@article{gerding_gilger_montgomery_clode_2015, title={Presumed primary ocular lymphangiosarcoma with metastasis in a miniature horse}, volume={18}, ISSN={1463-5216}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.12249}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12249}, abstractNote={AbstractA 7‐year‐old, 153.0‐kg American Miniature mare presented for evaluation of keratoconjunctivitis of the right eye (OD). A superior palpebral conjunctival mass and stromal keratitis were diagnosed. The incisional biopsy diagnosis was a presumptive corneal hemangiosarcoma. Transpalpebral enucleation was performed, and histopathologic evaluation confirmed angiosarcoma of the conjunctiva, cornea, and extraocular muscles. The horse developed progressive epistaxis and orbital swelling following surgery. A systemic workup was performed 3 months after enucleation, revealing regrowth within the orbit and marked cranial cervical lymphomegaly, suggestive of metastasis. Humane euthanasia was performed, and necropsy confirmed a locally invasive periorbital tumor with metastasis to the submandibular tissue, submandibular lymph node, and thoracic inlet. Histopathologic evaluation of necropsy specimens revealed polygonal to spindle neoplastic cells lining neoplastic vascular channels lacking erythrocytes. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells labeled strongly positive for PROX‐1, vimentin, CD‐31, VEGF, weakly positive for factor VIII‐related antigen, and negative for collagen IV. Based on the clinical, histological, and immunohistochemical features of this tumor, a primary ocular lymphangiosarcoma with metastasis was diagnosed.}, number={6}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Gerding, Joseph C. and Gilger, Brian C. and Montgomery, Stephanie A. and Clode, Alison B.}, year={2015}, month={Jan}, pages={502–509} }
 @misc{gerding_clode_gilger_montgomery_2014, title={Equine orbital fractures: a review of 18 cases (2006-2013)}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1463-5224"]}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12162}, abstractNote={ObjectiveTo review the clinical features, treatments, complications, and outcomes of horses with traumatic orbital fractures.Study designRetrospective study.Sample PopulationEighteen horses with confirmed orbital fractures.ProceduresMedical records of horses presenting with orbital fractures between 2006 and 2013 were reviewed. Signalment, etiology of fracture, clinical signs, fracture descriptions, diagnostic imaging, treatments, complications, and outcomes were evaluated.ResultsEighteen horses presented with orbital fractures resulting from rearing in a confined space (n = 5), being kicked (4), colliding with a stationary object (3), and unknown trauma (6). Radiography and computed tomography were effective at classifying fractures and evaluating sinus/nasal involvement. Epistaxis/sinusitis were associated with fractures of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone (n = 3) and comminuted fractures of multiple bones (5). Seventeen fractures required treatment, with fifteen receiving a combination of medical and surgical therapy. Surgery included reduction of large bony fragments (n = 8), removal of small fragments (12), stabilization with a wire implant (1), and sinus trephination and lavage (5). Factors contributing to a favorable outcome included: globe retention (n = 16), vision (14), comfort (15), cosmesis (9), and return to previous function (13).ConclusionsHorses sustaining orbital fractures treated promptly with medical and surgical therapy have a favorable prognosis for return to function and cosmesis. Fractures affecting the zygomatic process of the frontal bone are unlikely to involve the sinus/nasal cavities. Epistaxis and sinusitis warrant more aggressive therapy and decrease functional and cosmetic outcome.}, journal={VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY}, author={Gerding, Joseph C. and Clode, Alison and Gilger, Brian C. and Montgomery, Keith W.}, year={2014}, month={Jul}, pages={97–106} }
 @article{edelmann_mcmullen_stoppini_clode_gilger_2014, title={Retrospective analysis of equine cataract surgery – visual outcomes vs age, IOL, and ERU status (35 cases)}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1463-5224"]}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12185}, abstractNote={AbstractObjectiveTo determine the effect of age at the time of surgery, intraocular lens (IOL) placement, and presence of chronic uveitis on visual outcome after phacoemulsification and aspiration (PA) of cataracts in horses.Animals studiedRecords of 41 horses (46 eyes) receiving unilateral or bilateral PA.MethodsRetrospective analysis of horses receiving unilateral or bilateral PA at the NCSU‐VTH (35 horses, 39 eyes) and in Northern Italy (six horses, seven eyes) was performed. Visual status at last follow‐up was compared to age at the time of surgery, IOL status, and presence of chronic uveitis preoperatively. Seven horses with chronic uveitis also underwent placement of a suprachoroidal cyclosporine implant. Clinical ophthalmic examinations and owner questionnaires were used to evaluate visual status.ResultsTwenty‐one of 46 eyes (46%) received an IOL and 12 of 46 eyes (26%) had chronic uveitis. Overall, 25 of 46 eyes (54%) were visual at last follow‐up (mean 35.1 ± 34.8 months). Age (mean 8.6 ± 7.7 years) was not significantly associated with visual outcome. Fourteen of 21 (67%) pseudophakic eyes and 11 of 25 (44%) aphakic eyes were visual at last follow‐up (P = 0.342). Eyes with preoperative chronic uveitis were significantly less likely to be visual (3 of 12 eyes [25%]) than horses without preoperative chronic uveitis (22 of 34 eyes [65%]) (P = 0.023).ConclusionsHorses with chronic uveitis had significantly less favorable visual outcome after PA. Older age at surgery and IOL use were not associated with poor visual outcome.}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, author={Edelmann, Michele L. and McMullen, Richard, Jr. and Stoppini, Riccardo and Clode, Alison and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2014}, pages={160–167} }
 @article{clode_gilger_2014, title={Veterinary Ophthalmology - Equine Ophthalmology Special Issue Preface}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1463-5224"]}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12189}, abstractNote={Veterinary OphthalmologyVolume 17, Issue s1 p. 1-1 Preface Veterinary Ophthalmology - Equine Ophthalmology Special Issue Alison Clode DVM, Dipl. ACVO, Alison Clode DVM, Dipl. ACVO Associate Professor of Ophthalmology Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USASearch for more papers by this authorBrian Gilger DVM, MS, Dipl. ACVO, Dipl. ABT, Brian Gilger DVM, MS, Dipl. ACVO, Dipl. ABT Professor of Ophthalmology bgilger@ncsu.edu Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USASearch for more papers by this author Alison Clode DVM, Dipl. ACVO, Alison Clode DVM, Dipl. ACVO Associate Professor of Ophthalmology Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USASearch for more papers by this authorBrian Gilger DVM, MS, Dipl. ACVO, Dipl. ABT, Brian Gilger DVM, MS, Dipl. ACVO, Dipl. ABT Professor of Ophthalmology bgilger@ncsu.edu Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 04 July 2014 https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.12189Citations: 1Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume17, Issues1Special Issue: Equine OphthalmologyJuly 2014Pages 1-1 RelatedInformation}, journal={VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY}, author={Clode, Alison and Gilger, Brian}, year={2014}, month={Jul}, pages={1–1} }
 @article{bailey_hempstead_tobias_borst_clode_posner_2013, title={Evaluation of the effects of tricaine methanesulfonate on retinal structure and function in koi carp (Cyprinus carpio)}, volume={242}, ISSN={0003-1488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.242.11.1578}, DOI={10.2460/javma.242.11.1578}, abstractNote={Abstract
Objective—To determine whether repeated exposure to clinically relevant concentrations of tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) would alter retinal function or induce histologically detectable retinal lesions in koi carp (Cyprinus carpio).
Design—Prospective, controlled, experimental study.
Animals—18 healthy koi carp.
Procedures—2 fish were euthanized at the start of the study, and eyes were submitted for histologic evaluation as untreated controls. Anesthesia was induced in the remaining fish with 200 mg of MS-222/L and maintained with concentrations of 125 to 150 mg/L for a total exposure time of 20 minutes daily on 1 to 13 consecutive days. On days 1, 7, and 13, electroretinography of both eyes was performed in all fish remaining in the study, and 2 fish were euthanized immediately after each procedure for histologic evaluation of the eyes. Median b-wave amplitudes were compared among study days for right eyes and for left eyes via 1-way repeated-measures ANOVA with a Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons.
Results—Median b-wave amplitudes on days 1, 7, and 13 were 17.7, 20.9, and 17.6 μV, respectively, for right eyes and 15.1, 16.9, and 14.3 μV, respectively, for left eyes. No significant differences in b-wave amplitudes were detected among study days. No histopathologic abnormalities were identified in the retinas of any fish treated with MS-222 or in control fish.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Short-term exposure of koi carp to clinically relevant concentrations of MS-222 daily for up to 13 days was not associated with changes in retinal structure or function as measured in this study.}, number={11}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Bailey, Kate M. and Hempstead, Julie E. and Tobias, Jeremy R. and Borst, Luke B. and Clode, Alison B. and Posner, Lysa P.}, year={2013}, month={Jun}, pages={1578–1582} }
 @article{hempstead_clode_salmon_gilger_2013, title={Histopathologic features of equine superficial, nonhealing, corneal ulcers}, volume={17}, ISSN={1463-5216 1463-5224}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.12117}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12117}, abstractNote={AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate corneal changes associated with chronic, nonhealing, superficial, corneal ulcers in horses via common histopathological stains.DesignRetrospective study.AnimalsTwenty‐four horses diagnosed with chronic, nonhealing, superficial, corneal ulceration.MethodsThe medical records of horses evaluated at North Carolina State University's Veterinary Teaching Hospital (NCSU‐VTH) from 2005 to 2011, diagnosed with a chronic, nonhealing, superficial, corneal ulcer and treated with superficial keratectomy (SK) were reviewed. Inclusion criteria were superficial corneal ulceration, no cellular infiltration via slit‐lamp biomicroscopy, no microorganisms evident on corneal cytology, and acquisition of samples for aerobic bacterial and common fungal cultures. Corneal tissue samples were evaluated histopathologically for the presence or absence of a nonadherent epithelial ‘lip’, epithelial dysmaturity, intraepithelial inflammatory cells, an acellular hyaline zone in the anterior stroma, and stromal inflammatory cells, fibrosis and vascularization.ResultsIn the majority of analyzed samples, epithelial cells adjacent to the ulcerated site showed nonadherence to the basement membrane and dysmaturity. Intraepithelial inflammatory cell infiltration was uncommon. Histopathological features of an anterior stromal hyaline zone, intrastromal inflammation, fibrosis and vascularization were variably present.ConclusionsThe most consistent histopathological characteristics of equine chronic, nonhealing, superficial, corneal ulcers include epithelial nonadherence, epithelial dysmaturity and mild to moderate stromal inflammation; however, one set of histopathological characteristics does not definitively define this syndrome in horses. Additionally, the anterior stromal acellular hyaline zone commonly cited in canine spontaneous chronic corneal epithelial defects (SCCED) is not a consistent finding in equine corneas.}, number={s1}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Hempstead, J.H. and Clode, A.C. and Salmon, B.H. and Gilger, B.C.}, year={2013}, pages={46–52} }
 @article{gilger_stoppini_wilkie_clode_pinto_hempstead_gerding_salmon_2013, title={Treatment of immune-mediated keratitis in horses with episcleral silicone matrix cyclosporine delivery devices}, volume={17}, ISSN={1463-5216}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.12087}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12087}, abstractNote={AbstractPurposeTo describe the use of episcleral silicone matrix cyclosporine (ESMC) drug delivery devices in horses with immune‐mediated keratitis (IMMK) with evaluation of tolerability and efficacy in long‐term control of inflammation.MethodsRetrospective study. ESMC implants (1.2 cm length, 30% wt/wt cyclosporine (CsA) in silicone; with approximately 2 μg/day steady‐state release for at least 400 days) were used.ResultsNineteen horses (20 eyes) received two or more ESMC implants for superficial stromal (n = 9), midstromal (n = 3), or endothelial (n = 5) IMMK. Three additional horses received two or more ESMC implants for pigmentary keratouveitis (PK). Nine eyes of eight horses with superficial and five eyes of five horses with endothelial IMMK were well controlled after placement of ESMC implants (mean follow‐up 176.8 and 207.2 days, respectively). Horses with midstromal IMMK and PK were not controlled with ESMC implants alone, but instead required frequent use of other medications or surgery to control the disease. The mean duration of disease prior to ESMC implantation of horses with midstromal IMMK was 495 ± 203.9 days, compared with 121.6 ± 92.7 days with superficial IMMK. ESMC implants were well tolerated by all horses without documented loss of the device.ConclusionsResults from this preliminary retrospective study suggest that the ESMC implants were well tolerated and associated with treatment success with superficial and endothelial IMMK, especially if placed early in the disease process. Further study is needed to determine the duration of efficacy, number of implants required, and better therapies for chronic midstromal IMMK and pigmentary keratouveitis.}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Gilger, Brian C. and Stoppini, Riccardo and Wilkie, David A. and Clode, Alison B. and Pinto, Nelson H. and Hempstead, Julie and Gerding, Joseph and Salmon, Jacklyn H.}, year={2013}, month={Aug}, pages={23–30} }
 @article{clode_harms_fatzinger_young_colitz_wert_2012, title={Identification and management of ocular lipid deposition in association with hyperlipidaemia in captive moray eels , Gymnothorax funebris Ranzani, Gymnothorax moringa (Cuvier) and Muraena retifera Goode and Bean}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1365-2761"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2761.2012.01396.x}, abstractNote={AbstractOcular lipid deposition and its surgical management and possible association with systemic hyperlipidaemia in captive moray eels are described. Ophthalmologic examinations, haematology and plasma biochemistry analyses were performed on an initial population of captive moray eels (n = 10): green moray, Gymnothorax funebris Ranzani; spotted moray, Gymnothorax morninga (Cuvier) and reticulated moray, Muraena retifera Goode and Bean. Recently captured green moray eels comprised the control group (n = 9). Clinical signs compatible with ocular lipid deposition were identified in six of ten captive eels (60%) vs. none of the controls. Green moray eels in the initial captive population (n = 5) had significantly higher total protein, triglyceride, cholesterol and aspartate amino transferase values than the control eels. Dietary management was attempted in all captive eels, and surgical intervention was performed in three eels, including two from a separate population, with improved ocular clarity within 1 month post‐operatively. Histopathological evaluation of surgical specimens and two eyes from an additional affected eel that died suggested ocular lipid deposition. Eels in captivity have an apparent predisposition for hyperlipidaemia and ocular lipid deposition. Although limited in this study and complicated by exhibit restraints, dietary management was minimally effective, while surgery improved ocular clarity.}, number={9}, journal={JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES}, author={Clode, A. B. and Harms, C. and Fatzinger, M. H. and Young, F. and Colitz, C. and Wert, D.}, year={2012}, month={Sep}, pages={683–693} }
 @article{pate_clode_olivry_cullen_salmon_gilger_2012, title={Immunohistochemical and immunopathologic characterization of superficial stromal immune-mediated keratitis in horses}, volume={73}, ISSN={["0002-9645"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84863476431&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.73.7.1067}, abstractNote={Abstract
Objective—To describe the immunopathologic characteristics of superficial stromal immune-mediated keratitis (IMMK) immunopathologically by characterizing cellular infiltrate in affected corneas of horses.
Animals—10 client-owned horses with IMMK.
Procedures—Immunohistochemical staining was performed on keratectomy samples with equine antibodies against the T-cell marker CD3 and B-cell marker CD79a (10 eyes) and the T-helper cytotoxic marker CD4 and T-cell cytotoxic marker CD8 (6 eyes). Percentage of positively stained cells was scored on a scale from 0 (no cells stained) to 4 (> 75% of cells stained). Equine IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies were used to detect corneal immunoglobulin via direct immunofluorescence (10 eyes). Serum and aqueous humor (AH) samples from 3 horses with IMMK were used to detect circulating and intraocular IgG against corneal antigens via indirect immunofluorescence on unaffected equine cornea.
Results—Percentage scores (scale, 0 to 4) of cells expressing CD3 (median, 2.35 [range, 0.2 to 3.7]; mean ± SD, 2.36 ± 1.08) were significantly greater than scores of cells expressing CD79a (median, 0.55 [range, 0 to 1.5]; mean, 0.69 ± 0.72). All samples stained positively for CD4- and CD8-expressing cells, with no significant difference in scoring. All samples stained positively for IgG, IgM, and IgA. No serum or AH samples collected from horses with IMMK reacted with unaffected equine cornea.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Pathogenesis of superficial stromal IMMK included cell-mediated inflammation governed by both cytotoxic and helper T cells. Local immunoglobulins were present in affected corneas; however, corneal-binding immunoglobulins were not detected in the serum or AH from horses with IMMK.}, number={7}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Pate, D.O. and Clode, A.B. and Olivry, T.M. and Cullen, J.M. and Salmon, J.H. and Gilger, B.C.}, year={2012}, pages={1067–1073} }
 @article{harrington_mcmullen_clode_gilger_2013, title={Phacoemulsification and +14 diopter intraocular lens placement in a Saddlebred foal}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1463-5224"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2012.01032.x}, abstractNote={AbstractA 2‐month‐old, 110‐kg Saddlebred filly presented for evaluation of bilateral cataracts. A hypermature cataract in the left eye (OS) and an incipient nuclear cataract in the right eye (OD) were diagnosed. Electroretinography and ocular ultrasound revealed no contraindications for surgical removal of the cataractous lens OS. Phacoemulsification and implantation of a +14 diopter (D) intraocular lens (IOL) OS were performed at 4 months of age without complication, with the exception of a partial iridectomy performed on a small iris section that prolapsed through the corneal incision. Complete ophthalmic examinations, including ocular ultrasound and streak retinoscopy, were performed 1, 2, 6 weeks, 4 months, 1, and 2 years postoperatively. Diffuse corneal edema and a superficial corneal ulcer developed OS during the early postoperative period and resolved without complication. Dyscoria was identified owing to anterior synechia of the dorsomedial iris at the incision site. Two years after surgery, menace response, palpebral reflex, dazzle reflex, and pupillary light reflexes were present in both eyes (OU). The IOL remained centrally positioned within the capsule, with mild anterior tilting of the superior portion of the IOL and mild fibrosis of the lens capsule. The postoperative net refractive error was +0.31 D OS. Based on this report, a +14 D IOL may be the appropriate choice following lens extraction in a foal to achieve refraction near emmetropia at maturity. To our knowledge, this is the first report of phacoemulsification and IOL implantation in a foal with long‐term follow‐up.}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY}, author={Harrington, Jay T. and McMullen, Richard J., Jr. and Clode, Alison B. and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2013}, month={Mar}, pages={140–148} }
 @article{clode_miller_mcmullen_gilger_2012, title={A retrospective comparison of surgical removal and subsequent CO2 laser ablation versus topical administration of mitomycin C as therapy for equine corneolimbal squamous cell carcinoma}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1463-5224"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00982.x}, abstractNote={AbstractObjective To compare the complications and nonrecurrence rate following topical mitomycin C (MMC) therapy vs. CO2laser ablation for treating equine corneolimbal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).Study design Retrospective study.Sample population Twenty‐five horses with corneolimbal SCC.Procedures Medical records of horses undergoing surgical tumor resection followed by either topical MMC therapy (0.04%) or CO2laser ablation between the years of 2004 and 2010 were reviewed. Recurrence and complications were compared between groups and within MMC subgroups defined by the time at which treatment was initiated relative to surgery.Results Therapy with topical MMC resulted in a nonrecurrence rate comparable to that achieved with CO2laser ablation (82.4% vs. 85.7%, respectively). Initiation of MMC following epithelialization of the surgical site a mean of 15 days postoperatively did not result in increased recurrence rates relative to treatment in the immediate postoperative period. Vision‐ or globe‐threatening complications tended to occur with greater frequency in horses receiving topical MMC in the immediate postoperative period (5 of 6 major complications) relative to following epithelialization of the surgical site (1 of 6 major complications).Conclusions Horses receiving adjunctive topical MMC therapy were no more likely to experience tumor recurrence than were horses undergoing CO2laser ablation in the horses in this study. Initiation of two to three rounds of MMC following epithelialization of the surgical site results in fewer major complications and achieves comparable disease resolution relative to treatment in the immediate postoperative period.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY}, author={Clode, Alison B. and Miller, Chelsey and McMullen, Richard J., Jr. and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2012}, month={Jul}, pages={254–262} }
 @article{clode_davis_davidson_salmon_lafevers_gilger_2011, title={Aqueous humor and plasma concentrations of a compounded 0.2% solution of terbinafine following topical ocular administration to normal equine eyes}, volume={14}, ISSN={1463-5216}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2010.00841.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2010.00841.x}, abstractNote={AbstractObjective To determine the transcorneal penetration and systemic absorption of a compounded 0.2% terbinafine solution following repeated topical administration to normal equine eyes.Sample population Six healthy adult horses with normal ocular examinations.Procedures One eye of each horse received 0.2 mL of a compounded 0.2% terbinafine solution every 4 h for seven doses. During the 1 h following administration of the final dose, multiple peripheral blood samples were obtained, and a single aqueous humor (AH) sample was collected at the end of the hour. AH and plasma concentrations of terbinafine were determined using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Stability of the formulation was assessed with HPLC analysis over a 14‐day time period.Results Terbinafine was not detected in the AH or plasma of any horse at any time point. No signs of ocular irritation or systemic toxicity were noted in any horse at any time point. The solution was stable over 14 days.Conclusion Topical ocular administration of compounded 0.2% terbinafine solution does not result in detectable AH or plasma levels following administration to normal equine eyes, suggesting its use for deep corneal or intraocular fungal infections in equine ophthalmology may be limited.}, number={1}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Clode, Alison and Davis, Jennifer and Davidson, Gigi and Salmon, Jacklyn and Lafevers, Heath and Gilger, Brian}, year={2011}, month={Jan}, pages={41–47} }
 @article{pate_gilger_suter_clode_2011, title={Diagnosis of intraocular lymphosarcoma in a dog by use of a polymerase chain reaction assay for antigen receptor rearrangement}, volume={238}, ISSN={0003-1488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.238.5.625}, DOI={10.2460/javma.238.5.625}, abstractNote={Abstract
Case Description—A 12-year-old castrated male mixed-breed dog was evaluated because of blepharospasm and blindness affecting both eyes.
Clinical Findings—During examination and diagnostic testing of the dog, fine-needle aspirates of splenic nodules were examined microscopically and stage Vb multicentric large-cell lymphosarcoma was identified. Aqueocentesis was performed, and sample analysis revealed intraocular lymphosarcoma; B-cell neoplasia was confirmed by use of a PCR assay for antigen receptor rearrangement (PARR) performed on samples of aqueous humor. Secondary uveitis and glaucoma were detected bilaterally in addition to chronic superficial corneal ulcerations in the left eye.
Treatment and Outcome—Treatment for abdominal and intraocular lymphosarcoma involving administration of vincristine, l-asparaginase, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and prednisone was initiated. Secondary uveitis and glaucoma were controlled with topical treatment; however, the corneal ulceration did not resolve. Seven weeks following diagnosis, the dog died as a result of complications related to systemic neoplasia and chemotherapy.
Clinical Relevance—In the dog of this report, intraocular lymphosarcoma was diagnosed via PARR performed on samples of aqueous humor. Moreover, the immunophenotype of the neoplastic cells was determined by use of that diagnostic technique. Because secondary uveitis is a common finding in dogs and cats with systemic lymphosarcoma, intraocular lymphosarcoma should be considered as a differential diagnosis; furthermore, investigation (eg, PARR performed on aqueous humor samples) to identify the presence of intraocular lymphosarcoma is warranted, thereby allowing targeted interventions to be considered in management of those patients.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Pate, Diana O. and Gilger, Brian C. and Suter, Steven E. and Clode, Alison B.}, year={2011}, month={Mar}, pages={625–630} }
 @article{clode_davis_salmon_lafevers_gilger_2010, title={Aqueous humor and plasma concentrations of ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin following topical ocular administration in ophthalmologically normal horses}, volume={71}, ISSN={0002-9645}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.71.5.564}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.71.5.564}, abstractNote={Abstract
Objective—To determine the degree of ocular penetration and systemic absorption of commercially available topical ophthalmic solutions of 0.3% ciprofloxacin and 0.5% moxifloxacin following repeated topical ocular administration in ophthalmologically normal horses.
Animals—7 healthy adult horses with clinically normal eyes as evaluated prior to each treatment.
Procedures—6 horses were used for assessment of each antimicrobial, and 1 eye of each horse was treated with topically administered 0.3% ciprofloxacin or 0.5% moxifloxacin (n = 6 eyes/drug) every 4 hours for 7 doses. Anterior chamber paracentesis was performed 1 hour after the final dose was administered, and blood samples were collected at 24 (immediately after the final dose), 24.25, 24.5, and 25 hours (time of aqueous humor [AH] collection). Plasma and AH concentrations of ciprofloxacin or moxifloxacin were determined by use of high-performance liquid chromatography.
Results—Mean ± SD AH concentrations of ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin were 0.009 ± 0.008 μg/mL and 0.071 ± 0.029 μg/mL, respectively. The AH moxifloxacin concentrations were significantly greater than those of ciprofloxacin. Mean ± SD plasma concentrations of ciprofloxacin were less than the lower limit of quantification. Moxifloxacin was detected in the plasma of all horses at all sample collection times, with a peak value of 0.015 μg/mL at 24 and 24.25 hours, decreasing to < 0.004 μg/mL at 25 hours.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Moxifloxacin was better able to penetrate healthy equine corneas and reach measurable AH concentrations than was ciprofloxacin, suggesting moxifloxacin might be of greater value in the treatment of deep corneal or intraocular bacterial infections caused by susceptible organisms. Topical administration of moxifloxacin also resulted in detectable plasma concentrations.}, number={5}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Clode, Alison B. and Davis, Jennifer L. and Salmon, Jacklyn and LaFevers, Heath and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2010}, month={May}, pages={564–569} }
 @article{gilger_histed_pate_clode_mcmullen_2010, title={CASE REPORT: Anomalous nasolacrimal openings in a 2-year-old Morgan filly}, volume={13}, ISSN={1463-5216}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2010.00823.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2010.00823.x}, abstractNote={This case report describes the clinical, diagnostic, computed tomography findings, and surgical treatment of a 2-year-old Morgan filly with bilateral, proximal, and distal anomalous nasolacrimal duct openings.}, number={5}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Gilger, Brian C. and Histed, James and Pate, Diana O. and Clode, Alison B. and McMullen, Richard J.}, year={2010}, month={Sep}, pages={339–342} }
 @article{crasta_clode_mcmullen_pate_gilger_2010, title={Effect of three treatment protocols on acute ocular hypertension after phacoemulsification and aspiration of cataracts in dogs}, volume={13}, ISSN={1463-5216 1463-5224}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2009.00748.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2009.00748.x}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE
To compare the effect of topical latanoprost, intracameral carbachol, or no adjunctive medical therapy on the development of acute postoperative hypertension (POH) and inflammation after routine phacoemulsification and aspiration (PA) of cataracts in dogs.


DESIGN
Retrospective study.


PROCEDURES
Dogs received either one drop of topical 0.005% latanoprost (21 dogs, 39 eyes), an intracameral injection of 0.3 mL of 0.01% carbachol (15 dogs, 30 eyes), or no adjunctive therapy (46 dogs, 90 eyes) immediately following PA of cataract(s). Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured in all dogs 2 and 4 h after surgery. IOP was measured and aqueous flare assessed at 8 am the day after surgery.


RESULTS
Carbachol-treated dogs had significantly higher mean IOP (33.2 +/- SD 20.8 mmHg) 2 h after surgery than dogs receiving no adjunctive therapy (22.0 +/- SD 14.1 mmHg) (P = 0.049). There were no significant differences in IOP among groups at any other time point. There were no significant differences in number of POH episodes between dogs treated with carbachol (47%), latanoprost (29%), or dogs that received no adjunctive therapy (33%). There were no significant differences in mean aqueous flare grade between eyes treated with latanoprost (1.7 +/- SD 0.4) or carbachol (1.4 +/- SD 0.6), and eyes that received no adjunctive therapy (1.7 +/- SD 0.4).


CONCLUSIONS
Topical 0.005% latanoprost or intracameral injection of 0.3 mL of 0.01% carbachol after PA in dogs did not reduce POH or increase intraocular inflammation compared to dogs not receiving adjunctive therapy after PA of cataracts.}, number={1}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Crasta, Manuela and Clode, Alison B. and McMullen, Richard J., Jr. and Pate, Diana O. and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2010}, month={Jan}, pages={14–19} }
 @article{gilger_wilkie_clode_mcmullen_utter_komaromy_brooks_salmon_2010, title={Long-term outcome after implantation of a suprachoroidal cyclosporine drug delivery device in horses with recurrent uveitis}, volume={13}, ISSN={1463-5216}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2010.00807.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2010.00807.x}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE
To determine the long-term efficacy, complications, and duration of effect of a cyclosporine (CsA) suprachoroidal implant (CSI) in horses with equine recurrent uveitis (ERU).


METHODS
Horses with ERU were treated with a 6-mm diameter, 25 mg, reservoir matrix CsA implant in the deep sclera adjacent to the suprachoroidal space. Horses with follow-up >1 year were examined for frequency of uveitis episodes, complications, and vision at last recheck.


RESULTS
Data from 151 eyes of 133 horses from the USA and Europe that had CsA devices implanted for ERU were reviewed. Follow-up time ranged from 13 to 85 months after surgery, with a mean and median follow-up time of 28.9 and 26.3 months, respectively. Overall, at last follow-up 78.8% of eyes were considered visual and the overall mean frequency of uveitis episodes after CSI was 0.09 ± SD 0.08 episodes per month. The most common complications leading to vision loss at last follow-up were persistent uveitis episodes (54%), glaucoma (22%), mature cataracts (16%), and retinal detachment (6%). Persistent uveitis episodes tended to be the highest cause of vision loss in horses with <24 months and >48 months of follow-up.


CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrated the long-term maintenance of vision of horses with ERU implanted with a CSI. The increased vision loss related to uveitis episode of inflammation in eyes after the likely depletion of CsA from the CSI suggests that a repeat CSI may be required at or before 48 months after surgery.}, number={5}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Gilger, Brian C. and Wilkie, David A. and Clode, Allison B. and McMullen, Richard J., Jr. and Utter, Mary E. and Komaromy, Andras M. and Brooks, Dennis E. and Salmon, Jacklin H.}, year={2010}, month={Sep}, pages={294–300} }
 @article{mcmullen jr._clode_gilger_2009, title={Infrared digital imaging of the equine anterior segment}, volume={12}, ISSN={1463-5216 1463-5224}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.00688.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.00688.x}, abstractNote={AbstractOcular photographs are an increasingly important method of documenting lesions for inclusion in medical records, teaching purposes, and research. Availability of affordable high‐quality digital imaging equipment has allowed for enhanced capture of desired images because of immediate on‐camera viewing and editing. Conversion of the standard digital camera sensor to one that is sensitive to infrared light (i.e. > 760 nm < 1 mm wavelength) can be done inexpensively. In the equine eye, advantages of infrared digital photography include increased contrast of anterior segment images, identification and monitoring of pigmentary changes, and increased visualization of the anterior segment through a cloudy or edematous cornea.}, number={2}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={McMullen Jr., Richard J. and Clode, Alison B. and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2009}, month={Mar}, pages={125–131} }
 @article{konrade_clode_michau_roe_trumpatori_krug_gilger_2009, title={Surgical correction of severe strabismus and enophthalmos secondary to zygomatic arch fracture in a dog}, volume={12}, ISSN={1463-5216 1463-5224}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.00689.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.00689.x}, abstractNote={AbstractA grossly displaced segmental zygomatic arch fracture with marked ventro‐lateral deviation of the left globe was diagnosed in a 3‐month‐old male German Shepherd dog following a bite injury. The fracture was approached via a modified lateral orbitotomy and a fragment of the lacrimal bone removed. The rostral portion of the fracture was stabilized with a 5‐hole 2.0 dynamic compression plate bone plate. The surgical correction achieved sufficient skeletal fixation for proper anatomical reduction of the globe and excellent cosmetic and functional outcomes.}, number={2}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Konrade, Kricket A. and Clode, Alison B. and Michau, Tammy M. and Roe, Simon C. and Trumpatori, Brian J. and Krug, William V. and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2009}, month={Mar}, pages={119–124} }
 @article{mcmullen_clode_pandiri_malarkey_michau_gilger_2008, title={Epibulbar melanoma in a foal}, volume={11}, ISSN={1463-5216 1463-5224}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.00637.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.00637.x}, abstractNote={AbstractA case of epibulbar melanoma in a 6‐month‐old, gelded, chestnut Hanoverian foal is reported. The location and clinical appearance upon initial presentation led to the tentative diagnosis of staphyloma or a congenital mass of unknown origin. An attempt was made to surgically excise the mass under general anesthesia, but due to its infiltrative nature and intraoperative appearance, most, but not all was removed without compromising the integrity of the globe. Histopathological evaluation revealed a multinodular to packeted, poorly demarcated, unencapsulated, infiltrative exophytic melanocytic neoplasm composed of bundles and nests of plump spindloid to polygonal heavily pigmented epithelioid neoplastic cells interspersed with pigment‐laden macrophages within a fine fibrovascular stroma. Upon examination after enucleation, neoplastic cells were found to infiltrate into the lateral cornea, sclera and the choroid. This is a unique case of an epibulbar melanoma with choroidal invasion in a foal. Based on the sudden onset and rapid growth as well as the histological evidence of invasion, well‐differentiated features, heavy pigmentation, and no apparent mitoses, this neoplasm was considered to be a low‐grade malignant melanoma. At 14 months after excision there is no evidence of recurrence.}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={McMullen, Richard J. and Clode, Alison B. and Pandiri, Arun Kumar R. and Malarkey, David E. and Michau, Tammy Miller and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2008}, month={Sep}, pages={44–50} }
 @article{gilger_clode_miller_mcmullen_2008, title={Letter to the Editor}, volume={11}, ISSN={1463-5216 1463-5224}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.624_1.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.624_1.x}, abstractNote={Veterinary OphthalmologyVolume 11, Issue 3 p. 207-207 Letter to the Editor Brian Gilger, Brian Gilger Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC USASearch for more papers by this authorAlison Clode, Alison Clode Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC USASearch for more papers by this authorTammy Miller, Tammy Miller Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC USASearch for more papers by this authorRichard McMullen, Richard McMullen Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC USASearch for more papers by this author Brian Gilger, Brian Gilger Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC USASearch for more papers by this authorAlison Clode, Alison Clode Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC USASearch for more papers by this authorTammy Miller, Tammy Miller Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC USASearch for more papers by this authorRichard McMullen, Richard McMullen Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 23 April 2008 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.624_1.xRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume11, Issue3May/June 2008Pages 207-207 RelatedInformation}, number={3}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Gilger, Brian and Clode, Alison and Miller, Tammy and McMullen, Richard}, year={2008}, month={May}, pages={207–207} }
 @article{clode_davis_salmon_michau_gilger_2006, title={Evaluation of concentration of voriconazole in aqueous humor after topical and oral administration in horses}, volume={67}, ISSN={0002-9645}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.67.2.296}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.67.2.296}, abstractNote={Abstract
Objective—To determine penetration of topically and orally administered voriconazole into ocular tissues and evaluate concentrations of the drug in blood and signs of toxicosis after topical application in horses.
Animals—11 healthy adult horses.
Procedure—Each eye in 6 horses was treated with a single concentration (0.5%, 1.0%, or 3.0%) of a topically administered voriconazole solution every 4 hours for 7 doses. Anterior chamber paracentesis was performed and plasma samples were collected after application of the final dose. Voriconazole concentrations in aqueous humor (AH) and plasma were measured via high-performance liquid chromatography. Five horses received a single orally administered dose of voriconazole (4 mg/kg); anterior chamber paracentesis was performed, and voriconazole concentrations in AH were measured.
Results—Mean ± SD voriconazole concentrations in AH after topical administration of 0.5%, 1.0%, and 3.0% solutions (n = 4 eyes for each concentration) were 1.43 ± 0.37 μg/mL, 2.35 ± 0.78 μg/mL, and 2.40 ± 0.29 μg/mL, respectively. The 1.0% and 3.0% solutions resulted in significantly higher AH concentrations than the 0.5% solution, and only the 3.0% solution induced signs of ocular toxicosis. Voriconazole was detected in the plasma for 1 hour after the final topically administered dose of all solutions. Mean ± SD voriconazole concentration in AH after a single orally administered dose was 0.86 ± 0.22 μg/mL.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that voriconazole effectively penetrated the cornea in clinically normal eyes and reached detectable concentrations in the AH after topical administration. The drug also penetrated noninflamed equine eyes after oral administration. Low plasma concentrations of voriconazole were detected after topical administration.}, number={2}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Clode, Alison B. and Davis, Jennifer L. and Salmon, Jacklyn and Michau, Tammy Miller and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2006}, month={Feb}, pages={296–301} }
 @article{sherman_clode_gilger, title={Impact of fungal species cultured on outcome in horses with fungal keratitis}, volume={33}, number={4}, journal={Pferdeheilkunde}, author={Sherman, A. B. and Clode, A. B. and Gilger, B. C.}, pages={394–395} }
 @article{gilger_stoppini_wilkie_clode_pinto_hempstead_gerding_salmon, title={Treatment of immune-mediated keratitis in horses with episcleral cyclosporine-silicone matrix- implant}, volume={30}, number={6}, journal={Pferdeheilkunde}, author={Gilger, B. C. and Stoppini, R. and Wilkie, D. A. and Clode, A. B. and Pinto, N. H. and Hempstead, J. and Gerding, J. and Salmon, J. H.}, pages={711–712} }