@book{scheid_wright_2017, title={Handbook for the Study of Mental Health: Social Contexts, Theories, and Systems, 3rd Edition}, DOI={10.1017/9781316471289}, journal={HANDBOOK FOR THE STUDY OF MENTAL HEALTH: SOCIAL CONTEXTS, THEORIES, AND SYSTEMS, 3RD EDITION}, author={Scheid, T. L. and Wright, E. R.}, year={2017}, pages={1–798} }
 @article{hiday_ray_wales_2016, title={Longer-term impacts of mental health courts: Recidivism two years after exit}, volume={67}, number={4}, journal={Psychiatric Services}, author={Hiday, V. A. and Ray, B. and Wales, H.}, year={2016}, pages={378–383} }
 @article{hiday_ray_wales_2014, title={Predictors of mental health court graduation}, volume={20}, number={2}, journal={Psychology, Public Policy, and Law}, author={Hiday, V. A. and Ray, B. and Wales, H. W.}, year={2014}, pages={191–199} }
 @article{canada_hiday_2014, title={Procedural justice in mental health court: An investigation of the relation of perception of procedural justice to non-adherence and termination}, volume={25}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology}, author={Canada, K. E. and Hiday, V. A.}, year={2014}, pages={321–340} }
 @article{burns_hiday_ray_2013, title={Effectiveness 2 years postexit of a recently established mental health court}, volume={57}, number={2}, journal={American Behavioral Scientist}, author={Burns, P. J. and Hiday, V. A. and Ray, B.}, year={2013}, pages={189–208} }
 @article{hiday_wales_ray_2013, title={Effectiveness of a short-term mental health court: Criminal recidivism one year postexit}, volume={37}, number={6}, journal={Law and Human Behavior}, author={Hiday, V. A. and Wales, H. W. and Ray, B.}, year={2013}, pages={401–411} }
 @article{hiday_ray_2010, title={Arrests two years after exiting a well-established mental health court}, volume={61}, number={5}, journal={Psychiatric Services}, author={Hiday, V. A. and Ray, B.}, year={2010}, pages={463–468} }
 @article{wales_hiday_ray_2010, title={Procedural justice and the mental health court judge's role in reducing recidivism}, volume={33}, number={4}, journal={International Journal of Law and Psychiatry}, author={Wales, H. W. and Hiday, V. A. and Ray, B.}, year={2010}, pages={265–271} }
 @article{moore_hiday_2006, title={Mental health court outcomes: A comparison of re-arrest and re-arrest severity between mental health court and traditional court participants}, volume={30}, ISSN={["1573-661X"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10979-006-9061-9}, abstractNote={Mental health courts have been proliferating across the country since their establishment in the late 1990's. Although numerous advocates have proclaimed their merit, only few empirical studies have evaluated their outcomes. This paper evaluates the effect of one mental health court on criminal justice outcomes by examining arrests and offense severity from one year before to one year after entry into the court, and by comparing mental health court participants to comparable traditional criminal court defendants on these measures. Multivariate models support the prediction that mental health courts reduce the number of new arrests and the severity of such re-arrests among mentally ill offenders. Similar analysis of mental health court completers and non-completers supports the prediction that a "full dose" of mental health treatment and court monitoring produce even fewer re-arrests.}, number={6}, journal={LAW AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR}, author={Moore, Marlee E. and Hiday, Virginia Aldige}, year={2006}, month={Dec}, pages={659–674} }
 @misc{wales_hiday_2006, title={PLC or TLC: Is outpatient commitment the/an answer?}, volume={29}, number={6}, journal={International Journal of Law and Psychiatry}, author={Wales, H. W. and Hiday, V. A.}, year={2006}, pages={451–468} }
 @article{hiday_2006, title={Putting community risk in perspective:  A look at correlations, causes and controls}, volume={29}, journal={International Journal of Law and Psychiatry}, author={Hiday, V. A.}, year={2006}, pages={451–468} }
 @misc{hiday_2005, title={Double jeopardy: Adolescent offenders with mental disorders}, volume={34}, number={5}, journal={Contemporary Sociology}, author={Hiday, V. A.}, year={2005}, pages={547–548} }
 @article{hiday_wales_2003, title={Civil commitment and arrests}, volume={16}, number={5}, journal={Current Opinon in Psychiatry}, author={Hiday, V. A. and Wales, H. W.}, year={2003}, pages={575–580} }
 @misc{hiday_2003, title={Outpatient commitment - The state of empirical research on its outcomes}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1939-1528"]}, DOI={10.1037/1076-8971.9.1-2.8}, abstractNote={This article briefly describes the historical conditions in the origin and development of outpatient commitment that framed the discourse on its merits and the empirical studies on its outcomes. It divides those empirical studies into two sets on the basis of the questions addressed and critically reviews them. The review pays particular attention to the latest studies that were able to randomize subjects to experimental and control conditions and that were able to offer enhanced services. Finally, this article presents issues not addressed by the empirical studies on outpatient commitment but that need to be addressed in order to understand the choice of using the law to force persons with mental illness to comply with treatment and receive services in the community.}, number={1-2}, journal={PSYCHOLOGY PUBLIC POLICY AND LAW}, author={Hiday, VA}, year={2003}, pages={8–32} }
 @article{hiday_swartz_swanson_borum_wagner_2002, title={Impact of outpatient commitment on victimization of people with severe mental illness}, volume={159}, ISSN={["0002-953X"]}, DOI={10.1176/appi.ajp.159.8.1403}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE
The authors' goal was to evaluate the effectiveness of outpatient commitment in reducing victimization among people with severe mental illness.


METHOD
One hundred eighty-four involuntarily hospitalized patients were randomly assigned to be released (N=99) or to continue under outpatient commitment (N=85) after hospital discharge. An additional group of patients with a recent history of serious violent behavior (N=39) was nonrandomly assigned to at least a brief period of outpatient commitment following hospital disharge. All three groups were followed for 1 year, and case management services plus additional outpatient treatment were provided to all subjects. Outcome data were based on interviews with the patients and informants as well as service records.


RESULTS
Subjects who were ordered to outpatient commitment were less likely to be criminally victimized than those who were released without outpatient commitment. Multivariate analysis indicated that each additional day of outpatient commitment reduced the risk of criminal victimization and that outpatient commitment had its effect through improved medication adherence, reduced substance use or abuse, and fewer violent incidents.


CONCLUSIONS
Protection from criminal victimization appears to be a positive, unintended consequence of outpatient commitment.}, number={8}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY}, author={Hiday, VA and Swartz, MS and Swanson, JW and Borum, R and Wagner, HR}, year={2002}, month={Aug}, pages={1403–1411} }
 @article{swartz_wagner_swanson_hiday_burns_2002, title={The perceived coerciveness of involuntary outpatient commitment: Findings from an experimental study}, volume={30}, number={2}, journal={Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law}, author={Swartz, M. S. and Wagner, H. R. and Swanson, J. W. and Hiday, V. A. and Burns, B. J.}, year={2002}, pages={207–217} }
 @article{swartz_swanson_hiday_wagner_burns_borum_2001, title={A randomized controlled trial of outpatient commitment in North Carolina}, volume={52}, ISSN={["1075-2730"]}, DOI={10.1176/appi.ps.52.3.325}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE
A randomized controlled trial of outpatient commitment was conducted in North Carolina to provide empirical data on involuntary outpatient commitment and to evaluate its effectiveness in improving outcomes among persons with severe mental illnesses.


METHODS
A total of 331 involuntarily hospitalized patients awaiting discharge under outpatient commitment were randomly assigned to be released or to undergo outpatient commitment. Each received case management services and outpatient treatment. Participants in both groups were monitored for one year. After the initial 90-day outpatient commitment order, a patient could receive a renewable 180-day extension. Patients in the control group were immune from outpatient commitment for one year. Information was obtained from self-reports and reports of several informants as well as from outpatient treatment, hospital, and arrest records.


RESULTS
In most bivariate analyses, outcomes for the outpatient commitment group and the control group did not differ significantly when the duration of outpatient commitment was not taken into account. However, patients who underwent sustained outpatient commitment and who received relatively intensive outpatient treatment had fewer hospital admissions and fewer days in the hospital, were more likely to adhere to community treatment, and were less likely to be violent or to be victimized. Extended outpatient commitment was also associated with fewer arrests of participants with a combined history of multiple rehospitalizations and previous arrests. The intervention was particularly effective among individuals with psychotic disorders.


CONCLUSIONS
Outpatient commitment can improve treatment outcomes when the court order is sustained and combined with relatively intensive community treatment. A court order alone cannot substitute for effective treatment in improving outcomes.}, number={3}, journal={PSYCHIATRIC SERVICES}, author={Swartz, MS and Swanson, JW and Hiday, VA and Wagner, HR and Burns, BJ and Borum, R}, year={2001}, month={Mar}, pages={325–329} }
 @article{swanson_borum_swartz_hiday_wagner_burns_2001, title={Can involuntary outpatient commitment reduce arrests among persons with severe mental illness?}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1552-3594"]}, DOI={10.1177/0093854801028002002}, abstractNote={Involuntary outpatient commitment (OPC) is a promising but controversial legal intervention that may reduce criminal justice contact in persons with severe mental illness (SMI). This article examines arrest outcomes in a 1-year randomized study of OPC in 262 participants with SMI in North Carolina. Extended OPC was found to be significantly associated with reduced arrest probability (12% vs. 45%) in a subgroup with a prior history of multiple hospitalizations combined with prior arrests and/or violent behavior. Reduction in risk of violent behavior was a significant mediating factor in the association between OPC and arrest. In persons with SMI whose history of arrests is related directly to illness relapse, OPC may reduce criminal justice contact by increasing participation in mental health services.}, number={2}, journal={CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND BEHAVIOR}, author={Swanson, JW and Borum, R and Swartz, MS and Hiday, VA and Wagner, HR and Burns, BJ}, year={2001}, month={Apr}, pages={156–189} }
 @article{swartz_swanson_wagner_burns_hiday_2001, title={Effects of involuntary outpatient commitment and depot antipsychotics on treatment adherence in persons with severe mental illness}, volume={189}, ISSN={["1539-736X"]}, DOI={10.1097/00005053-200109000-00003}, abstractNote={This study examines potential improvement in treatment adherence during a study of involuntary outpatient commitment among individuals with severe mental illnesses. Involuntarily hospitalized subjects, awaiting discharge under outpatient commitment, were randomly assigned to be released or continue under outpatient commitment after hospital discharge. A nonrandomized group with a recent history of serious violence was also studied under outpatient commitment. Randomized control and outpatient commitment groups did not differ significantly in group comparisons of treatment adherence. However, analyses of all subjects, including nonrandomized violent subjects, showed that those who underwent sustained periods of outpatient commitment (6 months or more) were significantly more likely to remain adherent with medication and other treatment, compared with those who underwent only brief outpatient commitment or none. Administration of depot antipsychotics also significantly improved treatment adherence independently of the effect of sustained outpatient commitment. Sustained periods of outpatient commitment may significantly improve adherence with community-based mental health treatment for persons with severe mental illness and thus may help improve other clinical outcomes affected by adherence.}, number={9}, journal={JOURNAL OF NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE}, author={Swartz, MS and Swanson, JW and Wagner, HR and Burns, BJ and Hiday, VA}, year={2001}, month={Sep}, pages={583–592} }
 @article{hiday_swanson_swartz_borum_wagner_2001, title={Victimization: A link between mental illness and violence?}, volume={24}, ISSN={["0160-2527"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0160-2527(01)00091-7}, abstractNote={People with schizophrenia are frequently victims of violence. Previous attempts to examine the reasons for this have mostly used cross-sectional designs that limit the ability to distinguish, among the correlates they identify, potential causes of victimization from its consequences.We studied patients with schizophrenia participating in the NIMH-funded Clinical Antipsychotic Treatment for Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) trial. The dependent variable was self-reported victimization during the 18-month CATIE follow-up. Independent variables were assessed at study entry and included demographics, childhood experiences, recent victimization and violent behavior, social circumstances, and mental health symptoms. Bivariate and multivariate analyses examined correlates of victimization and, among those victimized, the correlates of also acting violently oneself.Of 1179 participants, 206 (17.5 %) reported one or more incidents where they were victimized over the 18-months. Over a third had been hit with a fist or an object. Most perpetrators were family or acquaintances. Controlling for other variables, victimization was associated with having been recently victimized at baseline as well as with sexual abuse in childhood, frequent interactions with close friends and depressive, but not schizophrenia, symptoms. Victimized participants who reported acting violently themselves (113; 55%) were more likely to report violent behavior at baseline and frequent interactions with close friends.Victimization in schizophrenia is often associated with aggressive behavior by the victim and is more often related to social involvement, past trauma, substance use and depression than to schizophrenia symptoms. Treatments that encourage socialization may incur an unintended risk of victimization.}, number={6}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY}, author={Hiday, VA and Swanson, JW and Swartz, MS and Borum, R and Wagner, HR}, year={2001}, pages={559–572} }
 @article{swartz_swanson_wagner_burns_hiday_borum_1999, title={Can involuntary outpatient commitment reduce hospital recidivism?: Findings from a randomized trial with severely mentally ill individuals}, volume={156}, number={12}, journal={American Journal of Psychiatry}, author={Swartz, M. S. and Swanson, J. W. and Wagner, H. R. and Burns, B. J. and Hiday, V. A. and Borum, R.}, year={1999}, pages={1968–1975} }
 @article{borum_swartz_riley_swanson_hiday_wagner_1999, title={Consumer perceptions of involuntary outpatient commitment}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1075-2730"]}, DOI={10.1176/ps.50.11.1489}, abstractNote={This study examined beliefs about the provisions of outpatient commitment and their effects among 306 people with severe and persistent mental illness who were awaiting a period of outpatient commitment. More than 80 percent of the respondents perceived that the court order for outpatient commitment required them to keep their appointments at the mental health center and to take medication as prescribed. More than three-quarters believed that the outpatient commitment order made it more likely that people would keep their mental health appointments, take their medication, and stay out of the hospital.}, number={11}, journal={PSYCHIATRIC SERVICES}, author={Borum, R and Swartz, M and Riley, S and Swanson, J and Hiday, VA and Wagner, R}, year={1999}, month={Nov}, pages={1489–1491} }
 @article{hiday_swartz_swanson_borum_wagner_1999, title={Criminal victimization of persons with severe mental illness}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1075-2730"]}, DOI={10.1176/ps.50.1.62}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE
The types and amounts of crime experienced by persons with severe mental illness were examined to better understand criminal victimization in this population.


METHODS
Subjects were 331 involuntarily admitted psychiatric inpatients who were ordered by the court to outpatient commitment after discharge. Extensive interviews provided information on subjects' experience with crime in the previous four months and their perceived vulnerability to victimization, as well as on their living conditions and substance use. Medical records provided clinical data.


RESULTS
The rate of nonviolent criminal victimization (22.4 percent) was similar to that in the general population (21.1 percent). The rate of violent criminal victimization was two and a half times greater than in the general population--8.2 percent versus 3.1 percent. Being an urban resident, using alcohol or drugs, having a secondary diagnosis of a personality disorder, and experiencing transient living conditions before hospitalization were significantly associated with being the victim of a crime. In the multivariate analysis, substance use and transient living conditions were strong predictors of criminal victimization; no demographic or clinical variable was a significant predictor. (Given the relatively high crime rates, subjects' perceived vulnerability to victimization was unexpectedly low; only 16.3 percent expressed concerns about personal safety. Those with a higher level of education expressed greater feelings of vulnerability.


CONCLUSIONS
The study found a substantial rate of violent criminal victimization among persons with severe and persistent mental illness. Results suggest that substance use and homelessness make criminal victimization more likely.}, number={1}, journal={PSYCHIATRIC SERVICES}, author={Hiday, VA and Swartz, MS and Swanson, JW and Borum, R and Wagner, HR}, year={1999}, month={Jan}, pages={62–68} }
 @misc{hiday_1999, title={Out of the shadows: Confronting America's mental illness crisis}, volume={28}, number={4}, journal={Contemporary Sociology}, author={Hiday, V. A.}, year={1999}, pages={472–473} }
 @article{swanson_borum_swartz_hiday_1999, title={Violent behavior preceding hospitalization among persons with severe mental illness}, volume={23}, ISSN={["0147-7307"]}, DOI={10.1023/A:1022320918171}, abstractNote={The need to better understand and manage risk of violent behavior among persons with severe mental illness (SMI) in community care is increasingly being recognized. Of particular concern is a subset of the SMI population characterized by a "revolving door" pattern of institutional recidivism and poor adherence to outpatient treatment. Little empirical research exists which examines the specific dimensions of violent incidents and their surrounding context in this population. The present paper describes characteristics of violent behavioral events in a sample of 331 people with psychotic or major mood disorders who were placed on involuntary outpatient commitment in North Carolina. By pooling baseline data from respondents' self-report, collateral informant interviews, and hospital records, the study found violent behavior to be a problem affecting over half the sample in a 4-month period preceding hospitalization. The study also found considerable variability in the frequency of violent events, severity, weapon use, subjective state when incidents occurred, initiation of fights, settings, relationship to others involved, and associated threat of victimization. Multivariable analyses showed that cooccurring substance abuse problems, history of criminal victimization, and age (being younger) were significantly associated with violent behavior when all sources of data were taken into account. Clinical diagnosis and symptom variables were not related to violence in this sample. Implications of these findings for service delivery priorities and future research are discussed.}, number={2}, journal={LAW AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR}, author={Swanson, J and Borum, R and Swartz, M and Hiday, V}, year={1999}, month={Apr}, pages={185–204} }
 @article{hiday_swartz_swanson_borum_wagner_1998, title={Male-female differences in the setting and construction of violence among people with severe mental illness}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1433-9285"]}, DOI={10.1007/s001270050212}, journal={SOCIAL PSYCHIATRY AND PSYCHIATRIC EPIDEMIOLOGY}, author={Hiday, VA and Swartz, MS and Swanson, JW and Borum, R and Wagner, HR}, year={1998}, month={Dec}, pages={S68–S74} }
 @article{swanson_swartz_estroff_borum_wagner_hiday_1998, title={Psychiatric impairment, social contact, and violent behavior: evidence from a study of outpatient-committed persons with severe mental disorder}, volume={33}, ISSN={["0933-7954"]}, DOI={10.1007/s001270050215}, journal={SOCIAL PSYCHIATRY AND PSYCHIATRIC EPIDEMIOLOGY}, author={Swanson, J and Swartz, M and Estroff, S and Borum, R and Wagner, R and Hiday, V}, year={1998}, month={Dec}, pages={S86–S94} }
 @article{swartz_swanson_hiday_borum_wagner_burns_1998, title={Taking the wrong drugs: the role of substance abuse and medication noncompliance in violence among severely mentally ill individuals}, volume={33}, ISSN={["0933-7954"]}, DOI={10.1007/s001270050213}, journal={SOCIAL PSYCHIATRY AND PSYCHIATRIC EPIDEMIOLOGY}, author={Swartz, MS and Swanson, JW and Hiday, VA and Borum, R and Wagner, R and Burns, BJ}, year={1998}, month={Dec}, pages={S75–S80} }
 @article{swartz_swanson_hiday_borum_wagner_burns_1998, title={Violence and severe mental illness: The effects of substance abuse and nonadherence to medication}, volume={155}, number={2}, journal={American Journal of Psychiatry}, author={Swartz, M. S. and Swanson, J. W. and Hiday, V. A. and Borum, R. and Wagner, H. R. and Burns, B. J.}, year={1998}, pages={226–231} }
 @article{swanson_swartz_george_burns_hiday_borum_wagner_1997, title={Interpreting the effectiveness of involuntary outpatient commitment: A conceptual model}, volume={25}, number={1}, journal={Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law}, author={Swanson, J. W. and Swartz, M. S. and George, L. K. and Burns, B. J. and Hiday, V. A. and Borum, R. and Wagner, H. R.}, year={1997}, pages={5–16} }
 @article{hiday_swartz_swanson_wagner_1997, title={Patient perceptions of coercion in mental hospital admission}, volume={20}, ISSN={["0160-2527"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0160-2527(97)00004-6}, abstractNote={Patient satisfaction with care is widely recognized as one of the most important indicator of quality in mental health care. It can impact several treatment outcomes, such as treatment adherence and engagement with services. At the same time, as an outcome in itself, satisfaction with care is also affected by several factors, first and foremost by being coerced. The main aim of this study was to test if perceiving treatment pressures as fair and effective could positively impact patient satisfaction, even more than formal coercive measures.Globally, 133 voluntary and involuntary inpatients were interviewed. Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics, including history of previous experiences of formal coercion and legal status of the hospitalisation, were collected through a structured questionnaire and medical charts. The participants were also asked to complete the Index of Fairness and Index of Effectiveness tools as well as a structured questionnaire on satisfaction with care. Simple and multiple linear regressions were performed.Although several factors were found to affect satisfaction with care when taken independently, perceived fairness was the stronger predictor of both satisfaction with treatment (β =.234; p = .022) and satisfaction with decision-making involvement (β =.360; p < .001) when controlling for confounders.Our results point to the paramount importance of developing and implementing interventions that promote procedural fairness in psychiatric treatment and thereby improve patient satisfaction while reducing the risk of disengagement with care.}, number={2}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY}, author={Hiday, VA and Swartz, MS and Swanson, J and Wagner, HR}, year={1997}, pages={227–241} }
 @article{borum_swanson_swartz_hiday_wagner_1997, title={Substance abuse, violent behavior and police encounters among persons with severe mental disorders}, volume={13}, number={1997}, journal={Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice}, author={Borum, R. and Swanson, J. W. and Swartz, M. S. and Hiday, V. A. and Wagner, H. R.}, year={1997}, pages={236–249} }
 @article{swartz_burns_george_swanson_hiday_borum_wagner_1997, title={The ethical challenges of a randomized controlled trial of involuntary outpatient commitment}, volume={24}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Mental Health Administration}, author={Swartz, M. S. and Burns, B. J. and George, L. K. and Swanson, J. and Hiday, V. A. and Borum, R. and Wagner, H. R.}, year={1997}, pages={35–43} }
 @misc{hiday_1997, title={Understanding the connection between mental illness and violence}, volume={20}, ISSN={["0160-2527"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0160-2527(97)00028-9}, number={4}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY}, author={Hiday, VA}, year={1997}, pages={399–417} }