@article{bottcher_keener_munilla_williams_schiffman_2004, title={DUST AND ODOR EMISSIONS FROM TUNNEL VENTILATED SWINE BUILDINGS IN NORTH CAROLINA AND COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT ODOR EVALUATION METHODS}, volume={20}, ISSN={1943-7838}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.16064}, DOI={10.13031/2013.16064}, abstractNote={Tunnel ventilation of swine buildings conveys odorous dust and gases out of the production buildings. Measurement of dust and odor levels and other environmental parameters is necessary for characterizing emissions and evaluating control options. During evaluations of odor control systems, measurements of dust and odor levels in building inlet and exhaust air were obtained. Odor and dust levels were consistent with data obtained in other states and Europe. Odor concentrations and emission rates were based on odor measurements from the Duke University Taste and Smell Laboratory at several dilution levels, as well as a calibration curve for odor panelists based on swine manure odor. The computed odor concentration based on measurements over a range of dilutions was greater than the predicted odor concentration based on the calibration curve, for two field visits. This result may be due to odorous dust particles increasing odor persistence above that of vaporous odorants from swine manure. Odor measurements were also obtained using headspace sampling of unaspirated and aspirated cotton swatches. Aspirating the swatches increased odor intensity compared to unaspirated swatches and improved correlation with air sample odor intensities.}, number={3}, journal={Applied Engineering in Agriculture}, publisher={American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE)}, author={Bottcher, R. W. and Keener, K. M. and Munilla, R. D. and Williams, C. M. and Schiffman, S. S.}, year={2004}, pages={343–347} }
 @article{bottcher_2003, title={Information needs related to extension service and community outreach}, volume={29}, ISSN={["0160-4120"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0160-4120(02)00166-6}, abstractNote={Air quality affects everyone. Some people are affected by air quality impacts, regulations, and technological developments in several ways. Stakeholders include the medical community, ecologists, government regulators, industries, technology providers, academic professionals, concerned citizens, the news media, and elected officials. Each of these groups may perceive problems and opportunities differently, but all need access to information as it is developed. The diversity and complexity of air quality problems contribute to the challenges faced by extension and outreach professionals who must communicate with stakeholders having diverse backgrounds. Gases, particulates, biological aerosols, pathogens, and odors all require expensive and relatively complex technology to measure and control. Economic constraints affect the ability of regulators and others to measure air quality, and industry and others to control it. To address these challenges, while communicating air quality research results and concepts to stakeholders, three areas of information needs are evident. (1) A basic understanding of the fundamental concepts regarding air pollutants and their measurement and control is needed by all stakeholders; the Extension Specialist, to be effective, must help people move some distance up the learning curve. (2) Each problem or set of problems must be reasonably well defined since comprehensive solution of all problems simultaneously may not be feasible; for instance, the solution of an odor problem associated with animal production may not address atmospheric effects due to ammonia emissions. (3) The integrity of the communication process must be preserved by avoiding prejudice and protectionism; although stakeholders may seek to modify information to enhance their interests, extension and outreach professionals must be willing to present unwelcome information or admit to a lack of information. A solid grounding in fundamental concepts, careful and fair problem definition, and a resolute commitment to integrity and credibility will enable effective communication of air quality information to and among diverse stakeholders.}, number={2-3}, journal={ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL}, author={Bottcher, RW}, year={2003}, month={Jun}, pages={337–340} }
 @article{keener_zhang_bottcher_munilla_2002, title={Evaluation of thermal desorption for the measurement of artificial swine odorants in the vapor phase}, volume={45}, DOI={10.13031/2013.11063}, abstractNote={Quantification of odorants from animal production facilities is difficult. The current technique is to collect air 
samples in Tedlar bags and quantify odor using a trained olfactory panel. In this approach, relative differences between 
samples can be determined, but further quantification of odorants is limited. An alternative approach is to quantify odorants 
in air emissions using sorbent tubes. A sorbent tube is a glass tube packed with a specific adsorbent material (Tenax TA, 
Carboxen 1000, Carbosieve SIII, etc.) and has been used to collect volatiles and quantify emissions from various industrial 
sources. Each adsorbent has a limited range of chemical selectivity. Limited applications of sorbent tubes with single or dual 
adsorbents have been used to measure odorant emissions from animal production facilities. 
In this study, tri–packed sorbent tubes and Tedlar bags were compared in characterizing 19 major odorants found in 
artificial swine odor. The sorbent tubes were packed with Tenax TA, Carboxen 1000, and Carbosieve SIII. The artificial swine 
odor was directly desorbed onto the tri–packed sorbent tube. For comparison, a 10–L Tedlar bag was filled with nitrogen gas 
and artificial swine odor. The Tedlar bag was then desorbed onto the tri–packed sorbent tube. The sorbent tube was then 
thermally desorbed into a gas chromatography (GC) system with a flame ionization detector (FID) for quantification. The 
tri–packed sorbent tube demonstrated recoveries greater than 74% and detection limits less than 0.4 ng for all 19 odorants. 
Thus, a tri–packed sorbent tube may provide an analytical method to measure low concentrations of major odorants found 
in air emissions from swine production facilities. Tedlar bags showed limited recoveries of some odorants, less than 12% for 
indole and skatole. In addition, Tedlar bags immediately sampled after three flushings with nitrogen emitted 3.50 ng L–1 hr–1 
of acetic acid (~35% above background levels) and 2.13 ng L–1 hr–1 phenol (~27% above background levels). These results 
suggest that air samples collected in Tedlar bags may bias olfactory analysis.}, number={5}, journal={Transactions of the ASAE}, author={Keener, K. M. and Zhang, J. and Bottcher, R. W. and Munilla, R. D.}, year={2002}, pages={1579–1584} }
 @article{bottcher_2001, title={An environmental nuisance: Odor concentrated and transported by dust}, volume={26}, ISSN={["0379-864X"]}, DOI={10.1093/chemse/26.3.327}, abstractNote={Intensive swine production generates odorous emissions which flow from the buildings housing the animals. High ventilation rates bring in fresh air, remove heat and moisture and enhance pork productivity. Numerous compounds contribute to the uniquely offensive odors from swine facilities, including fatty acids, amines, aromatics and sulfur compounds. Dust particles, which originate predominantly from feces and feed, can adsorb and concentrate odorants in swine facilities. In addition, organic particles can decay and generate odorous compounds. Odorants can exist in much higher concentrations in the dust particles than in equivalent volumes of air. Thus, inhalation of odorous dust and deposition of the dust particles in the mucus overlying the olfactory mucosa are likely responsible for some odor-related complaints by swine farm neighbors. Accurate prediction of odor transport and dispersion downwind from swine farms may require models of dust dispersion and correlation between dust and odorant levels. Unfortunately, many approaches to estimating odor impact currently incorporate filtering of air to remove particulate matter before sensing by humans or electronic sensors. Accelerated progress in understanding this and other 'real world' odor control problems will require methodological innovations that allow quantification of odor in response to air streams containing vapor and particulate phases.}, number={3}, journal={CHEMICAL SENSES}, author={Bottcher, RW}, year={2001}, month={Mar}, pages={327–331} }
 @article{oehrl_keener_bottcher_munilla_connelly_2001, title={Characterization of odor components from swine housing dust using gas chromatography}, volume={17}, DOI={10.13031/2013.6911}, abstractNote={A method was developed for the determination of odor–causing compounds in swine housing dust. Dust samples 
were extracted with methanol while heating to 60 

 
C. After partitioning, the methanol containing the compounds of interest 
was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) using flame ionization detection (FID). Efficiency of extraction was proven by 
spike recovery. Samples of dust from houses treated with various odor–controlling systems were compared to untreated 
controls. This method allowed for relative comparisons of odor compounds that could be used to evaluate the effectiveness 
of engineering systems to control dust and odor.}, number={5}, journal={Applied Engineering in Agriculture}, author={Oehrl, L. L. and Keener, K. M. and Bottcher, R. W. and Munilla, R. D. and Connelly, K. M.}, year={2001}, pages={659–661} }
 @article{classen_young_bottcher_westerman_2000, title={Design and analysis of a pilot scale biofiltration system for odorous air}, volume={43}, DOI={10.13031/2013.2675}, abstractNote={Three pilot-scale biofilters and necessary peripheral equipment were built to clean odorous air from the pit of a swine gestation building at North Carolina State University. A computer measured temperatures, flow rates, and pressure drops. It also controlled and measured the moisture content of a biofilter medium comprised of a 3:1 mixture of yard waste compost to wood chips mixture (by volume). The system was evaluated to ensure that the biofilters would be useful for performing scientific experiments concerning the reduction of swine odor on future research projects. The capability of the biofilters to remove odor was measured using a cotton swatch absorption method and an odor panel. The average odor reductions measured by odor intensity, irritation intensity, and unpleasantness for five tests were 61%, 58%, and 84%, respectively. No significant differences in odor reduction performance were found between the biofilters.}, number={1}, journal={Transactions of the ASAE}, author={Classen, John and Young, J. S. and Bottcher, R. W. and Westerman, P. W.}, year={2000}, pages={111–117} }
 @article{bottcher_munilla_baughman_keener_2000, title={Designs for windbreak walls for mitigating dust and odor emissions from tunnel ventilated swine buildings}, ISBN={1892769107}, DOI={10.13031/2013.83}, abstractNote={Although windbreak walls have traditionally been applied to reduce ground-level wind speeds and enhance snow deposition, windbreak walls have also recently been placed downwind of animal buildings in efforts to control emissions of dust and odors. In particular, windbreaks placed near exhaust fans on tunnel-ventilated livestock and poultry buildings appear promising, primarily because the air jets issuing from the exhaust fans are diverted upward. This effect promotes mixing of the odorous, dusty airflow with the wind passing over the building, so that the plumes of air pollutants originating from the fans are made larger (extend higher). Thus it is reasonable to expect that in some wind conditions the aerial concentration of odorous vapors, dust, and other air pollutants in the breathing space of downwind neighbors will be reduced by improvement in air mixing at the emission sources (the fans). Windbreak structures may either be designed to withstand the same wind speeds as the buildings and be insured with the buildings, or lower wind speeds at reduced cost. Relevant design considerations and low-cost designs using UV-resistant tarpaulin or plastic material, roofing, or wood fastened to anchored pipe frames or posts are discussed. If the windbreaks are not designed for maximum design wind speeds, a method of ensuring non-catastrophic failure is needed, such as breakaway ties fastening material to frames. The location of the windbreak affects the diversion of airflow from exhaust fans. Further modeling and field evaluations are needed to determine beneficial and potential adverse effects of fan plume deflection. Observations of windbreak action in several locations suggest that the windbreaks should be placed two to four fan diameters downwind from the fans to deflect fan airflow without back pressures, and extend high enough to fully intercept the plumes of airflow issuing from the fans (e.g. 4 m high for typical buildings).}, journal={Swine housing : proceedings of the first international conference : October 9-11, 2000, Des Moines, Iowa}, publisher={St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers}, author={Bottcher, R. W. and Munilla, R. D. and Baughman, G. R. and Keener, K. M.}, year={2000}, pages={174} }
 @article{bottcher_keener_munilla_williams_schiffman_2000, title={Dust and odor emissions from tunnel ventilated swine buildings in North Carolina}, ISBN={1892769123}, journal={Air pollution from agricultural operations : proceedings of the 2nd international conference, October 9-11, 2000, Des Moines, Iowa}, publisher={St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers}, author={Bottcher, R. W. and Keener, K. M. and Munilla, R. D. and Williams, C. M. and Schiffman, S. S.}, year={2000}, pages={196} }
 @article{bottcher_keener_munilla_williams_schiffman_2000, title={Scent of a swine building: Tunnel ventilation problems test engineers' ingenuity}, volume={7}, ISBN={1076-3333}, number={10}, journal={Resource, Engineering & Technology for a Sustainable World}, author={Bottcher, R. W. and Keener, K. M. and Munilla, R. D. and Williams, C. M. and Schiffman, S. S.}, year={2000}, pages={13} }
 @article{bottcher_baughman_munilla_grimes_gonder_1998, title={Development of a large paddle fan for cooling poultry}, volume={14}, number={1}, journal={Applied Engineering in Agriculture}, author={Bottcher, R. W. and Baughman, G. R. and Munilla, R. D. and Grimes, J. L. and Gonder, E.}, year={1998}, pages={87} }
 @article{capps_bottcher_abrams_scheideler_1997, title={Proximal tibiotarsal cancellous bone mechanical properties in broilers}, volume={40}, DOI={10.13031/2013.21363}, abstractNote={Broiler leg abnormalities cause significant economic losses through decreased body weight gains and 
increased mortalities. The mechanical properties of poultry cancellous bone could be contributory factors in lameness 
caused by these abnormalities. For example, a decreased elastic modulus indicates that the bone is less resistant to 
deformation. In the subchondral growth plate area, decreased deformation resistance could lead to greater incidences of 
damage to the growth plate, resulting in morphologic changes causing lameness. The objective of this study was to 
examine the effects of age and of altering protein and amino acid nutrition on body weight, bone ash content, and 
cancellous bone compressive strength characteristics (strength, elastic modulus, and resilience). 
Body weights increased as age increased, regardless of other factors. Bone ash content typically declined by nine 
weeks of age. A reduction in strength, elastic modulus, and resilience was seen at nine weeks of age with elastic modulus 
in the lateral region of proximal tibiotarsal cancellous bone being the exception. In general, bone ash content directly 
affected the measured bone strength parameters, i.e., a decrease in bone strength parameters occurred when bone ash 
content decreased.}, number={5}, journal={Transactions of the ASAE}, author={Capps, S. G. and Bottcher, Robert W. and Abrams, C. F. and Scheideler, S. E.}, year={1997}, pages={1469–1473} }
 @article{bottcher_baughman_magura_1996, title={Field measurements of fan speed and power use in poultry houses}, volume={5}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Applied Poultry Research}, author={Bottcher, R. W. and Baughman, G. R. and Magura, J. T.}, year={1996}, pages={56} }
 @article{bottcher_magura_young_baughman_1995, title={Effects of tilt angles on airflow for poultry house mixing fans}, volume={11}, number={5}, journal={Applied Engineering in Agriculture}, author={Bottcher, R. W. and Magura, J. R. and Young, J. S. and Baughman, G. R.}, year={1995}, pages={721} }
 @article{bottcher_brake_baughman_magura_1995, title={Reducing heat stress in broilers -- vertically directed mixing fans as an alternative to tunnel ventilation}, volume={11}, number={3}, journal={Misset World Poultry}, author={Bottcher, R. W. and Brake, J. and Baughman, G. R. and Magura, J. R.}, year={1995}, pages={24} }
 @article{bottcher_brake_baughman_magura_1995, title={Vertically directed mixing fans for cooling floor-raised poultry}, volume={11}, number={4}, journal={Applied Engineering in Agriculture}, author={Bottcher, R. W. and Brake, J. and Baughman, G. R. and Magura, J. R.}, year={1995}, pages={591} }
 @article{bottcher_biseski_brake_pardue_etheredge_1994, title={Reducing mixing fan thermostat setpoints in naturally ventilated broiler housing during hot weather}, volume={3}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Applied Poultry Research}, author={Bottcher, R. W. and Biseski, P. S. and Brake, J. and Pardue, S. L. and Etheredge, A. M.}, year={1994}, pages={289} }
 @article{bottcher_magura_young_baughman_1994, title={Tilt angles for mixing fans in poultry housing}, number={944001}, journal={Paper (American Society of Agricultural Engineers)}, publisher={American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE)}, author={Bottcher, R. W. and Magura, J. R. and Young, J. S. and Baughman, G. R.}, year={1994}, pages={35} }
 @article{evaporative efficiency of a fogging fan for poultry_1992, volume={8}, number={6}, journal={Applied Engineering in Agriculture}, year={1992}, pages={855} }
 @article{bottcher_driggers_carter_hobbs_1992, title={Field comparison of broiler house mechanical ventilation systems in a warm climate}, volume={8}, number={4}, journal={Applied Engineering in Agriculture}, author={Bottcher, R. W. and Driggers, L. B. and Carter, T. A. and Hobbs, A. O.}, year={1992}, pages={499} }
 @article{bottcher_driggers_baughman_bisesi_1992, title={Field evaluation of reflective bubble-pack insulation in broiler housing}, volume={8}, number={3}, journal={Applied Engineering in Agriculture}, author={Bottcher, R. W. and Driggers, L. B. and Baughman, G. R. and Bisesi, P.}, year={1992}, pages={369} }
 @article{bottcher_singletary_baughman_1992, title={Modifying tunnel ventilation with continuous sidewall inlets}, number={92-4049}, journal={Paper (American Society of Agricultural Engineers)}, author={Bottcher, R. W. and Singletary, I. B. and Baughman, G. R.}, year={1992}, pages={11} }
 @article{bottcher_pardue_brake_jacobson_driggers_baughman_bisesi_1992, title={Thermography for evaluating thermal comfort of poultry}, number={92-4539}, journal={Paper (American Society of Agricultural Engineers)}, author={Bottcher, R. W. and Pardue, S. L. and Brake, J. T. and Jacobson, B. M. and Driggers, L. B. and Baughman, G. R. and Bisesi, P. S.}, year={1992}, pages={10} }
 @article{bottcher_singletary_baughman_1992, title={Ventilation of poultry buildings with exhaust fans at one end and continuous slot inlets along the sidewalls}, volume={35}, number={5}, journal={Transactions of the ASAE}, author={Bottcher, R. W. and Singletary, I. B. and Baughman, G. R.}, year={1992}, pages={1673} }
 @article{bottcher_baughman_gates_timmons_1991, title={Characterizing efficiency of misting systems for poultry}, volume={34}, number={2}, journal={Transactions of the ASAE}, author={Bottcher, R. W. and Baughman, G. R. and Gates, R. S. and Timmons, M. B.}, year={1991}, pages={586} }
 @article{bottcher_driggers_pardue_brake_bisesi_1991, title={Comparison of diurnal ventilation strategies for poultry}, number={91-4563}, journal={Paper (American Society of Agricultural Engineers)}, author={Bottcher, R. W. and Driggers, L. B. and Pardue, S. L. and Brake, J. T. and Bisesi, P. S.}, year={1991}, pages={25} }
 @article{bottcher_baughman_1990, title={Analysis of misting and ventilation cycling for broiler housing}, volume={33}, number={3}, journal={Transactions of the ASAE}, author={Bottcher, R. W. and Baughman, G. R.}, year={1990}, pages={925} }
 @article{bottcher_driggers_baughman_bisesi_1990, title={Field tests of reflective insulation and roof coating}, number={90-4515}, journal={Paper (American Society of Agricultural Engineers)}, author={Bottcher, R. W. and Driggers, L. B. and Baughman, G. R. and Bisesi, P.}, year={1990}, pages={16} }
 @article{bottcher_baughman_siopes_1990, title={Two forced-air cooling methods for poultry}, number={90-4025}, journal={Paper (American Society of Agricultural Engineers)}, author={Bottcher, R. W. and Baughman, G. R. and Siopes, T. D.}, year={1990}, pages={16} }
 @article{bottcher_baughman_1989, title={Effects of misting and ventilation cycling on misting system performance}, number={89-4080}, journal={Paper (American Society of Agricultural Engineers)}, author={Bottcher, R. W. and Baughman, G. R.}, year={1989}, pages={31} }
 @article{bottcher_carter_hobbs_peterson_queen_1989, title={Field comparison of broiler house ventilation systems}, number={89-4528}, journal={Paper (American Society of Agricultural Engineers)}, author={Bottcher, R. W. and Carter, T. A. and Hobbs, A. O. and Peterson, C. L. and Queen, W. H.}, year={1989}, pages={21} }