@article{meichner_stokol_tarigo_avery_burkhard_comazzi_fogle_stowe_rütgen_seelig_et al._2020, title={Multicenter flow cytometry proficiency testing of canine blood and lymph node samples}, volume={49}, ISSN={0275-6382}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vcp.12843}, DOI={10.1111/vcp.12843}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={Veterinary Clinical Pathology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Meichner, Kristina and Stokol, Tracy and Tarigo, Jaime and Avery, Anne and Burkhard, Mary J. and Comazzi, Stefano and Fogle, Jonathan and Stowe, Devorah Marks and Rütgen, Barbara and Seelig, Davis and et al.}, year={2020}, month={Apr}, pages={249–257} }
 @article{khana_peterson_stanton_schreeg_birkenheuer_tarigo_2018, title={Genetic conservation of Cytauxzoon felis antigens and mRNA expression in the schizont life-stage}, volume={263}, ISSN={["1873-2550"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.10.007}, abstractNote={Cytauxzoonosis is a highly fatal disease of domestic cats caused by the apicomplexan protozoan Cytauxzoon felis, which is most closely related to Theileria spp. The growing prevalence, high morbidity and mortality, and treatment cost of cytauxzoonosis emphasize the need for vaccine development. Traditional approaches for vaccine development, however, have been hindered by the inability to culture C. felis in vitro. Recent availability of the annotated C. felis genome combined with genome-based vaccine design and protein microarray immunoscreening allowed for high-throughput identification of C. felis antigens that could serve as vaccine candidates. This study assessed the suitability of three of these vaccine candidates (cf30, cf63, cf58) in addition to a previously reported vaccine candidate (cf76) based on two criteria: genetic conservation among diverse C. felis geographic isolates and expression in tissues containing the C. felis schizont life stage, which has been previously associated with the development of a protective immune response. A comparison of seventeen C. felis isolates across seven states demonstrated high sequence identity (99-100%) for cf30, cf63, and cf58, similar to the degree of conservation previously reported for cf76. RNAscope® in situ hybridization using acutely infected feline splenic tissue revealed robust levels of all transcripts in the schizont life stage of the parasite. These data support the suitability of these three antigens for further investigation as vaccine candidates against cytauxzoonosis.}, journal={VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY}, author={Khana, Daven B. and Peterson, David S. and Stanton, James B. and Schreeg, Megan E. and Birkenheuer, Adam J. and Tarigo, Jaime L.}, year={2018}, month={Nov}, pages={49–53} }
 @article{schreeg_marr_tarigo_sherrill_outi_scholl_bird_vigil_hung_nakajima_et al._2018, title={Identification of Cytauxzoon felis antigens via protein microarray and assessment of expression library immunization against cytauxzoonosis}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1559-0275"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85059281263&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1186/s12014-018-9218-9}, abstractNote={Cytauxzoonosis is a disease of felids in North America caused by the tick-transmitted apicomplexan parasite Cytauxzoon felis. Cytauxzoonosis is particularly virulent for domestic cats, but no vaccine currently exists. The parasite cannot be cultivated in vitro, presenting a significant limitation for vaccine development.Recent sequencing of the C. felis genome has identified over 4300 putative protein-encoding genes. From this pool we constructed a protein microarray containing 673 putative C. felis proteins. This microarray was probed with sera from C. felis-infected and naïve cats to identify differentially reactive antigens which were incorporated into two expression library vaccines, one polyvalent and one monovalent. We assessed the efficacy of these vaccines to prevent of infection and/or disease in a tick-challenge model.Probing of the protein microarray resulted in identification of 30 differentially reactive C. felis antigens that were incorporated into the two expression library vaccines. However, expression library immunization failed to prevent infection or disease in cats challenged with C. felis.Protein microarray facilitated high-throughput identification of novel antigens, substantially increasing the pool of characterized C. felis antigens. These antigens should be considered for development of C. felis vaccines, diagnostics, and therapeutics.}, number={1}, journal={CLINICAL PROTEOMICS}, author={Schreeg, Megan E. and Marr, Henry S. and Tarigo, Jaime L. and Sherrill, Meredith K. and Outi, Hilton K. and Scholl, Elizabeth H. and Bird, David M. and Vigil, Adam and Hung, Chris and Nakajima, Rie and et al.}, year={2018}, month={Dec} }
 @article{schreeg_marr_tarigo_cohn_bird_scholl_levy_wiegmann_birkenheuer_2016, title={Mitochondrial Genome Sequences and Structures Aid in the Resolution of Piroplasmida phylogeny}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84994744879&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0165702}, abstractNote={The taxonomy of the order Piroplasmida, which includes a number of clinically and economically relevant organisms, is a hotly debated topic amongst parasitologists. Three genera (Babesia, Theileria, and Cytauxzoon) are recognized based on parasite life cycle characteristics, but molecular phylogenetic analyses of 18S sequences have suggested the presence of five or more distinct Piroplasmida lineages. Despite these important advancements, a few studies have been unable to define the taxonomic relationships of some organisms (e.g. C. felis and T. equi) with respect to other Piroplasmida. Additional evidence from mitochondrial genome sequences and synteny should aid in the inference of Piroplasmida phylogeny and resolution of taxonomic uncertainties. In this study, we have amplified, sequenced, and annotated seven previously uncharacterized mitochondrial genomes (Babesia canis, Babesia vogeli, Babesia rossi, Babesia sp. Coco, Babesia conradae, Babesia microti-like sp., and Cytauxzoon felis) and identified additional ribosomal fragments in ten previously characterized mitochondrial genomes. Phylogenetic analysis of concatenated mitochondrial and 18S sequences as well as cox1 amino acid sequence identified five distinct Piroplasmida groups, each of which possesses a unique mitochondrial genome structure. Specifically, our results confirm the existence of four previously identified clades (B. microti group, Babesia sensu stricto, Theileria equi, and a Babesia sensu latu group that includes B. conradae) while supporting the integration of Theileria and Cytauxzoon species into a single fifth taxon. Although known biological characteristics of Piroplasmida corroborate the proposed phylogeny, more investigation into parasite life cycles is warranted to further understand the evolution of the Piroplasmida. Our results provide an evolutionary framework for comparative biology of these important animal and human pathogens and help focus renewed efforts toward understanding the phylogenetic relationships within the group.}, number={11}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Schreeg, Megan E. and Marr, Henry S. and Tarigo, Jaime L. and Cohn, Leah A. and Bird, David M. and Scholl, Elizabeth H. and Levy, Michael G. and Wiegmann, Brian M. and Birkenheuer, Adam J.}, year={2016}, month={Nov} }
 @article{schreeg_marr_griffith_tarigo_bird_reichard_cohn_levy_birkenheuer_2016, title={PCR amplification of a multi-copy mitochondrial gene (cox3) improves detection of Cytauxzoon felis infection as compared to a ribosomal gene (18S)}, volume={225}, ISSN={["1873-2550"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84975504702&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.06.013}, abstractNote={Cytauxzoon felis is a tick-transmitted protozoan parasite that infects felids. Clinical disease caused by acute C. felis infection rapidly progresses in domestic cats, leading to high morbidity and mortality. Accurately diagnosing cytauxzoonosis as soon as possible during acute infection would allow for earlier initiation of antiprotozoal therapy which could lead to higher survival rates. Molecular detection of parasite rRNA genes (18S) by PCR has previously been shown to be a sensitive method of diagnosing C. felis infections. Based on evidence from related apicomplexan species, we hypothesized that C. felis mitochondrial genes would exist at higher copy numbers than 18S and would be a more sensitive diagnostic target. In this study we have designed a PCR assay targeting the C. felis mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit III (cox3). Herein we demonstrate that (1) the cox3 PCR can detect as low as 1 copy of DNA target and can detect C. felis in samples with known mitochondrial sequence heterogeneity, (2) cox3 copy number is increased relative to 18S in blood and tissue samples from acutely infected cats, and (3) the cox3 PCR is more sensitive than 18S PCR for detection of C. felis during early infections.}, journal={VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY}, author={Schreeg, Megan E. and Marr, Henry S. and Griffith, Emily H. and Tarigo, Jaime L. and Bird, David M. and Reichard, Mason V. and Cohn, Leah A. and Levy, Michael G. and Birkenheuer, Adam J.}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={123–130} }
 @article{schreeg_marr_tarigo_cohn_levy_birkenheuer_2015, title={Rapid High-Resolution Melt Analysis of Cytauxzoon felis Cytochrome b To Aid in the Prognosis of Cytauxzoonosis}, volume={53}, ISSN={["1098-660X"]}, DOI={10.1128/jcm.00635-15}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Schreeg, Megan E. and Marr, Henry S. and Tarigo, Jaime L. and Cohn, Leah A. and Levy, Michael G. and Birkenheuer, Adam J.}, year={2015}, month={Aug}, pages={2517–2524} }
 @article{tarigo_scholl_bird_brown_cohn_dean_levy_doolan_trieu_nordone_et al._2013, title={A Novel Candidate Vaccine for Cytauxzoonosis Inferred from Comparative Apicomplexan Genomics}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84882652524&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0071233}, abstractNote={Cytauxzoonosis is an emerging infectious disease of domestic cats (Felis catus) caused by the apicomplexan protozoan parasite Cytauxzoon felis. The growing epidemic, with its high morbidity and mortality points to the need for a protective vaccine against cytauxzoonosis. Unfortunately, the causative agent has yet to be cultured continuously in vitro, rendering traditional vaccine development approaches beyond reach. Here we report the use of comparative genomics to computationally and experimentally interpret the C. felis genome to identify a novel candidate vaccine antigen for cytauxzoonosis. As a starting point we sequenced, assembled, and annotated the C. felis genome and the proteins it encodes. Whole genome alignment revealed considerable conserved synteny with other apicomplexans. In particular, alignments with the bovine parasite Theileria parva revealed that a C. felis gene, cf76, is syntenic to p67 (the leading vaccine candidate for bovine theileriosis), despite a lack of significant sequence similarity. Recombinant subdomains of cf76 were challenged with survivor-cat antiserum and found to be highly seroreactive. Comparison of eleven geographically diverse samples from the south-central and southeastern USA demonstrated 91–100% amino acid sequence identity across cf76, including a high level of conservation in an immunogenic 226 amino acid (24 kDa) carboxyl terminal domain. Using in situ hybridization, transcription of cf76 was documented in the schizogenous stage of parasite replication, the life stage that is believed to be the most important for development of a protective immune response. Collectively, these data point to identification of the first potential vaccine candidate antigen for cytauxzoonosis. Further, our bioinformatic approach emphasizes the use of comparative genomics as an accelerated path to developing vaccines against experimentally intractable pathogens.}, number={8}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Tarigo, Jaime L. and Scholl, Elizabeth H. and Bird, David McK and Brown, Corrie C. and Cohn, Leah A. and Dean, Gregg A. and Levy, Michael G. and Doolan, Denise L. and Trieu, Angela and Nordone, Shila K. and et al.}, year={2013}, month={Aug} }
 @article{schreeg_marr_tarigo_cohn_levy_birkenheuer_2013, title={Pharmacogenomics of Cytauxzoon felis Cytochrome b: Implications for Atovaquone and Azithromycin Therapy in Domestic Cats with Cytauxzoonosis}, volume={51}, ISSN={["0095-1137"]}, DOI={10.1128/jcm.01407-13}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={9}, journal={JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Schreeg, Megan E. and Marr, Henry S. and Tarigo, Jaime and Cohn, Leah A. and Levy, Michael G. and Birkenheuer, Adam J.}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={3066–3069} }
 @article{cora_neel_tarigo_post_barnes_2010, title={Francisella philomiragia Septicemia in a Dog}, volume={24}, ISSN={["0891-6640"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77956640280&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0545.x}, abstractNote={A 10-month-old, male castrated bulldog weighing 18.4 kg was presented to the North Carolina State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital (NCSU-VTH) for evaluation of severe neck pain and lethargy. Two months previously, the dog had presented to the referring veterinarian with signs of lethargy and severe neck pain, and the owners reported recent removal of ticks from the dog at that time. A CBC, a biochemistry panel, and spinal radiographs were unremarkable, and an in-house canine ELISAa test for heartworm disease, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Ehrlichia canis, and Borrelia burgdorferi was negative. The patient was treated with meloxicamb (0.1 mg/kg PO q24h) and a 3-week course of doxycycline (5.9 mg/kg PO q12h), after which improvement was noted. However, similar clinical signs returned approximately 7 weeks after the initial episode. Doxycycline (5.5 mg/kg PO q12h) was restarted and clindamycin (16.6 mg/kg PO q12h) added for possible toxoplasmosis. There was no improvement 3 days after initiation of treatment, and referral to NCSU-VTH was recommended. On physical examination, the patient was febrile (103.5°F), with dull mentation, low head carriage, stiff neck, and trembling in all limbs. Profound vocalization was elicited on flexion, extension, and lateralization of the neck consistent with severe pain. Neurologic reflexes were normal. A serum biochemistry profile showed mild hyperglycemia (129 mg/dL; reference interval, 60–110 mg/dL). A CBC performed on a point-of-care analyzer disclosed mild normocytic, normochromic anemia (Hct, 36.2%; reference interval, 37–55%) and mild leukocytosis (21.8 × 103/μL; reference interval, 6.0–17.0 × 103/μL) characterized by mature neutrophila (18.09 × 103/μL; reference interval, 2.8–9.1 × 103/μL) and monocytosis (1.5 × 103/μL; reference interval, 0.59–0.85 × 103/μL). Differential diagnosis for the leukogram included inflammation or a physiological response. Urinalysis and thoracic radiographs were unremarkable. Evaluation of cisternal CSF indicated extreme neutrophilic (nondegenerate) pleocytosis with severely increased protein concentration (TNCC, 3,000/μL; protein, 175 mg/dL) consistent with meningitis. Pooled blood and CSF samples were polymerase chain reaction (PCR) negative for A. phagocytophilum, E. canis, B. burgdorferi, Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora spp., canine distemper virus, and West Nile virus.c A CSF culture was not performed. Before the results of the aforementioned infectious disease tests were available, treatment with doxycycline and clindamycin was continued, and prednisone (1.1 mg/kg q12h) was started. Five days later when the results were available, antibiotics were discontinued and a presumptive diagnosis of steroid responsive meningitis-arteritis (SRMA) was made. The patient's clinical signs resolved. Approximately 7 weeks later, while still receiving prednisone (0.27 mg/kg q12h), the dog became lethargic and inappetent with slight head tremors. Examination by the referring veterinarian identified a fever of 105°F and the patient was hospitalized at the referring veterinarian's hospital. Concerned over a potential relapse of the presumptive SRMA, the referring veterinarian consulted the attending neurologist at NCSU-VTH by phone. Although relapse of the SRMA was considered, the possibility of infection secondary to immunosuppression also was discussed and additional diagnostics, including reevaluating the CSF, was recommended. Empirically, under the referring veterinarian's care, the antibiotics were restarted and the prednisone dosage ultimately increased (1.6 mg/kg q12h). The dog showed no improvement during hospitalization for 4 days and was transferred to NCSU-VTH. At 2nd presentation to NCSU-VTH, the patient was stuporous and febrile (103°F). Occasional head tremors were noted, and spinal reflexes were delayed. The mucous membranes were pale with multifocal petechiae. Melena was observed. A serum biochemistry profile showed mild hypoalbuminemia (2.2 g/dL; reference interval, 2.5–4.4 g/dL), mild hyperbilirubinemia (0.8 mg/dL; reference interval, 0.1–0.6 mg/dL), and increased ALP (1195 IU/L; reference interval, 20–150 IU/L) and ALT (318 IU/L; reference interval, 10–118 IU/L). A CBC indicated moderate, normocytic, normochromic, nonregenerative anemia (Hct, 21.3%; reference interval, 39.2–55.9%), severe thrombocytopenia (13 × 103/μL; reference interval, 190–468 × 103/μL), and mild leukopenia (4.02 × 103/μL; reference interval, 4.39–11.61 × 103/μL) characterized by neutropenia (1.9 × 103/μL; reference interval, 2.8–9.1 × 103/μL) with a left shift (0.32 × 103/μL). A coagulation panel showed both prolonged PT (11.8 s; reference interval, 6.8–10.7 s) and APTT (46.4 s; reference interval, 75–13.8 s) with D-dimers > 2,000 ng/dL (reference interval, < 250 ng/dL) and a fibrinogen concentration of 100 mg/dL (reference interval, 100–300 mg/dL). Thoracic radiographs were unremarkable. Blood smear examination identified low numbers of spherocytes and marked neutrophilic toxic change. Moderate numbers of monocytes and neutrophils had mild to moderate nuclear swelling or karyorrhexis consistent with degenerative changes, and virtually every neutrophil and monocyte contained varying numbers of small (0.2–1 μm), pale basophilic, irregularly round, oblong, linear, or curvilinear structures consistent with a pleomorphic bacterial population (Fig 1). Initially, because of the pleomorphic morphology of the bacteria paired with their presence within both monocytes and neutrophils, Rhodococcus equi was considered a potential cause of the septicemia. However, a Gram stain indicated a gram-negative organism. CBC and blood smear findings were consistent with severe overwhelming inflammation becuase of septicemia. The anemia most likely was caused by a combination of blood loss, anemia of inflammatory disease and immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, potentially secondary to treatment or the bacterial infection. The coagulation panel supported fulminant disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Peripheral blood smear, Wright-Giemsa staining (100x objective). Ruptured leukocytes with released F. philomiragia bacteria in the background. Note the pleomorphism among the bacteria. 650 × 520 mm (150 × 150 DPI). Despite treatments, including IV fluid therapy, ampicillin/sulbactam (22 mg/kg IV q8h), famotidine (0.5 mg/kg IV q12h), pantoprazole (1 mg/kg IV q24h), fresh frozen plasma, and packed RBC transfusions, the patient continued to deteriorate, became nonresponsive, and was euthanized 19 hours after admission. At necropsy, macroscopic examination disclosed moderate disseminated petechiae in the subcutis, mucous membranes, diaphragm, mesentery, kidney, lungs, heart, and serosal surfaces of the gastrointestinal tract consistent with the clinical and laboratory diagnosis of fulminant DIC. CSF was collected for culture. Histopathology of liver, spleen, bone marrow, lungs, and various lymph nodes identified multifocal to disseminated, moderate to severe, histiocytic inflammation with large numbers of intrahistiocytic, Gram-negative bacterial organisms with accompanying necrosis, hemorrhage, and fibrin deposition. Within the brain, mild, multifocal lymphoplasmacytic meningoencephalitis and choroiditis were observed, but no areas of histiocytic inflammation or bacterial organisms were found. Whole blood and CSF were submitted for bacterial culture. Whole blood and the bacterial isolate from the blood culture were frozen and stored at −70°C. Culture of the CSF yielded a weakly fermenting, Gram negative rod that could not be further characterized, and the isolate was sent to the state diagnostic laboratory.d Based on conventional macrotube biochemical methods and phenotypic properties, further characterization was again not possible, and the isolate was sent to a reference laboratorye for molecular identification. PCR amplification of 16S rRNA gene segments yielded sequences consistent with Francisella philomiragia (>99% identity). To confirm F. philomiragia as the cause of the septicemia, PCR amplification of 16S rRNA gene segments was performedf as previously described1 on the saved whole blood, banked blood smear, and blood culture isolate and yielded sequences consistent with F. philomiragia (>99% identity). To the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case of F. philomiragia septicemia in a dog. Francisella species are small, facultatively intracellular, Gram negative, catalase positive, pleomorphic coccobacilli. There are 2 recognized species, F. tularensis (agent of tularemia or “rabbit fever”) and F. philomiragia. Several subspecies of F. tularensis exist. Although Francisella species are morphologically similar and share similar biochemical activities and a high degree of DNA relatedness, F. tularensis and F. philomiragia contrast markedly in their epidemiological and clinical features.2, 3F. tularensis is more virulent, and most infections occur in immunocompetent individuals. In the United States, tularemia is acquired primarily by contact with infected ticks or animals (especially rabbits) or ingestion of contaminated meat or freshwater. In contrast, F. philomiragia is an opportunistic agent that rarely is reported to cause clinical disease. Isolation of this species is infrequent with only 18 isolations over a 40-year period (1 animal and 17 human) reported in the literature.4-7 Most isolates are from North America with one each from Turkey and Switzerland. The majority are associated with salt water exposure with neither animal nor arthropod vectors implicated in human transmission. F. philomiragia was first isolated in 1969 in Utah from a dying muskrat and the water in the surrounding marshy area where it was found (part of the Great Salt Lake waterway).6 Originally classified as Yersinia philomiragia, it was reclassified as F. philomiragia in 1989 based on biochemical and genetic tests.3F. philomiragia is only rarely reported in the literature as a cause of invasive infection (pneumonia, sepsis, meningitis) in humans. In 1 case series of 14 patients infected with F. philomiragia, 3 groups were reported at risk: patients with either chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) or myeloproliferative disease, and those surviving a near-drowning in salt or estuary water.4 It was also found that 12 of the 14 patients lived within 50 miles of a salt water coastline.4 These diseases and situations render individuals more susceptible to infection because of an impaired physical barrier to infection (near-drowning) or an impaired immune system (CGD, myeloproliferative disease).2, 4 CGD is a group of inherited disorders characterized by the inability of phagocytes to produce reactive oxygen species, including hydrogen peroxide, owing to a defect in the NADPH oxidase system. Affected individuals develop recurrent infections and granulomatous lesions caused by a narrow range of bacteria and fungi.8 Catalase negative organisms (ie, streptococci) can be killed because of the accumulation of their own endogenous hydrogen peroxide within phagocytic vacuoles.5 In contrast, catalase-positive organisms including F. philomiragia and others (Staphylococcus aureus, Serratia spp., Aspergillus spp.) metabolize their endogenous hydrogen peroxide, leaving affected individuals vulnerable to infection.4, 5 Humans with CGD and subsequent F. philomiragia infection had fever, pneumonia, sepsis, meningitis, or a combination of these, with the bacterium isolated from blood, lung biopsy samples, or CSF.4, 5, 7 One patient died of septicemia. Patients receiving chemotherapy for treatment of a myeloproliferative disorder presented with fever and had F. philomiragia isolated from pericardial fluid and blood.4 Lung damage secondary to near drowning renders immunocompetent individuals susceptible to invasive infection by normally nonpathogenic organisms. All of the near drowning-associated human infections occurred in association with salt or estuary water.4 These patients were diagnosed with either pneumonia or sepsis with the bacterium isolated from blood in all cases. As with human cases of F. philomiragia infection, conventional identification of the bacterial isolate was challenging. Microscopically, culture isolates may be highly pleomorphic with bizarre, irregular to coccobacillary forms.5, 7 They are relatively fastidious with slow growth and give weak or delayed reactions in conventional biochemical test methods (eg, acid production from glucose, maltose, and sucrose).3, 5, 7 In this case, these characteristics necessitated identification by PCR amplification of 16S rRNA gene segments, ultimately confirming infection with F. philomiragia. Although 16S rRNA gene sequencing yields the most rapid identification of F. philomiragia, identification by biochemical characteristics is possible. Recognition of a highly pleomorphic, fastidious, halophilic bacterium combined with the production of oxidase (usually weak positive) and gelatinase is highly suggestive.3, 5, 7 Although antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Francisella species is not standardized, successful treatment of F. philomiragia based on broth microdilution method was achieved in the majority of reported human cases.4F. philomiragia isolates were susceptible in vitro to aminoglycosides, cefoxitin, cefotaxime, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol. They were resistant to ampicillin and produced β-lactamase. Successful treatment with ciprofloxacin recently has been reported.5 Despite its in vitro susceptibility to tetracycline and chloramphenicol, treatment alone with a bacteriostatic antibiotic may result in treatment failures because F. philomiragia is a facultatively intracellular bacterium. It is unclear whether or not this patient's clinical disease at the time of initial presentation was because of SRMA. There is no definitive antemortem test for SRMA and diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical signs, nonspecific laboratory findings and exclusion of other diseases. The dog may have already been infected with F. philomiragia, and infection rendered subclinical by initial treatment with doxycycline. Although the dog did not seem to have any of the 3 major risk factors identified in humans, like the majority of human F. philomiragia infections, this patient lived within 50 miles of a salt water coast (coastal town of North Carolina) and the owners reported taking the dog to swim in the river the week before the first visit to NCSU-VTH. Alternatively, immunosuppressive doses of prednisone may have predisposed the dog to bacterial infection, resulting in infection during the course of treatment for presumptive SRMA. F. philomiragia is an opportunistic bacterium that should be considered as a cause of invasive infection in immune-compromised veterinary patients or in those with compromised lung tissue (ie, near drowning event, aspiration pneumonia), especially if the patient has contact with, or lives near, salt water. Similar to R. equi, the unique, pleomorphic, coccobacillary appearance of the organism and its location within monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils is helpful in identification. Familiarity with this organism is important for appropriate antibiotic administration and successful treatment. aCanine SNAP 4Dx, IDEXX Laboratories Inc, Westbrook, ME bMetacam, Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica Inc, St. Joesph, MO cLucy Whitter Molecular and Diagnostics Core Facility—TaqMan Service, Davis, CA dNorth Carolina Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory System-Rollins, Raleigh, NC eWashington Animal Disease Diagnostic Lab, Pullman, WA fVector Borne Diagnostic Disease Laboratory, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Cora, M. C. and Neel, J. A. and Tarigo, J. and Post, K. and Barnes, J.}, year={2010}, pages={969–972} }
 @article{piperisova_neel_tarigo_2010, title={What is your diagnosis? Nasal discharge from a dog}, volume={39}, ISSN={["0275-6382"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77954355306&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-165x.2009.00174.x}, abstractNote={Veterinary Clinical PathologyVolume 39, Issue 1 p. 121-122 What is your diagnosis? Nasal discharge from a dog Ida Piperisova, Ida Piperisova Department of Population Health and PathobiologySearch for more papers by this authorJennifer A. Neel, Jennifer A. Neel Department of Population Health and PathobiologySearch for more papers by this authorJaime Tarigo, Jaime Tarigo Comparative Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author Ida Piperisova, Ida Piperisova Department of Population Health and PathobiologySearch for more papers by this authorJennifer A. Neel, Jennifer A. Neel Department of Population Health and PathobiologySearch for more papers by this authorJaime Tarigo, Jaime Tarigo Comparative Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 March 2010 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-165X.2009.00174.xCitations: 17 Correspondence Ida Piperisova, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USAE-mail: [email protected] Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. References 1 Campbell BG, Little MD. Identification of the eggs of a nematode (Eucoleus boehmi) from the nasal mucosa of North America dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1991; 198: 1520–1523. 2 Schoning P, Dryden MW, Gabbert NH. Identification of a nasal nematode (Eucoleus boehmi) in Greyhounds. Vet Res Commun. 1993; 17: 277–281. 3 Campbell BG. Trichuris and other trichinelloid nematodes of dogs and cats in the United States. Comp Cont Educ Pract. 1991; 13: 769–778. 4 Davidson RK, Gjerde B, Vikoren T, Lillehaug A, Handeland K. Prevalence of Trichinella larvae and extra—intestinal nematodes in Norweigan red foxes (Vulpes vulpes). Vet Parasitol. 2006; 136: 307–316. 5 Sréter T, Széll Z, Marucci G, Pozio E, Varga I. Extraintestinal nematode infections of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Hungary. Vet Parasitol. 2003; 115: 329–334. Citing Literature Volume39, Issue1March 2010Pages 121-122 ReferencesRelatedInformation}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY}, author={Piperisova, Ida and Neel, Jennifer A. and Tarigo, Jaime}, year={2010}, month={Mar}, pages={121–122} }
 @article{carter_tarigo_vernau_cecere_hovis_suter_2008, title={Erythrophagocytic low-grade extranodal T-cell lymphoma in a cat}, volume={37}, ISSN={0275-6382 1939-165X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-165X.2008.00073.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-165X.2008.00073.x}, abstractNote={Abstract:  A 13‐year‐old male castrated domestic shorthair cat was presented to the referring veterinarian with a 2‐month history of weight loss and lethargy. Splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, nonregenerative anemia, neutropenia, and hyperbilirubinemia were noted. Results of testing for feline immunodeficiency virus, feline leukemia virus, Toxoplasma gondii, and Mycoplasma sp. were negative. On cytologic examination of aspirates from the enlarged spleen and liver, a population of erythrophagocytic round cells was observed. Splenectomy and a liver biopsy were done which revealed a population of CD3+/CD79a– erythrophagocytic mononuclear round cells localized in the hepatic and splenic sinusoids. T‐cell PARR (PCR for antigen receptor gene rearrangements) analysis of bone marrow and spleen demonstrated a single band indicative of a clonal proliferation of T cells. Based on the marked splenomegaly, sinusoidal infiltration, lack of lymphadenopathy, and results of cytology, PARR, and immunophenotyping, a diagnosis of low‐grade extranodal T‐cell lymphoma was made. The cat was treated with chlorambucil and prednisolone; clinical and laboratory abnormalities resolved and the cat has remained clinically normal for 2.5 years. To our knowledge, this report documents the first case of an erythrophagocytic T‐cell lymphoma in a cat. The clinicopathologic findings were suggestive of hepatosplenic T‐cell lymphoma, a neoplasm described previously only in humans and dogs.}, number={4}, journal={Veterinary Clinical Pathology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Carter, J. E. and Tarigo, J. L. and Vernau, W. and Cecere, T. E. and Hovis, R. L. and Suter, S. E.}, year={2008}, month={Dec}, pages={416–421} }
 @article{renschler_tarigo_neel_grindem_2008, title={What is your diagnosis? Particulate material in peritoneal fluid from a dog}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1939-165X"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-44449114150&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-165X.2008.00006.x}, abstractNote={Abstract:9‐year‐old castrated male Greyhound dog was presented for evaluation of vomiting and lethargy of 1‐week duration. On physical examination, the dog was febrile and dehydrated with a tense abdomen and petechial hemorrhages. Clinicopathologic abnormalities included relative polycythemia, mild lymphopenia with reactive lymphocytes, hypoalbuminemia, hypocholesterolemia, hyperbilirubinemia, increased ALP, mild hypokalemia, hyperamylasemia, hyperlipasemia, increased D‐dimer concentration, and hyperfibrinogenemia. Cytologic evaluation of peritoneal fluid revealed marked suppurative inflammation with intracellular barium sulfate particles. The day before presentation, the referring veterinarian had administered oral barium sulfate in an upper gastrointestinal contrast study. Radiographs revealed free contrast material in the peritoneal cavity, consistent with gastrointestinal perforation, and leakage of contrast material. Abdominal exploratory surgery revealed a mid‐jejunal perforation and a hepatic nodule. Histopathologic diagnosis of the jejunal and liver lesions was T‐cell lymphoma. The patient recovered well postoperatively and received chemotherapy for treatment of lymphoma. Most commercial barium sulfate preparations contain relatively uniform, weakly birefringent, pale yellow particles <1 μm in diameter. Because barium sulfate is found occasionally in clinical specimens, cytopathologists should be familiar with its cytologic appearance.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY}, author={Renschler, Janelle and Tarigo, Jaime and Neel, Jennifer and Grindem, Carol}, year={2008}, month={Mar}, pages={129–131} }
 @article{snyder_tarigo_neel_2007, title={Cerebrospinal fluid from a dog with hind limb ataxia}, volume={36}, ISSN={["0275-6382"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-38049063441&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-165x.2007.tb00447.x}, abstractNote={A 9‐year‐old spayed female German Shepherd dog with a history of orthopedic disease was presented to the North Carolina State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital for evaluation of recent, progressive, bilateral, hindlimb ataxia. Analysis of cisternal and lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples revealed normal total nucleated cell counts and a mild increase in protein concentration in the lumbar sample. In cytocentrifuged specimens of both CSF samples, aggregates of refractile, angular to irregular, pale blue to colorless, crystalline material were observed in the background. Some of the material appeared birefringent under polarized light. Differentials for the material included contrast agent, epidural anesthetics or other pharmacologic agents, or artifact introduced through sample processing, collection, or handling. Based on investigation of clinical and laboratory processes it was determined that tubes used to collect CSF in the hospital recently had been changed from additive‐free glass tubes to silica‐coated shatter‐resistant plastic tubes (BD Vacutainer Plus serum tubes, silicone‐coated, Becton Dickinson). A cytocentrifuged preparation of saline placed in a silica‐coated tube contained crystalline material identical to that observed in the CSF samples; saline placed in an additive‐free glass tube contained no material. In this case, we document the microscopic appearance of highly concentrated silica particles in cytocentrifuged preparations of CSF and underscore the importance of recognizing and identifying this artifact in cytologic preparations.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY}, author={Snyder, Laura A. and Tarigo, Jaime L. and Neel, Jennifer A.}, year={2007}, month={Dec}, pages={379–381} }
 @article{neel_tarigo_tater_grindem_2007, title={Deep and superficial skin scrapings from a feline immunodeficiency virus-positive cat}, volume={36}, ISSN={["0275-6382"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34047251149&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-165X.2007.tb00191.x}, abstractNote={Abstract An 8‐year‐old, neutered male, domestic shorthair cat housed at the North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory Animal Research facility as part of a research colony was examined because of mulifocal skin lesions. The lesions consisted of patchy alopecia with mild crusting of the periauricular region, neck, and dorsum; periauricular excoriations; marked dorsal seborrhea and scaling; and generalized erythematous papules. A moderate amount of ceruminous exudate was present in both ear canals. Results of testing for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) were positive. An ear swab specimen and superficial and deep skin scrapings were obtained, mounted with oil on glass slides, and coverslipped for microscopic examination. Two populations of mites were observed: a large population of slender, long (∼200 μm), adult mites with long, tapering abdomens that comprised two‐thirds of the total body length; and a smaller population of more translucent and shorter mites (∼100 μm) with wide, blunt abdomens that had prominent transverse ridges. The interpretation was demodicosis, with Demodex cati and D gatoi co‐infection. Histologic sections of biopsies from skin lesions on the neck, dorsum, and periauricular area contained a mild perivascular and perifollicular inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of histiocytes, lymphocytes, and plasma cells. Diffusely within the follicular lumina and occasionally within the superficial keratin, a myriad of Demodex organisms were observed. Intrafollicular mites were compatible in appearance with D cati whereas those in the corneal layer were suggestive of D gatoi. Demodicosis is an uncommon disease of cats, and rare cases of dual infection have been documented, occasionally in FIV‐infected cats. The dual infection emphasizes the importance of doing both superficial and deep skin scrapings and of recognizing the unique microscopic features of different Demodex mites.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY}, author={Neel, Jennifer A. and Tarigo, Jaime and Tater, Kathy C. and Grindem, Carol B.}, year={2007}, month={Mar}, pages={101–104} }
 @article{neel_tarigo_grindem_2006, title={Gallbladder aspirate from a dog}, volume={35}, ISSN={["0275-6382"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33846072690&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-165X.2006.tb00167.x}, abstractNote={Abstract A 7‐year‐old, male, castrated, Labrador Retriever with a history of pancreatitis and inflammatory bowel disease presented for vomiting and anorexia. Serum biochemistry findings were indicative of cholestasis, hepatocellular insult, and decreased hepatic function. Ultrasound examination showed sediment and gas within the gallbladder, and a diagnosis of emphysematous cholecystitis was made. Emergency gallbladder resection was performed. Cytologic examination of bile fluid collected at surgery showed a mixed population of bacteria (bactibilia) together with fungal organisms consistent with Cyniclomyces guttulatus (previously known as Saccharomycopsis guttulatus). Similar fungal organisms were seen on a fecal smear. Bacteria cultured were normal gastrointestinal flora, supporting ascending infection; the fungal organisms were interpreted as incidental. Histopathology of the gallbladder indicated active (suppurative) and chronic (lymphocytic) cholecystitis and sections of liver tissue had evidence of chronic liver disease. A positive liver culture indicated concurrent bacterial hepatitis or cholangiohepatitis. Despite supportive care, the dog continued to decline and was euthanized 30 days later. Necropsy results confirmed end stage liver disease, but an initiating cause was not found. This case highlights the role of bactibilia in the development of acute cholecystitis and the unique cytologic appearance of C guttulatus as an incidental finding in bile fluid.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY}, author={Neel, Jennifer A. and Tarigo, Jaime and Grindem, Carol B.}, year={2006}, month={Dec}, pages={467–470} }
 @article{tarigo_linder_neel_harvey_remick_grindem_2006, title={What is your diagnosis? Reluctant to dive: coelomic effusion in a frog}, volume={35}, ISSN={["0275-6382"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33750693063&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-165X.2006.tb00145.x}, abstractNote={Abstract An adult female, albino South African Clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) from a research colony at the Biological Resources Facility of the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences at North Carolina State University (NCSU) was presented with depression, lethargy, loss of diving reflex, and a distended abdomen. Cytologic examination of coelomic effusion fluid at the NCSU veterinary teaching hospital revealed a mixed population of inflammatory cells, including heterophils and a predominance of large mononuclear cells (macrophages) that often contained intracytoplasmic, negatively‐stained, rod‐shaped to filamentous organisms consistent with Mycobacterium sp. Ziehl‐Neelsen stain revealed bright pink to red, acid‐fast organisms with a beaded appearance. Histopathologic findings in tissues obtained at necropsy included marked, multifocal to coalescing, heterophilic, granulomatous and fibrinous coelomitis as well as severe multifocal heterophilic and granulomatous hepatitis, interstitial pneumonia and sinusitis/rhinitis. Slender gram‐positive, acid‐fast bacterial rods were identified in sections of coelomic pleura, kidneys, nasal cavities, spleen, liver, and pulmonary interstitium, indicative of systemic mycobacteriosis. Based on mycobacterial culture, the organism was identified as M marinum complex. Mycobacteria are variably gram‐positive, often acid‐fast, small rods that are ubiquitous in aquatic environments. The clinical and pathologic spectrum of disease in amphibians depends on host and pathogen status. Xenopus sp and several other frogs are good models for studying the pathogenesis of M tuberculosis infection. In addition to culture, polymerase chain reaction assays may be used for definitive identification of the organisms; accurate speciation may require further genetic investigation.}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY}, author={Tarigo, Jaime and Linder, Keith and Neel, Jennifer and Harvey, Stephen and Remick, Amera and Grindem, Carol}, year={2006}, month={Sep}, pages={341–344} }