@article{lee_whang_2011, title={Poly(vinyl alcohol) Blend Film with m-Aramid as an N-halamine Precursor for Antimicrobial Activity}, volume={122}, ISSN={["1097-4628"]}, DOI={10.1002/app.34055}, abstractNote={AbstractPoly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) was blended with m‐aramid as an N‐halamine precursor for imparting antimicrobial activity. A series of PVA/m‐aramid blend films were produced with different ratios of PVA/m‐aramid by weight (100/0, 100/2, 100/6, 100/10, and 100/50). The films were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The FTIR spectra of the PVA/m‐aramid blends are a combination of the spectra of pure PVA and of pure m‐aramid. However, the peak intensity in the m‐aramid decreases with decreasing m‐aramid content from 50 to 2 wt % in PVA. It implies the compatibility of m‐aramid in the PVA/m‐aramid blend films. Furthermore, a single glass transition temperature (Tg) for all blend films by DSC confirms that PVA/m‐aramid is successfully miscible. The crystallinity of PVA/m‐aramid blend films decreases slightly with increasing m‐aramid content in the blend films. This agrees with the results obtained by WAXD. However, melting point and thermal stability of the blend films increases with increasing m‐aramid content in the blend films. Chlorinated PVA/2% m‐aramid blend film produces about 5.7 log reduction of both Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria at 30 min contact, implying sufficient antimicrobial activity. Therefore, PVA/m‐aramid blend films may serve as a novel material for biomedical applications. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE}, author={Lee, Jaewoong and Whang, Hyun Suk}, year={2011}, month={Nov}, pages={2345–2350} }
 @article{agrawal_kim_tonelli_whang_2010, title={Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex Formation with Butylated Hydroxytoluene and Its Application in Polyethylene Film}, volume={118}, ISSN={["1097-4628"]}, DOI={10.1002/app.32543}, abstractNote={AbstractThe phenolic antioxidant, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), is added during polymer processing to protect polymers from oxidative degradation. Because of its high‐volatility, it is susceptible to loss through volatilization in high‐temperature processing. Cyclodextrin (CD) inclusion complexation (IC) with volatile compounds can prevent losses of volatile compounds, because of volatilization. In this study, BHT was successfully included in β‐CD and its complex was confirmed using Wide‐Angle X‐ray Diffraction (WAXD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) films with BHT itself and BHT‐β‐CD‐IC were produced on a pilot plant scale. After extrusion, it was found that 44 and 78% BHT was lost from the BHT‐β‐CD‐IC LDPE and BHT LDPE films, respectively. Hence, the complex proved to be more efficient in preventing loss of BHT, because of encapsulation of volatile BHT. In addition, microscopy studies indicate that BHT‐β‐CD‐IC LDPE film shows small aggregates, uniformly distributed in the LDPE matrix over a large range. The BHT efficiency of the complex in the film was measured using DSC for determining the oxidation induction time. The oxidation induction time (OITtime) was 35 min for the BHT‐β‐CD‐IC LDPE film as compared with 16 min and 26 min values of LDPE and BHT LDPE films, respectively. Hence, the encapsulation of BHT in β‐CD maximizes the efficiency and stability to thermal degradation for BHT‐β‐CD‐IC LDPE film. The viscoelastic behavior of the films was also studied using dynamic mechanical analysis. The results indicate increases in storage modulus (El) and loss modulus (Ell) of the complex and a shift in the maxima of tan δ (Ell/El) to lower temperature in the LDPE films processed with BHT, β‐CD, and BHT‐β‐CD‐IC. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE}, author={Agrawal, Manisha and Kim, Young Teck and Tonelli, Alan and Whang, Hyun Suk}, year={2010}, month={Oct}, pages={1184–1190} }
 @article{kim_kim_huang_whang_lee_2009, title={Antimicrobial Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Treated with an Aromatic N-Halamine Precursor, m-Aramid}, volume={114}, ISSN={["1097-4628"]}, DOI={10.1002/app.31016}, abstractNote={AbstractA commercial m‐aramid as N‐halamine precursor has been coated onto polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabric surface by pad‐dry‐curing process. The process is accomplished by padding the scoured PET fabric through the homogeneous m‐aramid solution, drying at 150°C for 3 min, and curing at 230°C for 3 min. The PET surface coated with m‐aramid was characterized using fourier transform infrared‐attenuated total reflection (FTIR‐ATR) spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). FTIR exhibits new bands in the 1645 and 1524 cm−1 regions as characteristic of m‐aramid bands, which indicate the PET fabric coated with m‐aramid. XPS results show a distinguishable peak at binding energy 398.7 eV, which confirms the nitrogen atom of m‐aramid on the PET surface. In addition, SEM image shows a layer of coating onto the PET surfaces, which demonstrates the presence of m‐aramid coating on the surface of the PET. After exposure to dilute sodium hypochlorite solution, exhibition of antimicrobial activity on the coated PET is attributed to the conversion of N‐halamine moieties from the N‐halamine precursor. The chlorinated PET showed high antimicrobial activity against Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacteria. The chlorinated PET coated with 10% m‐aramid exhibited about 6 log reductions of S. aureus and E. coli O157:H7 at a contact time of 10 and 30 min, respectively. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity was durable and rechargeable after 25 wash cycles. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE}, author={Kim, Sam Soo and Kim, Jiyoung and Huang, T. S. and Whang, Hyun Suk and Lee, Jaewoong}, year={2009}, month={Dec}, pages={3835–3840} }
 @article{whang_tonelli_2008, title={Release characteristics of the non-toxic insect repellant 2-undecanone from its crystalline inclusion compound with alpha-cyclodextrin}, volume={62}, ISSN={["1573-1111"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10847-008-9447-z}, number={1-2}, journal={JOURNAL OF INCLUSION PHENOMENA AND MACROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY}, author={Whang, Hyun Suk and Tonelli, Alan}, year={2008}, month={Oct}, pages={127–134} }
 @article{whang_vendeix_gracz_gadsby_tonelli_2008, title={NMR studies of the inclusion complex of cloprostenol sodium salt with beta-cyclodextrin in aqueous solution}, volume={25}, ISSN={["1573-904X"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11095-007-9493-z}, abstractNote={{"Label"=>"PURPOSE", "NlmCategory"=>"OBJECTIVE"} Cloprostenol sodium salt (referred as cloprostenol) may be used for the synchronization of estrous cycles in farm animal species. Cyclodextrins (CDs) have potential as drug delivery systems through the formation of inclusion complexes between CDs and drugs. This is the first study of the inclusion complex of cloprostenol with beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) in aqueous solution using NMR and 3D molecular dynamics simulations. {"Label"=>"METHODS", "NlmCategory"=>"METHODS"} 1D proton NMR spectra of beta-CD, a complex of cloprostenol with beta-CD, and cloprostenol in D(2)O were assigned and confirmed. The cross relaxation interactions from ROESY were used as constraints for 3D molecular modeling studies. {"Label"=>"RESULTS", "NlmCategory"=>"RESULTS"} In the 2D ROESY of the complex, cross-peaks were observed between the aromatic protons of cloprostenol and protons of the beta-CD as well as between aliphatic protons and protons of the beta-CD. The stoichiometry of the complex was found that beta-CD forms a 1:1 inclusion complex with cloprostenol. The association constant K was 968 +/- 120 M(-1) at 298 K. {"Label"=>"CONCLUSIONS", "NlmCategory"=>"CONCLUSIONS"} Aromatic side and/or aliphatic side chains of the cloprostenol is included in the beta-CD while aliphatic side and/or aromatic side chains wraps around beta-CD, respectively. The molecular modeling also confirms that beta-CD forms a 1:1 inclusion complex with cloprostenol.}, number={5}, journal={PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH}, author={Whang, Hyun Suk and Vendeix, Franck A. P. and Gracz, Hanna S. and Gadsby, John and Tonelli, Alan}, year={2008}, month={May}, pages={1142–1149} }
 @article{whang_hunt_wrench_hockney_farin_tonelli_2007, title={Nonoxynol-9-alpha-cyclodextrin inclusion compound and its application for the controlled release of nonoxynol-9 spermicide}, volume={106}, ISSN={["1097-4628"]}, DOI={10.1002/app.26956}, abstractNote={AbstractNonoxynol‐9 (N‐9) is the most active ingredient in commercially available spermicidal products in the United States. There are many applications of cyclodextrin inclusion complexes (CD‐ICs), but there are no reported studies investigating the formation of and controlled release from a N‐9 spermicide‐CD‐IC. We have successfully formed the inclusion compound between N‐9 and α‐CD using a solution‐heating technique. The N‐9‐α‐CD‐IC was characterized by Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and wide angle X‐ray diffraction observations. Silicone elastomer (SILASTIC MDX4‐4210) film embedded with crystalline N‐9‐α‐CD‐IC was prepared and evaluated for its efficacy in the controlled release of N‐9 spermicide against bovine sperm. Silicone elastomer with N‐9‐α‐CD‐IC was as successful in reducing the motility and viability of bovine spermtazoa as silicone elastomer swollen with an equivalent amount of neat N‐9. The permeability of the flexible silicone elastomer apparently enables the N‐9 spermicide to diffuse from its embedded inclusion complex crystals to contact, immobilize, and kill bovine sperm cells. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE}, author={Whang, Hyun Suk and Hunt, Marcus A. and Wrench, Nicola and Hockney, Jessica E. and Farin, Charlotte E. and Tonelli, Alan E.}, year={2007}, month={Dec}, pages={4104–4109} }
 @misc{whang_kirsch_zhu_yang_hudson_2005, title={Hemostatic agents derived from chitin and chitosan}, volume={C45}, ISSN={["1532-1797"]}, DOI={10.1080/15321790500304122}, abstractNote={A recent review detailing the role of new hemostatic agents for battlefield hemorrhage control describes the interest in and necessary specifications for such materials. As a consequence, the Defense Department authorized the development and use of three deployable and FDA approved hemostatic agents: Zeolite “Quikclot” and chitosanic “Hemcon” and the American Red Cross Fibrin Dressing. Although chitosan has a number of advantages over the other hemostatic agents, it is the least understood of the three agents noted above. The use of chitosan and chitin in different physical forms as a hemostatic agent is described. The chemical properties of chitosan related to hemostatis possibly include: molecular weight, extent of ionization, counter ion, degree of deacetylation, and degree of crystallinity. Also, its ability to bind with tissues are a function of these parameters. Chitosan can be used in medical and surgical procedures by its direct application to a bleeding surface using the various physical forms such as powder, solution, coating, film, hydrogel, and filament composite.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE-POLYMER REVIEWS}, author={Whang, HS and Kirsch, W and Zhu, YH and Yang, CZ and Hudson, SM}, year={2005}, pages={309–323} }