@article{shen_weaver_kim_2021, title={Physiological Effects of Deoxynivalenol from Naturally Contaminated Corn on Cerebral Tryptophan Metabolism, Behavioral Response, Gastrointestinal Immune Status and Health in Pigs Following a Pair-Feeding Model}, volume={13}, ISSN={2072-6651}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13060393}, DOI={10.3390/toxins13060393}, abstractNote={This study investigated the impact of deoxynivalenol (DON) from naturally contaminated feed on pig growth, immune status, organ health, brain serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and behavior. Sixteen individually housed pigs (25.57 ± 0.98 kg, age 9 weeks) were randomly allotted to two dietary treatments: without DON (CON) or with 3.8 mg/kg of DON (MT). Pigs were pair-fed to eliminate differences in feed intake (equal tryptophan (Trp) intake). Pigs fed CON received a daily ration based on the ad libitum feed consumption of their MT pair-mate. Performance was determined over 21 days and blood collected for immunological and oxidative stress parameters. Behavior was recorded for 12 h on days 0, 7, 14 and 21. After 21 days, pigs were euthanized to collect tissues for immune parameters, gut morphology and brain serotonin levels. Overall, pigs fed MT had greater weight gain compared with CON. Immunological and oxidative stress parameters were unaffected, but pigs fed MT had reduced villus height, crypt depth and villus-to-crypt ratio in the jejunum. Pigs consuming MT had reduced concentration of 5-HT and increased 5-HT turnover in the hypothalamus. Mycotoxin-fed pigs spent more time lying and sitting, and less time standing and drinking. In conclusion, consumption of DON impacted gastrointestinal tract structure, altered behavior and changed Trp metabolism through increasing 5-HT turnover in hypothalamus.}, number={6}, journal={Toxins}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Shen, Yan-Bin and Weaver, Alexandra C. and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2021}, month={May}, pages={393} }
 @article{zhao_weaver_fellner_payne_kim_2014, title={Amino acid fortified diets for weanling pigs replacing fish meal and whey protein concentrate: Effects on growth, immune status, and gut health}, volume={5}, ISSN={["2049-1891"]}, url={https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/38685441/}, DOI={10.1186/2049-1891-5-57}, abstractNote={Limited availability of fish meal and whey protein concentrate increases overall feed costs. Availability of increased number of supplemental amino acids including Lys, Met, Thr, Trp, Val, and Ile allows replacing expensive protein supplements to reduce feed costs. This study was to evaluate the effect of replacing fish meal and/or whey protein concentrate in nursery diets with 6 supplemental amino acids on growth performance and gut health of post-weaning pigs. Treatments were 1) FM-WPC: diet with fish meal (FM) and whey protein concentrate (WPC); 2) FM-AA: diet with FM and crystalline amino acids (L-Lys, L-Thr, L-Trp, DL-Met, L-Val, and L-Ile); 3) WPC-AA: diet with WPC and crystalline amino acid; and 4) AA: diet with crystalline amino acid. Pigs in FM-AA, WPC-AA, and AA had greater (P < 0.05) ADG and gain:feed than pigs in FM-WPC during wk 1 (phase 1). Plasma insulin concentration of pigs in AA tended to be greater (P = 0.064) than that of FM-WPC at the end of wk 1(phase 1). Plasma concentrations of IgG in AA was lower (P < 0.05) compared with WPC-AA and FW, and FM-AA had lower (P < 0.05) IgG concentration than WPC-AA at the end of wk 1 (phase 1). Concentration of acetate in cecum digesta in FM-AA tended to be greater (P = 0.054) than that of FM-WPC and WPC-AA. Concentration of isovalerate in cecum digesta of pigs in FM-AA was greater (P < 0.05) than that of FW and WPC-AA. This study indicates that use of 6 supplemental amino acids can replace fish meal and/or whey protein concentrate without adverse effects on growth performance, immune status, and gut health of pigs at d 21 to 49 of age. Positive response with the use of 6 supplemental amino acids in growth during the first week of post-weaning may due to increased plasma insulin potentially improving uptake of nutrients for protein synthesis and energy utilization. The replacement of fish meal and/or whey protein concentrate with 6 supplemental amino acids could decrease the crude protein level in nursery diets, and potentially lead to substantial cost savings in expensive nursery diets.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY}, publisher={BioMed Central}, author={Zhao, Yan and Weaver, Alexandra C. and Fellner, Vivek and Payne, Robert L. and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2014}, month={Dec} }
 @article{shen_weaver_kim_2014, title={Effect of feed grade L-methionine on growth performance and gut health in nursery pigs compared with conventional DL-methionine}, volume={92}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84946190315&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2527/jas.2014-7830}, abstractNote={Two experiments were conducted to test if supplementation of LMET has beneficial effects on growth performance and gut health in nursery pigs compared with DL-Met. In Exp. 1, 168 pigs in 56 pens were randomly allotted to 7 dietary treatments for 20 d, including a basal diet (BD; 55% of the NRC requirement for Met), the BD+0.048% L-Met or DL-Met (70% of the NRC requirement), the BD+0.096% L-Met or DL-Met (85% of the NRC requirement), and the BD+0.144% L-Met or DL-Met (100% of the NRC requirement). Body weight and feed disappearance were recorded every 5 d for computation of growth performance. In Exp. 2, 20 individually housed nursery pigs were randomly allotted to 2 dietary treatments for 20 d: DML (0.16% Met from the BD+0.145% supplemental DL-Met) or LMET (0.16% Met from the BD+0.145% supplemental L-Met). Both diets had Met meeting 95% of the NRC requirement. Duodenum samples from all pigs were collected at the end of the trial to evaluate morphology and redox status. In Exp. 1, during the entire 20 d, pigs fed diets supplemented with L-Met tended to have greater (P=0.087) ADG and reduced (P<0.01) plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) than pigs fed diets supplemented with DL-Met. The relative bioavailability (RBA) of L-Met to DL-Met for ADG and G:F was 143.8 and 122.7%, respectively. In Exp. 2, pigs fed a diet supplemented with L-Met had duodenum tissue with greater (P<0.05) concentrations of glutathione (GSH) and greater villus height and width as well as lower (P<0.05) concentrations of protein carbonyl compared with pigs fed DL-Met. Overall, compared with DL-Met, the use of L-Met as a source of supplemental Met in nursery pig diets enhanced duodenum villus development in association with reduced oxidative stress and improved GSH. The beneficial effects of supplementing L-Met compared to DL-Met in gut of nursery pigs resulted in a potential enhancement of ADG and reduction of PUN.}, number={12}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Shen, Y. B. and Weaver, A. C. and Kim, S. W.}, year={2014}, month={Dec}, pages={5530–5539} }
 @article{weaver_campbell_crenshaw_polo_kim_2014, title={Efficacy of dietary spray dried plasma protein to mitigate the negative effects on performance of pigs fed diets with corn naturally contaminated with multiple mycotoxins}, volume={92}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84907652876&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2527/jas.2013-6939}, abstractNote={The ability of spray dried plasma protein (SDPP) to reduce the negative effects of multiple mycotoxins from naturally contaminated corn on weaned pig performance and health was investigated (n = 180; 6.84 ± 0.11 kg). For 12 d after weaning, pigs were fed phase 1 nursery diets with either 0% SDPP (PP0) or 6% SDPP (PP6). After 12 d, pigs were fed phase 2 diets for 3 wk. Pigs fed PP0 in phase 1 continued to be fed a phase 2 diet with no SDPP (PP0/PP0) or were fed a diet including corn naturally contaminated with multiple mycotoxins (M), labeled PP0/PP0M. Pigs fed SDPP in phase 1 were fed either a diet with no SDPP (PP6/PP0), a diet with M and no SDPP (PP6/PP0M), a diet with M and 3% SDPP (PP6/PP3M), or a diet with M and 6% SDPP (PP6/PP6M). During phase 1, pigs fed PP6 had increased (P < 0.05) ADG, ADFI, and G:F, whereas immunological parameters were not altered. During phase 2, pigs consuming PP0/PP0M had reduced ADG (P < 0.01) and ADFI (P < 0.05) in contrast to pigs fed PP0/PP0, whereas the performance of pigs fed PP6/PP0M was intermediate to pigs fed PP0/PP0M and PP6/PP0. The ADG and ADFI did not differ for pigs fed PP0/PP0M and PP6/PP0M during phase 2. Performance of pigs fed PP6/PP3M in contrast to pigs fed PP6/PP0M during phase 2 did not differ; however, these pigs had lower (P < 0.05) tumor necrosis factor α and tended (P = 0.094) to have lower DNA damage. During phase 2, ADG and ADFI of pigs fed PP6/PP6M did not differ from pigs fed PP6/PP0M, but G:F tended (P = 0.067) to be increased in pigs fed PP6/PP6M. Over the entire study period, pigs fed PP0/PP0M had reduced (P < 0.05) ADG and tended (P = 0.067) to have reduced ADFI. During this time, pigs fed PP6/PP0M tended to have greater ADG and ADFI (P = 0.093 and P = 0.067, respectively) compared with pigs fed PP0/PP0M. Overall, feeding a diet with SDPP improved growth performance and feed intake of young pigs directly after weaning. Feeding multiple M had a negative impact on growth performance of pigs during this trial. This response was more significant when pigs were not fed SDPP in phase 1. Overall, when combining phase 1 and 2 performance data, daily gain and feed intake tended to be reduced when pigs were not fed 6% SDPP in phase 1. This study indicates that the composition of diets fed immediately after weaning may be important for pigs that subsequently are under a M challenge.}, number={9}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Weaver, A. C. and Campbell, J. M. and Crenshaw, J. D. and Polo, J. and Kim, S. W.}, year={2014}, month={Sep}, pages={3878–3886} }
 @article{weaver_see_kim_2014, title={Protective Effect of Two Yeast Based Feed Additives on  Pigs Chronically Exposed to Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone}, volume={6}, ISSN={2072-6651}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins6123336}, DOI={10.3390/toxins6123336}, abstractNote={To evaluate the effects of the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) on pigs and the benefits of two mycotoxin mitigation strategies, gilts (n = 84, 9.1 ± 0.1 kg) were allotted to four treatments: CON (control); MT (4.8 mg/kg feed DON and 0.3 mg/kg feed ZEA); MT-YC (MT + 2 g/kg of yeast cell wall product); and MT-YF (MT + 2 g/kg of yeast fermentation product). After 42 days of feeding, pigs fed MT had reduced (p < 0.05) growth performance compared with pigs fed CON. Pigs fed MT-YF had greater (p < 0.05) average daily gain and tended to have greater (p = 0.080) average daily feed intake than MT, whereas pigs fed MT-YC did not differ from MT. Oxidative DNA damage increased (p < 0.05) in MT, whereas pigs fed MT-YF tended to have lower (p = 0.067) oxidative stress. Liver hydropic degeneration was increased (p < 0.05) in MT in contrast to CON and MT-YF, and tended to be greater (p = 0.079) than MT-YC. Collectively, feeding diets contaminated with mycotoxins significantly reduced growth performance and impacted pig health. The yeast additives had varied ability to reduce mycotoxin effects on pig growth and health, but may still play a beneficial role in reducing the overall impacts of a mycotoxin challenge on pigs.}, number={12}, journal={Toxins}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Weaver, Alexandra and See, M. and Kim, Sung}, year={2014}, month={Dec}, pages={3336–3353} }
 @article{weaver_kim_2014, title={Supplemental nucleotides high in inosine 5 '-monophosphate to improve the growth and health of nursery pigs}, volume={92}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84893666472&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2527/jas.2013-6564}, abstractNote={This study was conducted to determine the ability of a supplemental nucleotide mixture high in inosine 5′-monophosphate (5′IMP) to enhance pig growth and health after weaning. Pigs (n = 120 and 7.3 ± 0.1 kg) were allotted at weaning to phase 1 diets (3.3 Mcal ME/kg, 22.4% CP, and 1.34% standardize ileal digestible [SID] Lys) supplemented with 0.0, 0.2, 0.5, or 1.0 g/kg of a nucleotide additive. After 7 d, pigs were fed phase 2 diets (3.3 Mcal ME/kg, 21.3% CP, and 1.20% SID Lys) for 21 d with the same additive levels. Growth performance was measured, blood samples were collected for analysis of immune responses and oxidative stress, and fecal scoring was completed. During phase 1, ADG, ADFI, and G:F linearly increased (P < 0.05) as dietary nucleotides increased. During phase 2, ADFI increased linearly (P < 0.05). Over the entire 28-d trial, ADG and ADFI increased linearly (P < 0.05) as nucleotide content increased. Immune responses were not altered during phase 1. At the end of phase 2, IgA showed a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) with the lowest concentrations at 0.2 and 0.5 g/kg of the nucleotide additive whereas IgM changed cubically (P < 0.05) with the lowest concentration at 0.5 g/kg. The cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α tended to decrease linearly (P = 0.093) as nucleotide content increased whereas the marker for oxidative DNA damage, 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine, tended to have a quadratic effect (P = 0.064) with the lowest levels of damage in pigs fed 0.5 g/kg. On d 8 after changing from the phase 1 to phase 2 diets, fecal diarrhea scores tended to be lowest (P = 0.072) when pigs were fed 0.5 g/kg of the nucleotide additive. Overall, 1.0 g/kg of the nucleotide additive provided the most benefit to the growth performance of nursery pigs. However, 0.5 g/kg of the nucleotide additive reduced immune responses and oxidative stress. In conclusion, the addition of a nucleotide mixture high in 5′IMP to the diet of young pigs may be beneficial to enhance growth performance and reduce postweaning stress.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Weaver, A. C. and Kim, S. W.}, year={2014}, month={Feb}, pages={645–651} }
 @misc{kim_weaver_shen_zhao_2013, title={Improving efficiency of sow productivity: nutrition and health}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2049-1891"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84888161905&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1186/2049-1891-4-26}, abstractNote={This reviews research focused to understand the nutrient requirement and balance to meet the needs of fetal growth, mammary growth, and milk production. This summary will handle how feeding strategies can be adjusted according to the nutrient needs for a sow to enhance productivity and health. Most research data used in this summary are based on the studies conducted by the authors between 1996 and 2013. Nutrient requirements of sows are affected by stage of gestation and parity of sows. Dietary antioxidant concentrations need to be re-evaluated for its sufficiency in sow diets especially to prevent excessive oxidative stress during late gestation and lactation. When feeding sows, consideration of phase feeding of gestating sows and parity feeding of lactating sows could enhances production longevity and health of sows. Use of selected nutrients and additives seems to help productivity and health of sows.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY}, author={Kim, Sung Woo and Weaver, Alexandra C. and Shen, Yan Bin and Zhao, Yan}, year={2013}, month={Jul} }
 @article{weaver_see_hansen_kim_de souza_middleton_kim_2013, title={The Use of Feed Additives to Reduce the Effects of Aflatoxin and Deoxynivalenol on Pig Growth, Organ Health and Immune Status during Chronic Exposure}, volume={5}, ISSN={2072-6651}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins5071261}, DOI={10.3390/toxins5071261}, abstractNote={Three feed additives were tested to improve the growth and health of pigs chronically challenged with aflatoxin (AF) and deoxynivalenol (DON). Gilts (n = 225, 8.8 ± 0.4 kg) were allotted to five treatments: CON (uncontaminated control); MT (contaminated with 150 µg/kg AF and 1100 µg/kg DON); A (MT + a clay additive); B (MT + a clay and dried yeast additive); and C (MT + a clay and yeast culture additive). Average daily gain (ADG) and feed intake (ADFI) were recorded for 42 days, blood collected for immune analysis and tissue samples to measure damage. Feeding mycotoxins tended to decrease ADG and altered the immune system through a tendency to increase monocytes and immunoglobulins. Mycotoxins caused tissue damage in the form of liver bile ductule hyperplasia and karyomegaly. The additives in diets A and B reduced mycotoxin effects on the immune system and the liver and showed some ability to improve growth. The diet C additive played a role in reducing liver damage. Collectively, we conclude that AF and DON can be harmful to the growth and health of pigs consuming mycotoxins chronically. The selected feed additives improved pig health and may play a role in pig growth.}, number={7}, journal={Toxins}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Weaver, Alexandra and See, M. and Hansen, Jeff and Kim, Yong and De Souza, Anna and Middleton, Teena and Kim, Sung}, year={2013}, month={Jul}, pages={1261–1281} }