability of primary particles during formation of the SMM.}, number={1-3}, journal={COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS}, author={Lee, Sa Yong and Hubbe, Martin A.}, year={2009}, month={May}, pages={118–125} }
 @article{lee_hubbe_2008, title={Polyelectrolyte titrations of synthetic mineral microparticle suspensions to evaluate charge characteristics}, volume={331}, ISSN={["1873-4359"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.colsurfa.2008.08.003}, abstractNote={Colloidal charge properties were determined for a system of synthetic mineral microparticles (SMM), which have been developed to promote drainage of water and retention of fine particles during papermaking. Prior research, as well as our own preliminary research showed that the SMM system can have advantages in both of drainage and retention, compared with montmorillonite (bentonite), which is one of the most popular materials presently used in this kind of application. Streaming current titrations employing highly charged polyelectrolytes and were used to evaluate the charge properties of SMM suspensions and to understand the interactions among SMM particles, fibers, fiber fines, and cationic polyacrylamide (cPAM). Polyelectrolyte titrations were carried out under different conditions of pH to predict the charge properties of SMM under conditions that reflect paper manufacturing practices. It was found that pH variation, caused by the change of Al/Si ratio and partial neutralization of aluminum's acidity, profoundly affected the charge properties of SMM, due to the variation of Al-ions and the influence ionizable groups on the Si-containing particle surface.}, number={3}, journal={COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS}, author={Lee, Sa Yong and Hubbe, Martin A.}, year={2008}, month={Dec}, pages={175–182} }
 @article{hubbe_rojas_lee_park_wang_2007, title={Distinctive electrokinetic behavior of nanoporous silica particles treated with cationic polyelectrolyte}, volume={292}, ISSN={["0927-7757"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.colsurfa.2006.06.034}, abstractNote={In this study we show, for the first time, that the streaming potential of aqueous suspensions of nanoporous silica gel, after treatment with the cationic polyelectrolyte poly-diallyldimethylammonium chloride (poly-DADMAC), can depend very strongly on the concentration of background electrolyte. An increase in the electrical conductivity from 60 to 1000 μS/cm resulted in an approximately 1000-fold increase in the amount of poly-DADMAC that was required to reach an endpoint of zero streaming potential. Results were explained by two contributions to the overall electrokinetic behavior—one due to the outer surfaces and another due to the interior surfaces of nanopore spaces that were inaccessible to the polyelectrolytes. Experiments with cyclical changes in salt content revealed a high degree of reversibility; such observations help to rule out explanations based on salt-induced desorption or enhancement of pore penetration. Supplementary tests with non-porous glass fibers showed no evidence of the distinctive electrokinetic behavior observed in the case of nanoporous particles. Effects of polymer molecular mass and pH, evaluated under similar experimental conditions, agreed with well-established trends.}, number={2-3}, journal={COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS}, author={Hubbe, Martin A. and Rojas, Orlando J. and Lee, Sa Yong and Park, Sunkyu and Wang, Yun}, year={2007}, month={Jan}, pages={271–278} }
 @article{lofton_moore_hubbe_lee_2005, title={Deposition of polyelectrolyte complexes as a mechanism for developing paper dry strength}, volume={4}, number={9}, journal={TAPPI Journal}, author={Lofton, M. C. and Moore, S. M. and Hubbe, M. A. and Lee, S.}, year={2005}, month={Sep}, pages={3–7} }
 @article{lee_hubbe, title={Application of synthetic mineral microparticles with various metal species'}, volume={40}, number={5}, journal={Journal of the Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Industry of Korea = Palpu, chongi kisul}, author={Lee, S. Y. and Hubbe, M. A.}, pages={1–10} }
 @article{lee_hubbe_saka, title={Prospects for diodiesel as a byproduct of wood pulping - A review}, volume={1}, number={1}, journal={BioResources}, author={Lee, S. Y. and Hubbe, M. A. and Saka, H.}, pages={150–171} }