@article{boyle_holowaychuk_adams_marks_2011, title={Treatment of Three Cats with Hyperviscosity Syndrome and Congestive Heart Failure Using Plasmapheresis}, volume={47}, ISSN={["1547-3317"]}, DOI={10.5326/jaaha-ms-5635}, abstractNote={Three cats were evaluated at a veterinary teaching hospital for congestive heart failure (CHF) secondary to hyperviscosity syndrome from plasma cell neoplasia. All cats had severe hyperproteinemia due to hyperglobulinemia. Multiple myeloma or plasma cell neoplasia was diagnosed based on cytopathology and post mortem examination. The cats presented with signs of CHF including acute collapse, tachypnea, increased respiratory effort, and pulmonary crackles. All cats had heart murmurs and echocardiographic signs consistent with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. An enlarged left atrium was found in all cats and two of three cats also had spontaneous echocardiographic contrast. Plasmapheresis (centrifugal plasma exchange) was performed on all three cats by the removal of whole blood and the infusion of a balanced electrolyte solution while the whole blood was centrifuged and separated. The RBCs were then washed before being readministered to the patient. Plasmapheresis alleviated the clinical signs of CHF (tachypnea) in all three cats. Plasmapheresis should be considered in cases of CHF secondary to hyperviscosity syndrome to rapidly alleviate clinical signs associated with heart failure while diagnosis of the underlying cause is made and appropriate therapy implemented.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Boyle, Tonya E. and Holowaychuk, Marie K. and Adams, Allison K. and Marks, Steven L.}, year={2011}, pages={50–55} }
 @article{sikorski_birkenheuer_holowaychuk_mccleary-wheeler_davis_littman_2010, title={Babesiosis Caused by a Large Babesia Species in 7 Immunocompromised Dogs}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0440.x}, abstractNote={Background:  A large unnamed Babesia species was detected in a dog with lymphoma. It was unknown if this was an underrecognized pathogen.Objective:  Report the historical and clinicopathologic findings in 7 dogs with babesiosis caused by a large unnamed Babesia species characterize the 18S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) genes.Animals:  Seven immunocompromised dogs from which the Babesia was isolated.Methods:  Retrospective case review. Cases were identified by a diagnostic laboratory, the attending clinicians were contacted and the medical records were reviewed. The Babesia sp. 18S rRNA genes were amplified and sequenced.Results:  Six of 7 dogs had been splenectomized; the remaining dog was receiving oncolytic drugs. Lethargy, anorexia, fever, and pigmenturia were reported in 6/7, 6/7, 4/7, and 3/7 dogs. Laboratory findings included mild anemia (7/7) and severe thrombocytopenia (6/7). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays used to detect Babesia sensu stricto species were all positive, but specific PCR assays for Babesia canis and Babesia gibsoni were negative in all dogs. The 18S rRNA gene sequences were determined to be identical to a large unnamed Babesia sp. previously isolated. Cross‐reactive antibodies against other Babesia spp. were not always detectable. Five dogs were treated with imidocarb dipropionate and 1 dog with atovaquone/azithromycin; some favorable responses were noted. The remaining dog was untreated and remained a clinically stable carrier.Conclusions and Clinical Importance:  Dogs with pigmenturia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia should be tested for Babesia sp. by PCR. Serology is not sufficient for diagnosis of this Babesia sp. Asplenia, chemotherapy, or both might represent risk factors for persistent infection, illness, or both.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Sikorski, L. E. and Birkenheuer, A. J. and Holowaychuk, M. K. and McCleary-Wheeler, A. L. and Davis, J. M. and Littman, M. P.}, year={2010}, pages={127–131} }
 @article{holowaychuk_hansen_defrancesco_marks_2009, series={Contributed cases and assisted in data collection and interpretation of findings}, title={Ionized Hypocalcemia in Critically Ill Dogs}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0280.x}, abstractNote={Background:  Ionized hypocalcemia (iHCa) is a common electrolyte disturbance in critically ill people, especially those with sepsis. The cause of the iHCa is not entirely understood and is likely multifactorial. Critically ill people with iHCa have longer hospital stays and higher mortality rates compared to people with normocalcemia. There are no published clinical studies evaluating the incidence and impact of iHCa in critically ill dogs.Hypothesis:  iHCa occurs in critically ill dogs, is more prevalent in dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) or sepsis, and is associated with longer hospital stays and higher mortality.Animals:  One hundred and forty‐one client‐owned dogs admitted to a companion animal intensive care unit (ICU) in a veterinary teaching hospital.Methods:  Prospective observational study of sequentially enrolled dogs. Blood was collected and analyzed within an hour of admission from all dogs presented to the ICU that met study inclusion criteria.Results:  The incidence of iHCa (iCa < 1.11 mmol/L) was 16%. The presence of iHCa was associated with longer ICU (P= .038) and hospital (P= .012) stays but not with decreased survival (P= .60). Dogs with sepsis as defined by ≥3 SIRS criteria and a positive culture were more likely to have iHCa (P= .050).Conclusions and Clinical Relevance:  In dogs not previously treated with fluids or blood products intravenously, the finding of iHCa upon admission to the ICU predicted a longer duration of ICU and hospital stay. Septic dogs with positive cultures were more likely to have iHCa.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, author={Holowaychuk, M.K. and Hansen, B.D. and DeFrancesco, T.C. and Marks, S.L.}, year={2009}, pages={509–513}, collection={Contributed cases and assisted in data collection and interpretation of findings} }
 @misc{holowaychuk_martin_2007, title={Review of hypocalcemia in septic patients}, volume={17}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care (San Antonio, Tex. : 2001)}, author={Holowaychuk, M. K. and Martin, L. G.}, year={2007}, pages={348–358} }
 @article{holowaychuk_martin_2006, title={Misconceptions about emergency and critical care: Cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation, fluid therapy, shock, and trauma}, volume={28}, number={6}, journal={Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian}, author={Holowaychuk, M. K. and Martin, L. G.}, year={2006}, pages={420-} }
 @article{holowaychuk_martin_2006, title={Misconceptions about emergency and critical care: Metabolic disease and intensive care medicine}, volume={28}, number={6}, journal={Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian}, author={Holowaychuk, M. K. and Martin, L. G.}, year={2006}, pages={434-} }
 @article{holowaychuk_2006, title={Renal failure in a guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) following ingestion of oxalate containing plants}, volume={47}, number={8}, journal={Canadian Veterinary Journal}, author={Holowaychuk, M. K.}, year={2006}, pages={787–789} }