@article{doraiswamy_ovsianikov_gittard_monteiro-riviere_crombez_montalvo_shen_chichkov_narayan_2010, title={Fabrication of Microneedles Using Two Photon Polymerization for Transdermal Delivery of Nanomaterials}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1533-4899"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000280361400003&KeyUID=WOS:000280361400003}, DOI={10.1166/jnn.2010.2636}, abstractNote={Microneedle devices for transdermal delivery of nanoscale pharmacologic agents were fabricated out of organically-modified ceramic (Ormocer) materials using two photon polymerization. Out-of-plane hollow microneedle arrays with various aspect ratios were fabricated using this rapid prototyping process. Human epidermal keratinocyte (HEK) viability on Ormocer surfaces fabricated using two photon polymerization was similar to that on control surfaces. Nanoindentation studies were performed to determine hardness and Young's modulus values for Ormocer materials. Microneedies were shown to enable more rapid distribution of the PEG-amine quantum dot solution to the deep epidermis and dermis layers of porcine skin than topical administration. Our results suggest that two photon polymerization may be used to create microneedle arrays for transdermal delivery of nanoscale pharmacologic agents.}, number={10}, journal={JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY}, author={Doraiswamy, Anand and Ovsianikov, Aleksandr and Gittard, Shaun D. and Monteiro-Riviere, Nancy A. and Crombez, Rene and Montalvo, Eva and Shen, Weidian and Chichkov, Boris N. and Narayan, Roger J.}, year={2010}, month={Oct}, pages={6305–6312} }
 @article{miller_aggarwal_doraiswamy_lin_lee_narayan_2009, title={Laser micromachining for biomedical applications}, volume={61}, ISSN={["1047-4838"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11837-009-0130-7}, number={9}, journal={JOM}, author={Miller, Philip R. and Aggarwal, Ravi and Doraiswamy, Anand and Lin, Yi Jen and Lee, Yuan-Shin and Narayan, Roger J.}, year={2009}, month={Sep}, pages={35–40} }
 @article{ovsianikov_chichkov_adunka_pillsbury_doraiswamy_narayan_2007, title={Rapid prototyping of ossicular replacement prostheses}, volume={253}, ISSN={0169-4332}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.01.062}, DOI={10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.01.062}, abstractNote={Materials used in ossicular replacement prostheses must demonstrate appropriate biological compatibility, acoustic transmission, stability, and stiffness properties. Prostheses prepared using Teflon®, titanium, Ceravital and other conventional materials have demonstrated several problems, including migration, perforation of the tympanic membrane, difficulty in shaping the prostheses, and reactivity with the surrounding tissues. We have used two-photon polymerization for rapid prototyping of Ormocer® middle-ear bone replacement prostheses. Ormocer® surfaces fabricated using two-photon polymerization exhibited acceptable cell viability and cell growth profiles. The Ormocer® prosthesis was able to be inserted and removed from the site of use in the frozen human head without fracture. Our results demonstrate that two-photon polymerization is able to create ossicular replacement prostheses and other medical devices with a larger range of sizes, shapes and materials than other microfabrication techniques.}, number={15}, journal={Applied Surface Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Ovsianikov, A. and Chichkov, B. and Adunka, O. and Pillsbury, H. and Doraiswamy, A. and Narayan, R.J.}, year={2007}, month={May}, pages={6603–6607} }
 @article{doraiswamy_jin_narayan_mageswaran_mente_modi_auyeung_chrisey_ovsianikov_chichkov_2006, title={Two photon induced polymerization of organic-inorganic hybrid biomaterials for microstructured medical devices}, volume={2}, ISSN={["1878-7568"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.actbio.2006.01.004}, abstractNote={Three-dimensional microstructured medical devices, including microneedles and tissue engineering scaffolds, were fabricated by two photon induced polymerization of Ormocer® organic–inorganic hybrid materials. Femtosecond laser pulses from a titanium:sapphire laser were used to break chemical bonds on Irgacure® 369 photoinitiator within a small focal volume. The radicalized starter molecules reacted with Ormocer® US-S4 monomers to create radicalized polymolecules. The desired structures are fabricated by moving the laser focus in three dimensions using a galvano-scanner and a micropositioning system. Ormocer® surfaces fabricated using two photon induced polymerization demonstrated acceptable cell viability and cell growth profiles against B35 neuroblast-like cells and HT1080 epithelial-like cells. Lego®-like interlocking tissue engineering scaffolds and microneedle arrays with unique geometries were created using two photon induced polymerization. These results suggest that two photon induced polymerization is able to create medical microdevices with a larger range of sizes, shapes, and materials than chemical isotropic etching, injection molding, reactive ion etching, surface micromachining, bulk micromachining, polysilicon micromolding, lithography–electroforming–replication, or other conventional microfabrication techniques.}, number={3}, journal={ACTA BIOMATERIALIA}, author={Doraiswamy, A and Jin, C and Narayan, RJ and Mageswaran, P and Mente, P and Modi, R and Auyeung, R and Chrisey, DB and Ovsianikov, A and Chichkov, B}, year={2006}, month={May}, pages={267–275} }