@article{hegaret_shumway_wikfors_pate_burkholder_2008, title={Potential transport of harmful algae via relocation of bivalve molluscs}, volume={361}, ISSN={["0171-8630"]}, DOI={10.3354/meps07375}, abstractNote={Aquaculture and restoration activities with bivalve molluscs often involve moving indi- viduals from one body of water to another. Our study tests the hypothesis that harmful algae ingested by source populations of shellfish can be introduced into new environments by means of these shell- fish relocations. Cultures of several harmful algal strains, including Prorocentrum minimum, Alexan- drium fundyense, Heterosigma akashiwo, Aureococcus anophagefferens, Karenia mikimotoi and Alexandrium monilatum, were fed to various species of bivalve molluscs, Crassostrea virginica, Argopecten irradians irradians, Mercenaria mercenaria, Mytilus edulis, Mya arenaria, Venerupis philippinarum and Perna viridis, to assess the ability of the algal cells to pass intact though the diges- tive tracts of the shellfish and subsequently multiply in number. Ten individuals of each shellfish species were exposed for 2 d to a simulated harmful algal bloom at a natural bloom concentration. The shellfish were removed after exposure, and maintained for 2 further days in ultra-filtered sea- water. Biodeposits (feces) were collected after 24 and 48 additional hours, and observed under light microscopy for the presence or absence of intact, potentially viable algal cells or temporary cysts. Subsamples of biodeposits were transferred into both algal culture medium and filtered seawater and monitored for algal growth. Intact cells of most harmful algal species tested were seen in biodeposits. Generally, harmful algae from the biodeposits collected in the first 24 h after transfer re-established growing populations, but algae could less often be recovered from the biodeposits collected after 48 h. These data provide evidence that transplanted bivalve molluscs may be vectors for the transport of harmful algae and that a short holding period in water without algae may mitigate this risk. Fur- ther, preliminary results indicate that emersion may also serve to mitigate the risk of transport.}, journal={MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES}, author={Hegaret, Helene and Shumway, Sandra E. and Wikfors, Gary H. and Pate, Susan and Burkholder, Joann M.}, year={2008}, pages={169–179} }
 @article{li_roer_vana_pate_check_2006, title={Gill area, permeability and Na+,K+-ATPase activity as a function of size and salinity in the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus}, volume={305A}, ISSN={["2471-5646"]}, DOI={10.1002/jez.a.248}, abstractNote={Juvenile blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus, extensively utilize oligohaline and freshwater regions of the estuary. With a presumptively larger surface-area-to-body weight ratio, juvenile crabs could experience osmo- and ionoregulatory costs well in excess of that of adults. To test this hypothesis, crabs ranging over three orders of magnitude in body weight were acclimated to either sea water (1,000 mOsm) or dilute sea water (150 mOsm), and gill surface area, water and sodium permeabilities (calculated from the passive efflux of 3H2O and 22Na+), gill Na+, K+ -ATPase activity and expression were measured. Juveniles had a relatively larger gill surface area; weight-specific gill surface area decreased with body weight. Weight-specific water and sodium fluxes also decreased with weight, but not to the same extent as gill surface area; thus juveniles were able to decrease gill permeability slightly more than adults upon acclimation to dilute media. Crabs < 5 g in body weight had markedly higher activities of gill Na+ ,K+ -ATPase than crabs > 5 g in both posterior and anterior gills. Acclimation to dilute medium induced increased expression of Na+, K+ -ATPase and enzyme activity, but the increase was not as great in juveniles as in larger crabs. The increased weight-specific surface area for water gain and salt loss for small crabs in dilute media presents a challenge that is incompletely compensated by reduced permeability and increased affinity of gill Na+, K+ -ATPase for Na+. Juveniles maintain osmotic and ionic homeostasis by the expression and utilization of extremely high levels of gill Na+, K+ -ATPase, in posterior, as well as in anterior, gills.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART A-ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Li, TD and Roer, R and Vana, M and Pate, S and Check, J}, year={2006}, month={Mar}, pages={233–245} }