@article{bailey_hartfield_lackmann_keeter_sharp_2003, title={An objective climatology, classification scheme, and assessment of sensible weather impacts for Appalachian cold-air damming}, volume={18}, ISSN={["0882-8156"]}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<0641:AOCCSA>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract The geostrophic adjustment process for a rotating, stratified atmosphere in the presence of an orographic barrier may be manifest as a phenomenon known as “cold-air damming” (CAD). The degree of blocking by an orographic barrier, and therefore CAD intensity, is related to the static stability of the upstream air mass. When precipitation falls into dry near-surface air, differential evaporational cooling can increase static stability, and strengthen or initiate CAD. The sheltering effect of clouds can also maintain surface-based stability. Therefore, the ability of numerical forecast models to accurately predict CAD requires adequate representation of cloud and precipitation processes. Operational forecasters in the Appalachian damming region have previously developed a subjective classification scheme that distinguishes those CAD events that are heavily influenced by diabatic processes from those that are dominated by synoptic-scale forcing. In this study the subjective scheme is formalized in or...}, number={4}, journal={WEATHER AND FORECASTING}, author={Bailey, CM and Hartfield, G and Lackmann, GM and Keeter, K and Sharp, S}, year={2003}, month={Aug}, pages={641–661} }
 @article{lackmann_keeter_lee_ek_2002, title={Model representation of freezing and melting precipitation: Implications for winter weather forecasting}, volume={17}, ISSN={["0882-8156"]}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0434(2003)017<1016:MROFAM>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract During episodes of sustained moderate or heavy precipitation in conjunction with near-freezing temperatures and weak horizontal temperature advection, the latent heat released (absorbed) by the freezing (melting) of falling precipitation may alter thermal profiles sufficiently to affect the type and amount of freezing or frozen precipitation observed at the surface. Representation of these processes by operational numerical weather prediction models is incomplete; forecaster knowledge of these model limitations can therefore be advantageous during winter weather forecasting. The Eta Model employs a sophisticated land surface model (LSM) to represent physical processes at the lower-atmospheric interface. When considering the thermodynamic effect of melting or freezing precipitation at the surface, it is shown that limitations in the current version of the Eta LSM can contribute to biases in lower-tropospheric temperature forecasts. The Eta LSM determines the precipitation type reaching the surface...}, number={5}, journal={WEATHER AND FORECASTING}, author={Lackmann, GM and Keeter, K and Lee, LG and Ek, MB}, year={2002}, month={Oct}, pages={1016–1033} }
 @article{lackmann_ek_keeter_2002, title={NWP biases in freezing rain forecasts}, volume={83}, number={9}, journal={Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society}, author={Lackmann, G. M. and Ek, M. B. and Keeter, K.}, year={2002}, pages={1274–1275} }
 @article{cione_neuherz_raman_pietrafesa_keeter_li_1998, title={The use of pre-storm boundary-layer baroclinicity in determining and operationally implementing the Atlantic surface cyclone intensification index}, volume={89}, ISSN={["0006-8314"]}, DOI={10.1023/A:1001773019199}, number={2}, journal={BOUNDARY-LAYER METEOROLOGY}, author={Cione, JJ and Neuherz, RA and Raman, S and Pietrafesa, LJ and Keeter, K and Li, XF}, year={1998}, month={Nov}, pages={211–224} }
 @article{pietrafesa_xie_morrison_janowitz_pelissier_keeter_neuherz_1997, title={Numerical modelling and computer visualization of the storm surge in and around the Croatan-Albemarle-Pamlico Estuary system produced by Hurricane Emily of August 1993}, volume={48}, number={4}, journal={Mausam}, author={Pietrafesa, L. J. and Xie, L. and Morrison, J. and Janowitz, G. S. and Pelissier, J. and Keeter, K. and Neuherz, R. A.}, year={1997}, pages={567–578} }
 @article{hoium_riordan_monahan_keeter_1997, title={Severe thunderstorm and tornado warnings at Raleigh, North Carolina}, volume={78}, ISSN={["0003-0007"]}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<2559:STATWA>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={The National Weather Service issues public warnings for severe thunderstorms and tornadoes when these storms appear imminent. A study of the warning process was conducted at the National Weather Service Forecast Office at Raleigh, North Carolina, from 1994 through 1996. The purpose of the study was to examine the decision process by documenting the types of information leading to decisions to warn or not to warn and by describing the sequence and timing of events in the development of warnings. It was found that the evolution of warnings followed a logical sequence beginning with storm monitoring and proceeding with increasingly focused activity. For simplicity, information input to the process was categorized as one of three types: ground truth, radar reflectivity, or radar velocity. Reflectivity, velocity, and ground truth were all equally likely to initiate the investigation process. This investigation took an average of 7 min, after which either a decision was made not to warn or new information triggered the warning. Decisions not to issue warnings were based more on ground truth and reflectivity than radar velocity products. Warnings with investigations of more than 2 min were more likely to be triggered by radar reflectivity, than by velocity or ground truth. Warnings with a shorter investigation time, defined here as “immediate trigger warnings,” were less frequently based on velocity products and more on ground truth information. Once the decision was made to warn, it took an average of 2.1 min to prepare the warning text. In 85% of cases when warnings were issued, at least one contact was made to emergency management officials or storm spotters in the warned county. Reports of severe weather were usually received soon after the warning was transmitted—almost half of these within 30 min after issue. A total of 68% were received during the severe weather episode, but some of these storm reports later proved false according to Storm Data. Even though the WSR-88D is a sophisticated tool, ground truth information was found to be a vital part of the warning process. However, the data did not indicate that population density was statistically correlated either with the number of warnings issued or the verification rate.}, number={11}, journal={BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY}, author={Hoium, DK and Riordan, AJ and Monahan, J and Keeter, KK}, year={1997}, month={Nov}, pages={2559–2575} }