@article{peterson_campbell_2002, title={Prevalence and ecological association of foliar pathogens of cucumber in North Carolina, 1996-1998}, volume={86}, ISSN={["0191-2917"]}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.10.1094}, abstractNote={During the fall growing seasons of 1996-98, 5,400 leaves exhibiting leaf spots were collected from cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) fields and microscopically examined to identify the organisms associated with these symptoms. Five fungal pathogens were associated with leaf lesions: Alternaria cucumerina, Colletotrichum orbiculare, Corynespora cassiicola, Didymella bryoniae, and Pseudoperonospora cubensis; D. bryoniae and C. orbiculare occurred most frequently. When pathogens were paired on five or more leaves, associations between pathogen pairs were tested for independence via a 2-by-2 contingency table χ 2 analysis. In all, 66 two-way pathogen associations were tested. Of these, 39 associations were negative (occurred together less often than expected at random), 1 was positive (occurred together more often than expected at random), and, in 16 cases, the pathogens were not associated. An association between C. orbiculare and D. bryoniae occurred 24 times and, each time, the relationship was negative. This result, combined with different environmental requirements for infection, suggests that these pathogens either occupy different niches in the plant canopy or are antagonistic. No relationship between the cultivars grown or the fungicides applied and the pathogens isolated from specific field sites was found. Information on the dominant pathogens responsible for leaf spot epidemics in North Carolina's cucumber fields will be useful to target breeding and disease control strategies.}, number={10}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Peterson, PD and Campbell, CL}, year={2002}, month={Oct}, pages={1094–1100} }
 @article{peterson_griffith_campbell_2000, title={Hermann von Schrenk and the rise of forest pathology in the United States}, volume={84}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.5.586}, abstractNote={At the turn of the twentieth century, forest pathology first appeared as a new specialty of the discipline of phytopathology in the United States. With origins in Europe in the middle of the nineteenth century, forest pathology manifested itself in the United States as a scattered collection of essays before becoming a recognized subdiscipline by the first decade of the twentieth century. It emerged primarily from the confluence of two sources: taxonomic mycology and the growing conservation movement. In this review, we will examine one individual, botanist and mycologist Hermann Von Schrenk (Fig. 1), who personified the rise of this new specialty through his research on the diseases of trees for the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Von Schrenk’s career also provides timely lessons by demonstrating that the issues created by the interactions of plant pathologists and industry were present from the early history of the science. Forest pathology began in Germany during the nineteenth century, primarily through the efforts of the Hartigs. In 1833, Theodore Hartig, forester, educator, and son of G. L. Hartig, chief forester of Prussia, published a report on the effects of mycelium in wood. In tune with the dominant biological theory of spontaneous generation, T. Hartig deduced that the fungi were the result rather than the cause of rotting wood. Nevertheless, the report served to illustrate the destructive nature of fungi. In the 1870s, Robert Hartig, son of Theodore, did foundational research on the etiology of tree diseases caused by fungi and related fungi to the cause of wood deterioration. Through his textbooks and teaching, Hartig established the basis of forest pathology (15). Forest pathology, however, developed more slowly than other aspects of plant pathology, particularly in the United States, due in large part to the different level of interest in the health and preservation of trees versus crops grown for food and fiber. Ornamental and forest trees failed to garner much interest, but orchard fruit trees did attract a great deal of attention from the earliest days of plant disease studies because of a myriad of diseases such as fire blight and peach yellows that plagued them. The most notable early work on forest tree diseases in the United States came from William Farlow, the gifted Harvard mycologist, who studied in the early 1870s with Anton DeBary and was certainly aware of the botanical trends in Germany. After he returned to the United States in 1879, Farlow lectured and wrote on “Diseases of forest trees.” This paper, however, was his single contribution to the field until 1891, when he wrote the article, “Diseases of trees likely to follow mechanical injuries” (4,5). Farlow’s work did not represent the full extent of American interest in tree diseases, but it certainly reflected the most scientifically advanced knowledge available. It also revealed a large degree of attachment to classical mycology at a time when plant pathology was shifting in a more applied direction, particularly at the USDA and the state agricultural experiment stations. The publication of “Diseases of shade and ornamental trees” by Beverly T. Galloway and Albert F. Woods in the USDA Yearbook for 1896 marked the first serious foray into forest pathology by America’s foremost institution of agricultural research. The Yearbook paper by Galloway, chief of the Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology, and Woods, his top deputy, highlighted ongoing attempts by the USDA to collect data on tree diseases. The article was intended only as a brief introduction to the young field of forest pathology, although it did provide some cultural control information. The paper aroused a noticeable interest in tree diseases, as indicated by the large number of requests for information and specimens (37). For the next several years, the USDA maintained an interest in tree diseases, but the inclusion of forest pathology as a truly significant area of USDA pathological research would have to await the next century. By 1900, the demand for concerted attention to tree diseases came conspicuously “from owners of forest and shade trees” as well as “superintendents of parks and streets” (6). The Secretary of Agriculture declared that “the rapidly growing interest in forestry problems has created a widespread demand for information as to diseases affecting trees, and in recognition of this fact the work has been pushed forward as rapidly as possible” (36). The growth of forest pathology can be seen as part of an overall expansion of the Department’s attention to forestry, in part sparked by a national rise of interest in conservation (21). This trend was highlighted by the appointment of the legendary Gifford Pinchot (Fig. 2) as chief of the Division of Forestry in 1898. Pinchot was a national figure of growing influence, and he, more than any other American, would frame the definition of the Conservation Movement of the early twentieth century. Unlike the understanding of “conservation” today, Pinchot’s concern for conservation was to understand and monitor natural resources, not for the pur-}, number={5}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Peterson, PD and Griffith, CS and Campbell, CL}, year={2000}, month={May}, pages={586–591} }
 @article{noriega-cantu_teliz_mora-aguilera_rodriguez-alcazar_zavaleta-mejia_otero-colinas_campbell_1999, title={Epidemiology of mango malformation in Guerrero, Mexico, with traditional and integrated management}, volume={83}, ISSN={["0191-2917"]}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS.1999.83.3.223}, abstractNote={The temporal progress of malformation (MM) of mango (Mangifera indica) was studied from 1993 to 1995 with three management technologies applied to commercial plantations in North Guerrero, Mexico. Management influenced shoot production and thus determined the dynamics of epidemics. Environmental factors also affected disease incidence, particularly through an apparent effect on inoculum dispersal. In general, integrated management (IM), consisting of pruning, acaricide, and fungicide sprays, resulted in slower rates of epidemic development, lower levels of initial and final disease, and lesser areas under the disease progress curves. In the first cycle, IM increased yield per tree by 51% in relation to high technology (HT) and 74% in relation to lower traditional technology (LT), representing a benefit-cost rate of 2.8 and 3.3, respectively. Change of malformation incidence was correlated positively with the number of macroconidia of Fusarium sp. trapped in the canopy (r = 0.90, P = 0.0001) and wind speed (r = 0.83, P = 0.0001); both variables lagged over a 4-month period. The greatest change in malformation occurred during the main vegetative flush, which occurred 3 to 6 months after picking the fruit (May). The accumulated proportion of diseased shoots was correlated with the following variables measured over a 1-week period: average maximum daily temperature (r = -0.68, P = 0. 01), average temperature per hour (r = -0.59, P = 0.04), average number of hours with relative humidity ≥60% (r = -0.82, P = 0.001), and wind speed (r = 0.94, P = 0.0001). In general, the greatest spore density was found during the rainy season, with a morning periodicity showing the highest correlation with wind speed (r = 0.812, P = 0.0001). F. subglutinans was isolated consistently from diseased (86%) and asymptomatic (5%) vegetative and flowering shoots.}, number={3}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Noriega-Cantu, DH and Teliz, D and Mora-Aguilera, G and Rodriguez-Alcazar, J and Zavaleta-Mejia, E and Otero-Colinas, G and Campbell, CL}, year={1999}, month={Mar}, pages={223–228} }
 @article{campbell_1999, title={Science in transition: Lessons from the past for our future}, volume={89}, ISSN={["0031-949X"]}, DOI={10.1094/PHYTO.1999.89.1.17}, abstractNote={HomePhytopathology®Vol. 89, No. 1Science in Transition: Lessons from the Past for Our Future PreviousNext Presidential Address OPENOpen Access licenseScience in Transition: Lessons from the Past for Our FutureC. Lee CampbellC. Lee CampbellSearch for more papers by this authorAffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations C. Lee Campbell Published Online:22 Feb 2007https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.1999.89.1.17AboutSectionsPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat DetailsFiguresLiterature CitedRelated Vol. 89, No. 1 January 1999SubscribeISSN:0031-949Xe-ISSN:1943-7684 Metrics Article History Issue Date: 25 Jan 2008Published: 22 Feb 2007 Pages: 17-19 Information© 1999 The American Phytopathological SocietyPDF downloadCited byEvaluation of acibenzolar-S-methyl-induced resistance against iris yellow spot tospovirus16 April 2015 | European Journal of Plant Pathology, Vol. 142, No. 4Effect of biocontrol agent, plant extracts and safe chemicals in suppression of Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MYMV) in black gram ( Vigna mungo )Archives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection, Vol. 43, No. 1Induced resistance in cotton seedlings against fusarium wilt by dried biomass ofPenicillium chrysogenum and its water extractPhytoparasitica, Vol. 30, No. 1Understanding the Interrelationships Between Botanical, Human, and Veterinary Epidemiology: The Ys and Rs of It AllEcosystem Health, Vol. 5, No. 3}, number={1}, journal={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, author={Campbell, CL}, year={1999}, month={Jan}, pages={17–19} }
 @book{campbell_peterson_griffith_1999, title={The formative years of plant pathology in the United States}, ISBN={0890542333}, publisher={St. Paul, MN: APS Press}, author={Campbell, C. L. and Peterson, P. D. and Griffith, C. S.}, year={1999} }
 @article{campbell_ristaino_1999, title={The importance of dispersal mechanisms in the epidemiology of Phytophthora blights and downy mildews on crop plants}, volume={5}, ISSN={["1076-2825"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0033427133&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1046/j.1526-0992.1999.09924.x}, abstractNote={Epidemics of plant diseases share a basic structure with those of human and animal diseases; however, unlike most epidemics of people and animals, fungi or fungi-like organisms are of major importance as pathogens. Because of the relatively low value of an individual in most plant populations, botanical epidemiologists perform observational as well as designed studies repeatedly on epidemics in large populations. Plant disease epidemics develop from overlapping cycles of propagule dissemination, host encounter and infection, pathogenesis (including symptom development), and pathogen reproduction. Initial infective units, or propagules, originate from survival structures formed between cropping seasons or during periods when weathers conditions are not suitable for disease initiation. Propagules may also arrive by long-distance transport from other geographic areas where conditions are suitable for the occurrence of continuous epidemic cycles. The importance of dispersal mechanisms in epidemic development are illustrated with three solanaceous pathosystems: Phytophthora blight of pepper (caused by Phytophthora capsici), blue mold of tobacco (caused by Peronospora tabacina), and late blight of potato (caused by Phytophthora infestans).}, number={3}, journal={ECOSYSTEM HEALTH}, author={Campbell, C.L. and Ristaino, J.B.}, year={1999}, month={Sep}, pages={146–157} }
 @article{hellkamp_shafer_campbell_bay_fiscus_hess_mcquaid_munster_olson_peck_et al._1998, title={Assessment of the condition of agricultural lands in five mid-Atlantic states}, volume={51}, ISSN={["0167-6369"]}, DOI={10.1023/A:1005955807061}, number={1-2}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT}, author={Hellkamp, AS and Shafer, SR and Campbell, CL and Bay, JM and Fiscus, DA and Hess, GR and McQuaid, BF and Munster, MJ and Olson, GL and Peck, SL and et al.}, year={1998}, month={Jun}, pages={317–324} }
 @article{neher_easterling_fiscus_campbell_1998, title={Comparison of nematode communities in agricultural soils of North Carolina and Nebraska}, volume={8}, DOI={10.2307/2641323}, number={1}, journal={Ecological Applications}, author={Neher, D. A. and Easterling, K. N. and Fiscus, D. and Campbell, C. L.}, year={1998}, pages={213–223} }
 @article{dhakhwa_campbell_1998, title={Potential effects of differential day-night warming in global climate change on crop production}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1573-1480"]}, DOI={10.1023/A:1005339800665}, number={3-4}, journal={CLIMATIC CHANGE}, author={Dhakhwa, GB and Campbell, CL}, year={1998}, month={Dec}, pages={647–667} }
 @article{campbell_peterson_griffith_1998, title={The War Emergency Board of American plant pathologists}, volume={82}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.1.121}, abstractNote={By the second decade of the twentieth century, plant pathology in the United States was developing rapidly into a mature, professional science. The level of that development can be viewed clearly through the activities of a committee appointed in 1918 as a response to the national emergency caused by World War I and known as the War Emergency Board of American Plant Pathologists. The formation of the War Board is a significant event in the history of plant pathology in the United States, not so much for what the Board contributed to the war effort, but rather because it became an extraordinary exercise in professional self-examination. The study of the organization of American phytopathological resources necessitated by the war, as well as the Board’s examination of the current level of the understanding of plant diseases and the ability to forge solutions to those problems, serve as an excellent lens through which to view the science of plant pathology in its formative years. As a lasting legacy, the War Board}, number={1}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Campbell, CL and Peterson, PD and Griffith, CS}, year={1998}, month={Jan}, pages={121–125} }
 @article{peck_mcquaid_campbell_1998, title={Using ant species (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) as a biological indicator of agroecosystem condition}, volume={27}, ISSN={["0046-225X"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/27.5.1102}, abstractNote={Ant species assemblages have been used as biological indicators of environmental condition in many different ecosystems. To assess the potential of using ants as environmental indicators of agroecosystem condition, ants were collected from a stratified random sample of agricultural fields planted in annually harvested herbaceous crops at 90 sites in North Carolina and Virginia. The ants were identified to species and correlations with soil, management and crop variables were examined as the 1st step in developing an environmental indicator of agroecosystem condition. A total of 41 species of ants was found. Ant species assemblages were found to differ significantly between the fields and the field margin. Ant species assemblages were correlated with soil variables, tillage practices, and insecticide use, suggesting that ants have potential as a biological indicator of agroecosystem condition.}, number={5}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Peck, SL and McQuaid, B and Campbell, CL}, year={1998}, month={Oct}, pages={1102–1110} }
 @article{peterson_campbell_1997, title={Beverly T. Galloway: Visionary administrator}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1545-2107"]}, DOI={10.1146/annurev.phyto.35.1.29}, abstractNote={With a career that began at the University of Missouri in the early 1880s and culminated at the USDA in the 1930s, Beverly Galloway devoted his life to practical botany and agriculture. He became a driving force in the movement for "New Botany" during a period that stressed an experimental approach as well as new disciplines such as plant pathology. As administrator and scientist, he was arguably the single, most influential figure involved in the early growth and development of plant pathology and the plant sciences generally in the USDA. From assistant mycologist in the Section of Mycology to Chief of the Bureau of Plant Industry to Assistant Secretary of the USDA, Galloway displayed exceptional administrative acumen. His administrative and scientific skills were instrumental in laying the foundations for the science of plant pathology during its formative period in the United States.}, journal={ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, author={Peterson, PD and Campbell, CL}, year={1997}, pages={29–43} }
 @article{griffith_peterson_campbell_1997, title={Byron David Halsted and experiment station plant pathology 1889 to 1900}, volume={81}, ISSN={["0191-2917"]}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.5.545}, abstractNote={Halsted (B.D.) fut le plus celebre scientifique americain du XIX e siecle a etudier et effectuer des recherches sur les maladies des plantes afin de pallier les problemes rencontres en agriculture}, number={5}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Griffith, CS and Peterson, PD and Campbell, CL}, year={1997}, month={May}, pages={545–549} }
 @inproceedings{ristaino_parra_campbell_1997, title={Effect of inoculum source type and cultural practices on the spread of Phytophthora capsici in bell pepper}, number={1997}, booktitle={Soil solarization and integrated management of soilborne pests: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Soil Solarization and Integrated Management of Soilborne Pests, Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic, 16-21 March 1997}, publisher={Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United}, author={Ristaino, J. B. and Parra, G. and Campbell, C. L.}, editor={J. J. Stapleton, J. E. DeVay and Elmore, C. L.Editors}, year={1997} }
 @article{dhakhwa_campbell_leduc_cooter_1997, title={Maize growth: assessing the effects of global warming and CO2 fertilization with crop models}, volume={87}, ISSN={["1873-2240"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0168-1923(97)00030-0}, abstractNote={Projected future climate change scenarios derived from two General Circulation Models (GCMs): Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) and United Kingdom Meteorological Office (UKMO), and two crop models: Crop Estimation through Resources and Environmental Synthesis (CERES), and Erosion/Productivity Impact Calculator (EPIC), were considered to assess the climate change impact on the yield and biomass of maize. Climate change scenarios included changes in temperature, precipitation and solar radiation from two GCMs interpolated to 1° × 1° grid cells in the central Piedmont in North Carolina. Changes in mean monthly temperature and precipiation from the GCMs were used to adjust observed daily climate records from 1949–1988. There is convincing evidence that future temperature linked to global warming might be characterized by asymmetric change between daily daytime maxima and daily nighttime minima. Two hypotheses regarding how GCM temperature would alter observational record were examined. The first assumed that daytime and nighttime warming occurs symmetrically, i.e., maximum and minimum temperatures are raised equally. The second hypothesis assumed that nightime minima change is three times greater than daytime maxima change and the change in mean diurnal temperature range is approximately equal to the change in daily mean temperature. For the equal day-night warming scenario, when only the effects of climate change (i.e., changes in temperature, precipitation and solar radiation) were considered, simulations with CERES and EPIC indicated substantial losses in maize grain yield and tolar above ground biomass with both the GCM scenarios. For the asymmetric warming, the reduction in biomass and yield due to climate change was less than that obtained with symmetric warming. Simulated maize yield and biomass with CERES and EPIC increased when only effects due to CO2-fertilization were considered. The inclusion of CO2 fertilization effects with those due to climate change resulted in higher biomass and yield compared to values obtained with effects of climate change alone. When CERES was used with the GFDL scenario, and the effects of CO2 fertilization and the climate change were combined, no difference in simulated yield was found between the two hypotheses; only an 8% difference in aboveground biomass was found when the UKMO scenario was used. When EPIC was used, the differential day-night warming hypothesis resulted in 9–13% less reduction in biomass and yield than did the use of the equal day-night warming hypothesis.}, number={4}, journal={AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY}, author={Dhakhwa, GB and Campbell, CL and LeDuc, SK and Cooter, EJ}, year={1997}, month={Dec}, pages={253–272} }
 @article{ristaino_parra_campbell_1997, title={Suppression of Phytophthora blight in bell pepper by a no-till wheat cover crop}, volume={87}, ISSN={["0031-949X"]}, DOI={10.1094/PHYTO.1997.87.3.242}, abstractNote={Four mechanisms of dispersal of propagules of Phytophthora capsici were investigated through modifications in cultural practices and fungicide applications in field plots of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum). Dispersal of soil inoculum was suppressed, and final incidence of disease was 2.5 to 43% when stubble from a fall-sown, no-till, wheat cover crop was present. Final disease incidence was 71 to 72% and pathogen spread occurred within and across rows when all dispersal mechanisms were operative in plots of pepper planted into bare soil. Final disease incidence was 42 to 78% with black plastic mulch when a sporulating pepper fruit placed on the surface served as the source of initial inoculum. The fungicide metalaxyl applied in the irrigation system did not suppress within-row spread of surface inoculum from a sporulating fruit on plastic, but did limit across-row spread; final disease incidence in metalaxyl-treated plots was 11.5 to 14%. Pathogen dispersal mechanisms were modified most dramatically by the no-till cropping system. Thus, simple changes in cultural practices can have dramatic effects on the development of Phytophthora epidemics. Ecologically based disease management strategies have the potential to reduce our reliance on agrichemicals in this and similar pathosystems.}, number={3}, journal={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, author={Ristaino, JB and Parra, G and Campbell, CL}, year={1997}, month={Mar}, pages={242–249} }
 @article{campbell_vandergaag_1993, title={TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL DYNAMICS OF MICROSCLEROTIA OF MACROPHOMINA-PHASEOLINA IN 3 FIELDS IN NORTH-CAROLINA OVER 4 TO 5 YEARS}, volume={83}, ISSN={["0031-949X"]}, DOI={10.1094/Phyto-83-1434}, abstractNote={The spatial and temporal dynamics of microsclerotia of Macrophamina phaseolina were investigated in three fields planted to common agronomic crops in North Carolina over 4 to 5 yr. Two fields, C-1 and C-2, were divided into 180 contiguous quadrats (6.1×6.1 m) arranged in an 18×10 grid, and one field, W, was divided into 144 contiguous quadrats (4.6×4.6 m) arranged in a 12×12 grid. During the period of study, inoculum density ranged from 35.3 to 77.5, 20.4 to 59.7, and 6.4 to 18.0 microsclerotia per 10 g of air-dry soil in C-1, C-2, and W, respectively. In C-1 and C-2, no characteristic seasonal fluctuation or general trend in number of propagules was found [...]}, number={12}, journal={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, author={CAMPBELL, CL and VANDERGAAG, DJ}, year={1993}, month={Dec}, pages={1434–1440} }
 @article{campbell_duthie_1990, title={IMPACT OF LEAF-SPOT DISEASES ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF ALFALFA IN NORTH-CAROLINA}, volume={74}, ISSN={["0191-2917"]}, DOI={10.1094/PD-74-0241}, abstractNote={(...) Dry matter yield was 5.3-34.8% less in unsprayed plots than in sprayed plots at the five harvests in 1986 and 12.9-37.2% less in 1987. Annual differences in yield between sprayed and unsprayed plots were 18.6% (1.69 Mg/ha) in 1986 and 24.8% (2.64 Mg/ha) in 1987. Percentages of total digestible nutrients and acid detergent fiber did not differ in alfalfa harvested from treated or untreated plots. Mean adjusted crude protein did not differ with respect to fungicide treatment or harvest in 1986 but was greater in unsprayed plots (22.1%) than in plots sprayed with fungicide (20.6%) in 1987}, number={3}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={CAMPBELL, CL and DUTHIE, JA}, year={1990}, month={Mar}, pages={241–245} }
 @article{campbell_bruck_sinn_martin_1988, title={INFLUENCE OF ACIDITY LEVEL IN SIMULATED RAIN ON DISEASE PROGRESS IN 4 PLANT PATHOSYSTEMS}, volume={53}, ISSN={["0269-7491"]}, DOI={10.1016/0269-7491(88)90036-X}, abstractNote={Field investigations were performed in 1984–1985 on the effects of acidity level in simulated rain on disease dynamics in four pathosystems: alfalfa leaf spot (ALS), peanut leaf spot (PLS), potato late blight (PLB), and soybean brown spot (SBS). Studies were performed in an ambient rain exclusion apparatus with simulated rain acidity levels of pH 2·8, 3·6, 4·2, 4·8, or 5·6 and four plots per pH level. In 1984 for ALS and PLB, rain was simulated three times a week at 6–8 mm per event. For PLS and SBS in 1984 and for PLB, PLS, and SBS in 1985, rain was simulated twice a week at 13–16 mm per event with a 10 min pause halfway through each event. Disease was assessed three times a week. In 1984, no significant effect of acidity level in simulated rain on disease severity was detected in any pathosystem. Severity of PLB differed among treatments in 1985 with significant quadratic and cubic components for the dose-response relationship. PLS severity decreased with increasing level of acidity in simulated rain in 1985 and the dose-response relationship was linear. No differences in severity of ALS or SBS due to acidity of simulated rain were found. Thus, disease response to acidity of simulated rain is system dependent.}, number={1-4}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION}, author={CAMPBELL, CL and BRUCK, RI and SINN, JP and MARTIN, SB}, year={1988}, pages={219–234} }
 @inbook{campbell_reynolds_madden_1988, title={Modelling epidemics of root diseases and development of simulators}, ISBN={3540181288}, booktitle={Experimental techniques in plant disease epidemiology}, publisher={Berlin: Springer-Verlag}, author={Campbell, C. L. and Reynolds, K. M. and Madden, L. V.}, editor={J. Kranz and Rotem, J.Editors}, year={1988}, pages={253} }
 @article{martin_campbell_bruck, title={Infectivity of Phytophthora infestans in simulated acid rain solutions}, volume={76}, journal={Phytopathology}, author={Martin, S. B. and Campbell, C. L. and Bruck, R. I.}, pages={870–874} }