@article{gilger_davidson_howard_1998, title={Keratometry, ultrasonic biometry, and prediction of intraocular lens power in the feline eye}, volume={59}, number={2}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Gilger, B. C. and Davidson, M. G. and Howard, P. B.}, year={1998}, month={Feb}, pages={131–134} }
 @article{levine_apperson_howard_washburn_braswell_1997, title={Lizards as Hosts for Immature Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in North Carolina}, volume={34}, ISSN={1938-2928 0022-2585}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/34.6.594}, DOI={10.1093/jmedent/34.6.594}, abstractNote={Previously archived museum specimens of lizards collected throughout North Carolina were examined for Ixodes scapularis (Say). Lizards (n = 1,349) collected in 80 of North Carolina's 100 counties were examined. Lizards with ticks were collected in 23 (29%) of the 80 counties from which lizards were examined. I. scapularis was detected on 8.7% (n = 117) of the lizards and was the sole species of tick obtained from lizards. Immature ticks were most frequently found on the southeastern five-lined skink, Eumeces inexpectatus, and the eastern glass lizard, Ophisaurus ventralis. Larvae were most frequently found on the six-lined racerunner, Cnemidophorus sexlineatus. One C. sexlineatus harbored 177 larvae and 2 nymphs. Nymphs were most frequently observed on E. inexpectatus. The majority of counties (chi 2, P < 0.01) where ticks were found on lizards were in the Coastal Plain.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Medical Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Levine, Jay F. and Apperson, Charles S. and Howard, Peter and Washburn, Michelle and Braswell, Alvin L.}, year={1997}, month={Nov}, pages={594–598} }
 @article{ouellette_apperson_howard_evans_levine_1997, title={Tick-raccoon associations and the potential for Lyme disease spirochete transmission in the coastal plain of North Carolina}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1943-3700"]}, DOI={10.7589/0090-3558-33.1.28}, abstractNote={Raccoons (Procyon lotor) were live-trapped and examined for ticks from July 1990 to July 1993 in the coastal plain of North Carolina on Marine Corps Base, Camp Lejeune, North Carolina (USA). Five species of ixodid ticks were found on 351 (78%) of 449 raccoons. Amblyomma americanum was the most abundant tick found on raccoons. Dermacentor variabilis, Ixodes texanus, and Ixodes scapularis were frequently collected, while Ixodes cookei were rarely collected from raccoons. Tick burdens were not affected by the age, sex, or trap location of captured raccoons. Ticks parasitizing raccoons had varying seasonal patterns of abundance. Amblyomma americanum were generally collected from raccoons year around, but infestation intensities were greatest in summer from June to September. Dermacentor variabilis adults were most abundant in mid-summer while peak numbers of larvae were collected in the fall. Infestation intensities of Ixodes texanus larvae were greatest in fall and winter months while nymphs were most abundant in winter and spring. No males were collected from raccoons, but females were most frequently collected in the spring and declined in abundance in the summer with no specimens collected in the fall or winter. Numbers of I. scapularis adults appeared to reach peak numbers in the fall while larvae and nymphs were most abundant on raccoons in winter. Spirochetes, Borrelia burgdorferi, were identified in a small percentage (0.2%) of host-seeking A. americanum nymphs and adults, and I. scapularis adults by immunofluorescent antibody assays. Similarly, a small percentage (1.9%) of host-associated A. americanum, D. variabilis, I. texanus and I. cookei contained B. burgdorferi. Borrelia burgdorferi spirochetes were cultured from the blood of 23 (26%) of 87 raccoons.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES}, author={Ouellette, J and Apperson, CS and Howard, P and Evans, TL and Levine, JF}, year={1997}, month={Jan}, pages={28–39} }
 @article{breitschwerdt_geoly_meuten_levine_howard_hegarty_stafford_1996, title={Myocarditis in mice and guinea pigs experimentally infected with a canine-origin Borrelia isolate from Florida}, volume={57}, number={4}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Breitschwerdt, E. B. and Geoly, F. J. and Meuten, D. J. and Levine, J. F. and Howard, P. and Hegarty, B. C. and Stafford, L. C.}, year={1996}, pages={505–511} }
 @article{levin_yang_apperson_levine_howard_1996, title={Reservoir Competence of the Southeastern Five-Lined Skink (Eumeces inexpectatus) and the Green Anole (Anolis carolinensis) for Borrelia burgdorferi}, volume={54}, ISSN={0002-9637 1476-1645}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1996.54.92}, DOI={10.4269/ajtmh.1996.54.92}, abstractNote={The reservoir competence of two lizard species, the southeastern five-lined skink (Eumeces inexpectatus) and the green anole (Anolis carolinesis), for Borrelia burgdorferi was evaluated. Skinks and anoles were exposed by needle inoculation or tick bite to B. burgdorferi. Xenodiagnosis with larval Ixodes scapularis and culture of tissues were used to asses infection and the ability of infected lizards to infect attached ticks. Both lizard species were susceptible to B. burgdorferi by both routes of exposure. Xenodiagnostic ticks acquired spirochetes while feeding on both species. One tick that dropped from a skink on the ninth day after exposure was infected. The remainder of xenodiagnostic ticks that acquired spirochetes fed three weeks after exposure of the lizards to the spirochete. Lizards remained infectious to attached ticks for at least five weeks. Overall, more than 20% of xenodiagnostic larvae fed on southeastern five-lined skinks acquired spirochetes. Individual skinks infected up to 34% of attached ticks. A smaller proportion of ticks feeding on green anoles became infected. Borrelia burgdorferi recovered from infected lizards retained their infectivity for mammalian hosts. The ability of the lizards to sustain a Borrelia infection and infect attached ticks suggests that they may play a role in the maintenance of spirochete transmission.}, number={1}, journal={The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, publisher={American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, author={Levin, Michael and Yang, Sam and Apperson, Charles S. and Levine, Jay F. and Howard, Peter}, year={1996}, month={Jan}, pages={92–97} }
 @article{norris_levine_menard_nagagaki_howard_apperson_1996, title={Reservoir competence of raccoons (Procyon lotor) for Borrelia burgdorferi}, volume={32}, journal={Journal of Wildlife Diseases}, author={Norris, D. E. and Levine, J. F. and Menard, M. and Nagagaki, K. and Howard, P. and Apperson, C. S.}, year={1996}, pages={300–314} }
 @article{levin_levine_apperson_norris_howard_1995, title={Reservoir Competence of the Rice Rat (Rodentia: Cricetidae) for Borrelia burgdorferi}, volume={32}, ISSN={1938-2928 0022-2585}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/32.2.138}, DOI={10.1093/jmedent/32.2.138}, abstractNote={The reservoir competence of the rice rat, Oryzomys palustris, for Borrelia burgdorferi is described. Infected Ixodes scapularis Say (I. dammini, Spielman, Clifford, Piesman & Corwin) nymphs were used to infect animals. Borrelia infection was diagnosed by xenodiagnostic feeding of noninfected I. scapularis larvae and by reisolation of the spirochetes from blood and other tissues. Rice rats acquired B. burgdorferi and maintained spirochete infection for 5-9 wk. B. burgdorferi were cultured from samples of skin and urinary bladders from all animals killed on day 21 (three rats), 35 (three rats), or 56 (three rats) after infection. The spirochetes were also detected in blood samples obtained 1 and 2 wk after exposure. Spirochetes that persisted for 5 wk in rice rats did not lose their infectivity for golden Syrian hamsters. The prepatent period for infecting xenodiagnostic ticks was 1 wk. Overall, 75.6% of I. scapularis larvae (n = 694) that fed on infected rice rats acquired B. burgdorferi. Prevalence of infection reached 83% in ticks that fed on tick-exposed animals during the 2nd-4th wk, 68% during the 5th wk, and 17.4% during the 9th wk. The duration of rice rat infectivity for ticks exceeded 2 mo. I. scapularis nymphs infected as larvae on rice rats transmitted B. burgdorferi. Taken together, these studies confirm the reservoir competence of the rice rat for B. burgdorferi.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Medical Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Levin, Michael and Levine, Jay F. and Apperson, Charles S. and Norris, Douglas E. and Howard, Peter B.}, year={1995}, month={Mar}, pages={138–142} }