@article{d'lima_miller_mandrell_wright_siletzky_carver_kathariou_2007, title={Clonal population structure and specific genotypes of multidrug-resistant Campylobacter coli from turkeys}, volume={73}, ISSN={["0099-2240"]}, DOI={10.1128/AEM.02346-06}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT
          
            Commercial turkey flocks in North Carolina have been found to be colonized frequently with
            Campylobacter coli
            strains that are resistant to several antimicrobials (tetracycline, streptomycin, erythromycin, kanamycin, and ciprofloxacin/nalidixic acid). Such strains have been designated multidrug resistant (MDR). However, the population structure of MDR
            C. coli
            from turkeys remains poorly characterized. In this study, an analysis of multilocus sequence typing (MLST)-based sequence types (STs) of 59 MDR strains from turkeys revealed that the majority of these strains corresponded to one of 14 different STs, with three STs accounting for 41 (69%) of the strains. The major STs were turkey specific, and most (87%) of the strains with these STs were resistant to the entire panel of antibiotics mentioned above. Some (13%) of the strains with these STs were susceptible to just one or two of the antibiotics in this panel. Further subtyping using
            fla
            typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis with SmaI and KpnI revealed that the major MDR STs corresponded to strains of related but distinct subtypes, providing evidence for genomic diversification within these STs. These findings suggest that MDR strains of
            C. coli
            from turkeys have a clonal population structure characterized by the presence of a relatively small number of clonal groups that appear to be disseminated in the turkey production system. In addition, the observed correlation between STs and the MDR profiles of the microbes indicates that MLST-based typing holds potential for source-tracking applications specific to the animal source (turkeys) and the antimicrobial resistance profile (MDR status) of
            C. coli
            .
          }, number={7}, journal={APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY}, author={D'lima, C. B. and Miller, W. G. and Mandrell, R. E. and Wright, S. L. and Siletzky, R. M. and Carver, D. K. and Kathariou, S.}, year={2007}, month={Apr}, pages={2156–2164} }
 @article{lee_reimers_barnes_d'lima_carver_kathariou_2005, title={Strain persistence and fluctuation of multiple-antibiotic resistant Campylobacter coli colonizing turkeys over successive production cycles}, volume={2}, ISSN={["1556-7125"]}, DOI={10.1089/fpd.2005.2.103}, abstractNote={The dynamics of colonization of turkeys by thermophilic campylobacters that are resistant to multiple antibiotics is poorly understood. In this study, we monitored cecal colonization of turkeys by Campylobacter over three successive production cycles at the same farm. Campylobacter isolated from the ceca was predominantly C. coli in all three flocks. Isolates with two distinct fla types that represented a single clonal group based on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and that were resistant to multiple antibiotics (tetracycline, streptomycin, ampicillin, erythromycin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, and ciprofloxacin) predominated throughout the three production cycles. The relative prevalence of each fla type, however, varied significantly from one flock to the next. The repeated isolation of these multiresistant C. coli from successive flocks likely reflected persistence of the organisms in currently unknown reservoirs in the production environment or, alternatively, repeated introduction events followed by establishment of these bacteria in each successive flock.}, number={1}, journal={FOODBORNE PATHOGENS AND DISEASE}, author={Lee, Bong Choon and Reimers, Nancy and Barnes, H. John and D'Lima, Carol and Carver, Donna and Kathariou, Sophia}, year={2005}, pages={103–110} }