@article{degernes_wolf_zombeck_maclean_de voe_2012, title={VENTRICULAR DIVERTICULA FORMATION IN CAPTIVE PARAKEET AUKLETS (AETHIA PSITTACULA) SECONDARY TO FOREIGN BODY INGESTION}, volume={43}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2011-0219r.1}, abstractNote={A captive parakeet auklet at the North Carolina Zoo evaluated for weight loss, lethargy, and dyspnea had radiographic evidence of a distended, stone-filled ventriculus (bird 1). Multiple stones (n = 76) were removed surgically, but the bird died and a large ventricular diverticulum was diagnosed at necropsy. This bird and seven other parakeet auklets had been transferred 3 yr earlier from a zoo in Ohio. Radiographic investigation revealed that 6 of 7 Ohio birds had stones in their ventriculus (n= 2-26), but only 1 of 7 radiographed North Carolina Zoo auklets had one small stone. Further diagnostic imaging (survey and contrast radiographs, fluoroscopy, CT scans [n = 2]) of six Ohio and two North Carolina birds was conducted to determine if other birds had ventricular abnormalities (birds 2-9). No ventricular diverticula were diagnosed using imaging techniques, although two Ohio birds (birds 6 and 7) required surgical intervention to remove 12-26 stones. A small ventricular diverticulum was identified in bird 6 during surgery. That bird died of unrelated causes 11 mo after surgery, but bird 7 remains clinically normal more than 4 yr later, along with four other auklets with stones (n = 2-15; birds 2-5). It is possible that without surgical intervention, these birds may develop ventricular disease, presumably due to chronic mechanical trauma to the thin-walled ventriculus. It was hypothesized that the Ohio birds ingested stones in their previous exhibit, with a loose stone substrate, and retained them for at least 3 yr. Possible causes for stone ingestion include trituration (for grinding, mixing coarse ingesta), gastric parasite reduction, hunger suppression, accidental ingestion while feeding, or behavioral causes, but the underlying cause in these birds was not determined. Based on these results, parakeet auklets and other alcids should not be housed, or at least fed, on a loose stone substrate.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Degernes, Laurel A. and Wolf, Karen N. and Zombeck, Debbie J. and MacLean, Robert A. and De Voe, Ryan S.}, year={2012}, month={Dec}, pages={889–897} }
 @article{chinnadurai_troan_wolf_devoe_huijsmans_hermans_wever_2009, title={SEPTICEMIA, ENDOCARDITIS, AND CEREBRAL INFARCTION DUE TO STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS IN A HARP SEAL (PHOCA GROENLANDICA)}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2008-0176.1}, abstractNote={Abstract An adult, wild-collected, male harp seal (Phoca groenlandica) was transferred from a rehabilitation center to a display facility because of unilateral phthisis bulbi and decreased use of the right forelimb, which precluded its release. In quarantine, the animal demonstrated limited use of the right forelimb, which acutely progressed to complete disuse of the limb accompanied by intermittent lethargy. One month after transfer, the animal was found dead on exhibit. Necropsy showed septic arthritis of the right scapulohumeral joint, valvular endocarditis with systemic bacterial thromboembolism, and infarction of the cerebrum and myocardium. Culture of the blood and affected joint space revealed Staphylococcus aureus. Bacterial polymerase chain reaction of formalin-fixed tissues from the heart and brain were also positive for S. aureus. Staphylococcus aureus infection should be considered as an additional cause of endocarditis and embolic encephalitis in seals.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Chinnadurai, Sathya K. and Troan, Brigid V. and Wolf, Karen N. and DeVoe, Ryan S. and Huijsmans, C. J. J. and Hermans, Mirjam H. A. and Wever, Peter C.}, year={2009}, month={Jun}, pages={393–397} }
 @article{harms_christian_burrus_hopkins_pandiri_law_wolf_butler_lewbart_2008, title={Cryotherapy for removal of a premaxillary mass from a chain pickerel using an over-the-counter wart remover}, volume={10}, number={2}, journal={Exotic DVM}, author={Harms, C. A. and Christian, L. S. and Burrus, O. and Hopkins, W. B. and Pandiri, A. K. R. and Law, M. and Wolf, K. N. and Butler, C. M. and Lewbart, G. A.}, year={2008}, pages={15–17} }
 @article{wolf_harms_beasley_2008, title={Evaluation of five clinical chemistry analyzers for use in health assessment in sea turtles}, volume={233}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.233.3.470}, abstractNote={Abstract
Objective—To compare blood biochemical values obtained from a handheld analyzer, 2 tabletop analyzers, and 2 diagnostic laboratories by use of replicate samples of sea turtle blood.
Design—Validation study.
Animals—22 captive juvenile sea turtles.
Procedures—Sea turtles (18 loggerhead turtles [Caretta caretta], 3 green turtles [Chelonia mydas], and 1 Kemp's ridley turtle [Lepidochelys kempii]) were manually restrained, and a single blood sample was obtained from each turtle and divided for analysis by use of the 5 analyzers. Hematocrit and concentrations or activities of aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, glucose, total protein, albumin, BUN, uric acid, P, Ca, K, Na, Cl, lactate dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase were determined. Median values for each analyte were compared among the analyzers.
Results—Significant differences were found among the analyzers for most values; however, data obtained from the 2 diagnostic laboratories were similar for all analytes. The magnitude of difference between the diagnostic laboratories and in-house units was ≥ 10% for 10 of the 15 analytes.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Variance in the results could be attributed in part to differences in analyzer methodology. It is important to identify the specific methodology used when reporting and interpreting biochemical data. Depending on the variable and specific case, this magnitude of difference could conceivably influence patient management.}, number={3}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Wolf, Karen N. and Harms, Craig A. and Beasley, Jean F.}, year={2008}, month={Aug}, pages={470–475} }
 @article{wolf_deperno_jenks_stoskopf_kennedy-stoskopf_swanson_brinkman_osborn_tardiff_2008, title={Selenium Status and Antibodies to Selected Pathogens in White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Southern Minnesota}, volume={44}, ISSN={0090-3558}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-44.1.181}, DOI={10.7589/0090-3558-44.1.181}, abstractNote={To determine exposure to a variety of infectious diseases potentially important for native ungulates, livestock, and humans, serum samples from 114 (94 adults, 20 fawns) female white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were collected during January 2000–03 from multiple locations in southeast (SE) and southwest (SW) Minnesota. Antibody prevalence was determined for the following pathogens: Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, Leptospira interrogans (six serovars), Anaplasma marginale, Borrelia burgdorferi, Brucella abortus, epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus, and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) types 1 and 2. Samples collected in 2001 were screened for antibodies against Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and whole blood was submitted for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for A. phagocytophilum and B. burgdorferi. In addition, serum selenium concentrations were evaluated for samples collected during 2001– 03. Antibody prevalence and selenium concentration were compared by age-class and geographic region. Antibodies to all of the infectious agents except A. marginale and B. abortus were detected; when detected, antibody prevalence was highest in adults. Deer collected from SE Minnesota had a higher antibody prevalence to B. burgdorferi than SW deer. Blood culture and PCR results for A. phagocytophilum and B. burgdorferi were negative. Antibodies against BVDV (combined types 1 and 2) were more prevalent (χ2=3.617, P≤0.029) in deer collected in SW (41%) than in SE (25%) Minnesota. No statistically significant differences in serum selenium concentrations were detected when data were analyzed by age-class or by geographic location.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Wildlife Diseases}, publisher={Wildlife Disease Association}, author={Wolf, Karen N. and DePerno, Christopher S. and Jenks, Jonathan A. and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne and Swanson, Christopher C. and Brinkman, Todd J. and Osborn, Robert G. and Tardiff, Jeannine A.}, year={2008}, month={Jan}, pages={181–187} }
 @article{wolf_lock_carpenter_garner_2007, title={Baylisascaris procyonis infection in a Moluccan cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis)}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1082-6742"]}, DOI={10.1647/1082-6742(2007)21[220:BPIIAM]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT An adult female Moluccan cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis) was evaluated for a 10-day history of progressive ataxia and weakness. The bird had been exposed intermittently over a 3-day period to a cage that had previously housed juvenile raccoons. Results of diagnostic tests were inconclusive and, despite supportive care, the bird died 7 days after the initial presentation. Histopathologic examination revealed a single nematode larva in the midbrain that was consistent with Baylisascaris species and multifocal granulomas in the left ventricle of the heart. The neurologic disease in this bird was attributed to encephalitis caused by neural larval migration of the raccoon roundworm, Baylisascaris procyonis.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF AVIAN MEDICINE AND SURGERY}, author={Wolf, Karen N. and Lock, Brad and Carpenter, James W. and Garner, Michael M.}, year={2007}, month={Sep}, pages={220–225} }