@article{chaytor_see_hansen_souza_middleton_kim_2011, title={Effects of chronic exposure of diets with reduced concentrations of aflatoxin and deoxynivalenol on growth and immune status of pigs}, volume={89}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-78650987626&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2527/jas.2010-3005}, abstractNote={This study investigated the growth and immune responses of pigs fed diets containing reduced concentrations of aflatoxin (AF) and deoxynivalenol (DON) from naturally contaminated corn. Sixty gilts (13.9 ± 0.2 kg of BW) were randomly assigned to 4 treatments (5 replicate pens per treatment and 3 pigs per pen): A (a control diet without detectable AF and DON); B (a diet with 60 μg of AF/kg and 300 μg of DON/kg); C (a diet with 120 μg of AF/kg and 600 μg of DON/kg); and D (a diet with 180 μg of AF/kg and 900 μg of DON/kg). Pigs were allowed ad libitum access to feed and water for 33 d. Feed intake and BW were measured weekly and pigs were bled (8 mL) on d 33 to measure the numbers of blood cells, to conduct liver function tests, and to measure immunological variables including IgG, IgM, interferon γ, IL4, IL6, and tumor necrosis factor α. One pig representing the average BW of each pen was killed to obtain the liver, kidneys, and spleen for weight, tissue color measurement, and histological evaluation of tissue damage. When compared with A, pigs in C and D tended to have reduced ADG (0.52 vs. 0.43 and 0.41 kg/d, respectively; P = 0.058) and ADFI (1.04 vs. 0.92 and 0.88 kg/d, respectively; P = 0.061). White blood cell count of pigs in D (23.4 × 10(3) cells/μL) was greater (P < 0.05) than those in A, B, and C (18.4, 18.5, and 16.8 × 10(3) cells/μL, respectively. Serum tumor necrosis factor α concentration of pigs in D (335 pg/mL) differed (P < 0.05) from those in A and C (299 and 290 pg/mL, respectively). Pigs in B and D had greater (P < 0.05) fibrosis in liver tissues than those in A. Collectively, this study shows that diets containing both AF and DON greater than 60 and 300 μg/kg, respectively, may reduce growth and decrease feed intake, whereas diets containing 120 μg of AF/kg and 600 μg of DON/kg may result in altered immune health, systemic inflammation, and partial liver damage, causing further reduction in growth of pigs.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Chaytor, A. C. and See, M. T. and Hansen, J. A. and Souza, A. L. P. and Middleton, T. F. and Kim, S. W.}, year={2011}, month={Jan}, pages={124–135} }
 @misc{chaytor_hansen_heugten_see_kim_2011, title={Occurrence and Decontamination of Mycotoxins in Swine Feed}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1976-5517"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79960243133&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.5713/ajas.2011.10358}, abstractNote={Contamination of agricultural crops by mycotoxins results in significant economic losses for grain producers and, when consumed, it can cause reduced growth and health in a wide range of animal species. Hundreds of mycotoxin producing molds exist, however each has a different frequency and pattern of occurrence, as well as differences in the severity of the diseases (mycotoxicoses) they cause. Among the mycotoxins considered to be major contaminates are aflatoxin, deoxynivalenol, fumonisin, ochratoxin, and zearalenone. Although a multitude of species can be harmed by consumption of these mycotoxins, swine appear to be the most commonly affected commodity species. The swine industry can thus experience great losses due to the presence of mycotoxin contamination in feeds. Subsequently, recognition and prevention of mycotoxicoses is extremely important and dependent on adequate grain sampling and analysis methods pre-harvest, as well as effective strategies post-harvest to reduce consumption by animals. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the major mycotoxin contaminants in grains, to describe methods of analysis and prevention to reduce mycotoxicoses in swine and other animals, and finally to discuss how mycotoxins directly affect swine production. (}, number={5}, journal={ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES}, author={Chaytor, Alexandra C. and Hansen, Jeff A. and Heugten, Eric and See, M. Todd and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2011}, month={May}, pages={723–738} }