@article{price_eads_2011, title={Brooding patterns in three freshwater mussels of the genus Elliptio in the Broad River in South Carolina}, volume={29}, number={1-2}, journal={American Malacological Bulletin}, author={Price, J. E. and Eads, C. B.}, year={2011}, pages={121–126} }
 @article{bringolf_heltsley_newton_eads_fraley_shea_cope_2010, title={ENVIRONMENTAL OCCURRENCE AND REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS OF THE PHARMACEUTICAL FLUOXETINE IN NATIVE FRESHWATER MUSSELS}, volume={29}, ISSN={["1552-8618"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77953583998&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1002/etc.157}, abstractNote={AbstractThe present study measured the occurrence, distribution, and bioaccumulation of fluoxetine in samples of water, polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS), sediment, and caged freshwater mussels at stream sites near a municipal wastewater treatment facility effluent discharge. We assessed the relation of the environmental concentrations to reproductive endpoints in mussels in acute laboratory tests. Concentrations of fluoxetine in water and POCIS samples were similar (<20% difference) within each site and were greatest in the effluent channel (104–119 ng/L), and decreased at 50 m and 100 m downstream. Likewise, concentrations of fluoxetine in sediment and mussel (Elliptio complanata) tissue were greatest in the effluent channel (17.4 ng/g wet wt for sediment and 79.1 ng/g wet wt for mussels). In 96‐h lab tests, fluoxetine significantly induced parturition of nonviable larvae from female E. complanata exposed to 300 µg/L (p = 0.0118) and 3,000 µg/L (p < 0.0001) compared to controls. Fluoxetine exposure at 300 µg/L (p = 0.0075) and 3,000 µg/L (p = 0.0001) also resulted in stimulation of lure display behavior in female Lampsilis fasciola and Lampsilis cardium, respectively. In male E. complanata, 3,000 µg fluoxetine/L significantly induced release of spermatozeugmata during a 48‐h exposure. These results suggest that fluoxetine accumulates in mussel tissue and has the potential to disrupt several aspects of reproduction in freshwater mussels, a faunal group recognized as one of the most imperiled in the world. Despite the disparity between measured environmental concentrations of fluoxetine and effects concentrations in our short‐term tests with these long‐lived animals, additional tests are warranted to evaluate the effects of long‐term exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations and critical lifestages (e.g., juveniles). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1311–1318. © 2010 SETAC}, number={6}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY}, author={Bringolf, Robert B. and Heltsley, Rebecca M. and Newton, Teresa J. and Eads, Chris B. and Fraley, Stephen J. and Shea, Damian and Cope, W. Gregory}, year={2010}, month={Jun}, pages={1311–1318} }
 @article{eads_bringolf_greiner_bogan_levine_2010, title={Fish Hosts of the Carolina Heelsplitter (Lasmigona decorata), a Federally Endangered Freshwater Mussel (Bivalvia: Unionidae)}, volume={28}, ISSN={0740-2783 0740-2783}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4003/006.028.0209}, DOI={10.4003/006.028.0209}, abstractNote={Abstract: 
 Two laboratory trials were conducted to determine the required host fish for the Carolina heelsplitter (Lasmigona decorata (Lea, 1852)), an endangered freshwater mussel (Unionidae). The first trial used glochidia from a female collected from the Yadkin-Pee Dee River basin, and the second trial used the glochidia of an adult collected from the Catawba River basin. Two different techniques were utilized for glochidia extraction: flushing and serotonin-induced release. The first female tested (Yadkin-Pee Dee) packaged most of its glochidia attached to unfertilized eggs, and extraction of glochidia by flushing the marsupia with a syringe yielded few glochidia and caused extensive tearing of the gill tissue. In the second trial (Catawba) the female was immersed in 500 mg/L serotonin creatinine sulfate, and the glochidia were readily released without injury to the adult. Several species of minnows (Cyprinidae) from both basins served as hosts. Some sunfish species (Centrarchidae) supported transformation of a few juveniles, but differences in transformation success were observed between the two basins on these species.}, number={1-2}, journal={American Malacological Bulletin}, publisher={American Malacological Society}, author={Eads, Chris B. and Bringolf, Robert B. and Greiner, Renae D. and Bogan, Arthur E. and Levine, Jay F.}, year={2010}, month={Feb}, pages={151–158} }
 @article{bringolf_cope_eads_lazaro_barnhart_shea_2007, title={Acute and chronic toxicity of technical-grade pesticides to glochidia and juveniles of freshwater mussels (Unionidae)}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1552-8618"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-35348863633&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1897/06-522R.1}, abstractNote={AbstractChemical contaminants are among many potential factors involved in the decline of freshwater mussel populations in North America, and the effects of pesticides on early life stages of unionid mussels are largely unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the toxicity of technical‐grade current‐use pesticides to glochidia and juvenile life stages of freshwater mussels. We performed acute toxicity tests with glochidia (five species) and juveniles (two species) exposed to a suite of current‐use pesticides including herbicides (atrazine and pendimethalin), insecticides (fipronil and permethrin), and a reference toxicant (NaCl). Because of limited availability of test organisms, not all species were tested with all pesticides. Toxicity tests with fungicides (chlorothalonil, propiconazole, and pyraclostrobin) were performed with one species (Lampsilis siliquoidea). Lampsilis siliquoidea glochidia and juveniles were highly sensitive to the fungicides tested but the technical‐grade herbicides and insecticides, at concentrations approaching water solubility, were not acutely toxic to this or the other unionid species. In a 21‐d chronic test with four‐month‐old juvenile L. siliquoidea, the 21‐d median effective concentration (EC50) with atrazine was 4.3 mg/L and in atrazine treatments ≥3.8 mg/L mussel growth was significantly less than controls. The relatively high sensitivity of L. siliquoidea to chlorothalonil, propiconazole, and pyraclostrobin is similar to that reported for other aquatic organisms commonly used for toxicity testing. The relative risk associated with acute exposure of early life stages of mussels to technical‐grade atrazine, pendimethalin, fipronil, and permethrin is likely low; however, survival and growth results with juvenile L. siliquoidea indicate that chronic exposure to high concentrations (≥3.8 mg/L) of atrazine may have the potential to impact mussel populations and warrants further investigation.}, number={10}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY}, author={Bringolf, Robert B. and Cope, W. Gregory and Eads, Chris B. and Lazaro, Peter R. and Barnhart, M. Christopher and Shea, Damian}, year={2007}, month={Oct}, pages={2086–2093} }
 @article{eads_bogan_levine_2006, title={Status and life-history aspects of Villosa constricta (Conrad 1838) (Notched Rainbow), in the upper Neuse River Basin, North Carolina}, volume={5}, ISSN={["1938-5412"]}, DOI={10.1656/1528-7092(2006)5[649:SALAOV]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract We report the findings of stream-survey data, a length-at-age study, and host-fish determination for Villosa constricta (notched rainbow). Visual surveys were done for freshwater mussels at 44 bridge crossings in the upper Neuse River basin in North Carolina. Three surveyors, each searching a 1-m wide lane, covered a 600-m long stream reach at each site. All mussels found were ide.gified to species and measured, and females were checked for gravidity. Of the 24 sites where V. constricta occurred, the median number found was 3.5 (range = 1–54). We cut thin-sections of 71 individual shells collected from middens at 1 survey site and counted growth lines to determine mussel age. Shell ages ranged from 3 to 14 years. Lab trials determined that Etheostoma flabellare (fantail darter) served as a suitable host for this species.}, number={4}, journal={SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST}, author={Eads, Chris B. and Bogan, Arthur E. and Levine, Jay F.}, year={2006}, pages={649–660} }
 @article{gustafson_stoskopf_showers_cope_eads_linnehan_kwak_andersen_levine_2005, title={Reference ranges for hemolymph chemistries from Elliptio complanata of North Carolina}, volume={65}, ISSN={["1616-1580"]}, DOI={10.3354/dao065167}, abstractNote={Hemolymph chemistries may be useful nonlethal measures of bivalve health. The prognostic value of hemolymph, however, depends on a comparison of chemistry results to reference ranges from healthy individuals. Currently, knowledge of expected hemolymph values in healthy and unhealthy freshwater mussels is extremely limited. The purpose of this study was to develop a set of reference ranges for clinical evaluation of hemolymph from a freshwater mussel species common to southeastern USA. We collected hemolymph from 380 Elliptio complanata from 19 apparently healthy populations from northwest of Raleigh, North Carolina, during May through July 2001. We present reference ranges for hemolymph parameters ammonia, glucose, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), bicarbonate, protein and cell count, and for tissue glycogen. We compare the subpopulations of mussels from regions with an agricultural riparian buffer to those surrounded predominantly by forested lands. We further present correlations noted between hemolymph chemistries and physical or physiologic parameters. The only statistically significant differences between populations contiguous to agricultural and forested lands were in hemolymph calcium and glucose concentrations. Other statistically significant correlations identified were between gravidity and hemolymph protein concentration and tissue glycogen content, as well as between gravidity and parasite burden, and between shell length and hemolymph glucose, AST, calcium and bicarbonate concentrations. The results of this study will aid the interpretation of health measures from populations of E. complanata of similar geographic and seasonal origin.}, number={2}, journal={DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS}, author={Gustafson, LL and Stoskopf, MK and Showers, W and Cope, G and Eads, C and Linnehan, R and Kwak, TJ and Andersen, B and Levine, JF}, year={2005}, month={Jun}, pages={167–176} }
 @article{eads_bogan_cope_levine, title={Summary of ongoing research: assessment of effects of road crossings; road runoff on freshwater mussels in North Carolina streams}, volume={3}, number={3}, journal={Ellipsaria}, author={Eads, C. B. and Bogan, A. E. and Cope, W. G. and Levine, J. F.}, pages={10} }