@article{mayer_mershon_lim_chipley_mcallister_2006, title={Visual factors affecting touchdown point judgments during off-airport emergency landings}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1050-8414"]}, DOI={10.1207/s15327108ijap1604_4}, abstractNote={This article provides a comprehensive discussion of research designed to examine the possible existence of consistent visual misperceptions that may occur during off-airport emergency landings. The importance of 2 particular visual experiences was evaluated: (a) the view of the world seen from the unusually steep bank at a low altitude, and (b) the visual distraction of a "windmilling" propeller. The influences of experience and environmental structure were also considered. Studies of these factors were conducted using a visually realistic cockpit mounted within a VisionDome® virtual reality environment. Behavioral responses were collected from both naive participants and pilot participants. The findings indicated that judgments of the position of the touchdown point made while the airplane is turning are underestimated in distance, whereas judgments made while the airplane is on a straight approach to the touchdown point are overestimated. In most cases, the windmilling propeller decreased touchdown point judgment accuracy. In addition, pilot experience was associated with improved judgment accuracy during the turning approaches. The presented environmental structure had a weak and inconsistent effect.}, number={4}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AVIATION PSYCHOLOGY}, author={Mayer, Celeste M. and Mershon, Donald H. and Lim, Raymond W. and Chipley, M. Ryan and McAllister, David F.}, year={2006}, pages={401–418} }