@article{chu_wu_pinzi_grubbs_cohen_lorenzen_2023, title={An Optimized Small-Scale Rearing System to Support Embryonic Microinjection Protocols for Western Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera}, volume={14}, ISSN={2075-4450}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects14080683}, DOI={10.3390/insects14080683}, abstractNote={Western corn rootworm (WCR), a major pest of corn, has been reared in laboratories since the 1960s. While established rearing methods are appropriate for maintaining WCR colonies, they are not optimal for performing germline transformation or CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing. Here we report the development of an optimized rearing system for use in WCR functional genomics research, specifically the development of a system that facilitates the collection of preblastoderm embryos for microinjection as well as gathering large larvae and pupae for downstream phenotypic screening. Further, transgenic-based experiments require stable and well-defined survival rates and the ability to manipulate insects at every life stage. In our system, the WCR life cycle (egg to adult) takes approximately 42 days, with most individuals eclosing between 41 and 45 days post oviposition. Over the course of one year, our overall survival rate was 67%. We used this data to establish a quality control system for more accurately monitoring colony health. Herein, we also offer detailed descriptions for setting up single-pair crosses and conducting phenotypic screens to identify transgenic progeny. This study provides a model for the development of new rearing systems and the establishment of highly controlled processes for specialized purposes.}, number={8}, journal={Insects}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Chu, Fu-Chyun and Wu, Pei-Shan and Pinzi, Sofia and Grubbs, Nathaniel and Cohen, Allen Carson and Lorenzen, Marcé D.}, year={2023}, month={Aug}, pages={683} }
 @article{pascacio-villafán_cohen_2023, title={How Rearing Systems for Various Species of Flies Benefit Humanity}, volume={14}, ISSN={2075-4450}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects14060553}, DOI={10.3390/insects14060553}, abstractNote={Flies (Diptera) have played a prominent role in human history, and several fly species are reared at different scales and for different beneficial purposes worldwide. Here, we review the historical importance of fly rearing as a foundation for insect rearing science and technology and synthesize information on the uses and rearing diets of more than 50 fly species in the families Asilidae, Calliphoridae, Coelopidae, Drosophilidae, Ephydridae, Muscidae, Sarcophagidae, Stratiomyidae, Syrphidae, Tachinidae, Tephritidae, and Tipulidae. We report more than 10 uses and applications of reared flies to the well-being and progress of humanity. We focus on the fields of animal feed and human food products, pest control and pollination services, medical wound therapy treatments, criminal investigations, and on the development of several branches of biology using flies as model organisms. We highlight the relevance of laboratory-reared Drosophila melanogaster Meigen as a vehicle of great scientific discoveries that have shaped our understanding of many biological systems, including the genetic basis of heredity and of terrible diseases such as cancer. We point out key areas of fly-rearing research such as nutrition, physiology, anatomy/morphology, genetics, genetic pest management, cryopreservation, and ecology. We conclude that fly rearing is an activity with great benefits for human well-being and should be promoted for future advancement in diverse and innovative methods of improving existing and emerging problems to humanity.}, number={6}, journal={Insects}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Pascacio-Villafán, Carlos and Cohen, Allen Carson}, year={2023}, month={Jun}, pages={553} }
 @misc{cohen_2021, title={Design, Operation, and Control of Insect-Rearing Systems}, ISBN={9780203702956}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b22499}, DOI={10.1201/b22499}, publisher={CRC Press}, author={Cohen, Allen Carson}, year={2021}, month={Jun} }
 @article{hickin_nadel_schal_cohen_2021, title={Optimization of a Diet for the Greater Wax Moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Using Full Factorial and Mixture Design}, volume={114}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toab039}, DOI={10.1093/jee/toab039}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Hickin, Mauri and Nadel, Hannah and Schal, Coby and Cohen, Allen C.}, editor={Neven, LisaEditor}, year={2021}, month={Jun}, pages={1091–1103} }
 @article{cohen_2019, title={The Nature of Unnatural Insects Infrastructure of Insect Rearing}, volume={65}, ISSN={1046-2821 2155-9902}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ae/tmz021}, DOI={10.1093/ae/tmz021}, number={2}, journal={American Entomologist}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Cohen, Allen Carson}, year={2019}, pages={122–135} }
 @article{ramsey_ochoa_bauchan_gulbronson_mowery_cohen_lim_joklik_cicero_ellis_et al._2019, title={Varroa destructor feeds primarily on honey bee fat body tissue and not hemolymph}, volume={116}, ISSN={["0027-8424"]}, DOI={10.1073/pnas.1818371116}, abstractNote={Significance}, number={5}, journal={PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA}, author={Ramsey, Samuel D. and Ochoa, Ronald and Bauchan, Gary and Gulbronson, Connor and Mowery, Joseph D. and Cohen, Allen and Lim, David and Joklik, Judith and Cicero, Joseph M. and Ellis, James D. and et al.}, year={2019}, month={Jan}, pages={1792–1801} }
 @article{cohen_2018, title={Ecology of Insect Rearing Systems: A Mini-Review of Insect Rearing Papers from 1906-2017}, volume={06}, ISSN={2331-1991 2331-2017}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ae.2018.62008}, DOI={10.4236/ae.2018.62008}, abstractNote={Hundreds of billions of insects are produced each year in insectaries or laboratories. These insects are reared for programs of pest control, as feed, for production of various products such as textiles and food, for research and education, among many purposes. The concept is advanced here that rearing conditions are expected to simulate the natural environments from which target insects are derived. Simply speaking, the rearing container and rearing facility are the insect’s microhabitat and its overall environment. Therefore, the central premise of this paper is that rearing systems are human-made ecosystems. If our expectations are to be met, that reared insects are healthy, fit, and of high quality—simulating their wild counterparts, rearing personnel must engineer conditions that meet all the insects’ needs. In this review, major advancements and progress are documented within the context of the ecology involved in artificial rearing technology. In this review, attention is paid to the food, environmental factors (temperature, humidity or water—in the case of aquatic insects—lighting, gas exchange, and soil—for soil-inhabiting insects), containment, and some special features of rearing systems that were designed to meet special needs of a target insect’s biology. Because there are thousands of publications on rearing advancements, the focus is on publications that had the strongest influence on modern day insect rearing systems, as well as papers that represent historically novel rearing concepts. Where the chain of information is missing on how or from where rearing innovations were derived, papers are referenced as documentation of the various rearing system features.}, number={02}, journal={Advances in Entomology}, publisher={Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.}, author={Cohen, Allen Carson}, year={2018}, pages={86–115} }
 @article{cohen_2018, title={Standards for Effective Insect Rearing Science and Technology Papers}, volume={06}, ISSN={2331-1991 2331-2017}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ae.2018.64020}, DOI={10.4236/ae.2018.64020}, abstractNote={This article suggests standards for insect rearing papers, to make them more suitable for publication. It provides guidelines for publishing 1) insect rearing-technology papers and 2) insect rearing-science papers. The technology papers offer rearing methodology or practical aspects of rearing system development and optimization. The rearing science papers would include outcomes of rearing experiments developed with controls, variables and are based on explicitly stated rationale and explicit hypotheses. This paper also suggests welcoming papers based on discoveries of various aspects of feeding biology and treating scientifically rearing systems’ components and properties. It is suggested that the treatment of insect rearing systems should be modelled after the extensive and successful practices of the food science and food technology community. The food science model includes welcoming papers that do not involve directly living subjects. It is argued here that the outcomes of following these suggestions will greatly enhance the progress of insect rearing inquiry, and this progress will support a much greater practical and basic science-based understanding of insect biology.}, number={04}, journal={Advances in Entomology}, publisher={Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.}, author={Cohen, Allen Carson}, year={2018}, pages={256–284} }
 @article{cammack_cohen_kreitlow_roe_watson_2016, title={Decomposition of Concealed and Exposed Porcine Remains in the North Carolina Piedmont}, volume={53}, ISSN={["1938-2928"]}, DOI={10.1093/jme/tjv183}, abstractNote={Abstract We examined the decomposition and subsequent insect colonization of small pig carrion (Sus scrofa (L.)) placed in concealed and open environments during spring, summer, and fall in Raleigh, North Carolina, as a model for juvenile human remains. Remains were concealed in simulated attics in three manners, ranging from minimal to well-concealed. Concealment had a significant effect on the insect community colonizing the remains across all three seasons; the beetles Necrobia rufipes (DeGeer) (Cleridae) and Dermestes maculatus (DeGeer) (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) were the only species indicative of remains located indoors, whereas numerous fly (Diptera: Calliphoridae, Muscidae, Sepsidae, and Piophilidae) and beetle (Coleoptera: Silphidae, Staphylinidae, and Histeridae) species and an ant species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae, Prenolepis sp.) were indicative of remains located outdoors. Season also significantly affected the insect species, particularly the blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) colonizing remains: Lucilia illustris (Meigen) was indicative of the spring, Cochliomyia macellaria (F.) and Chrysomya megacephala (F.) were indicative of the summer, and Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy and Calliphora vomitoria (L.) were indicative of the fall. In addition, across all seasons, colonization was delayed by 35–768 h, depending on the degree of concealment. These differences among the insect communities across seasons and concealment treatments, and the effects of concealment on colonization indicate that such information is important and should to be considered when analyzing entomological evidence for criminal investigations.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Cammack, J. A. and Cohen, A. C. and Kreitlow, K. L. and Roe, R. M. and Watson, D. W.}, year={2016}, month={Jan}, pages={67–75} }
 @book{cohen_2015, place={Boca Raton, FL}, edition={2nd}, title={Insect Diets: Science and Technology}, ISBN={9781466591950}, publisher={CRC Press}, author={Cohen, A.C.}, year={2015} }
 @article{cohen_cheah_2015, title={Interim Diets for Specialist Predators of Hemlock Woolly Adelgids}, volume={04}, ISSN={2161-0983}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2161-0983.1000153}, DOI={10.4172/2161-0983.1000153}, abstractNote={We provide a rationale for diets that temporarily support populations of insects but not sustained rearing of target insects. We call such sustaining media, “interim diets”. We present formulation and performance details of such a diet, which sustains specialist adult predators of hemlock woolly adelgids (HWA) for several months. The diet base is ground, freeze-dried, cooked chicken breast, heat-treated chicken egg yolk with several nutritional and functional supplements. This diet has been tested in our laboratories for five years and has been validated in several mass-rearing laboratories where HWA predators are routinely produced. Although the current diet does not support complete development of HWA predators from egg to adult, it is useful as an economical and convenient means of keeping predators alive and healthy during periods when natural prey are not available. Unlike generalist predators, HWA predators would not accept factitious hosts such as scale, aphids, lepidopteran eggs or other foods that might have sustained them during “feeding droughts”. The predators studied here were beetles, Sasajiscymnus tsugae (Coccinellidae) and Laricobius nigrinus (Derodontidae). We experimented with several diet-presentation systems designed to fulfill the feeding requirements of the beetles and to preserve the diets by preventing desiccation and deterioration. We developed several forms of a hen’s egg-based diet and a diet-presentation system that included alginate gels and slurry diets that were made from adhering liquid materials to a solid/capture medium (freeze dried, powdered chicken breast). Some diets and diet-presentation systems induced strong feeding responses and allowed adult predators to stay alive and active for several months and to return to egg production days after being returned to HWA. The paper describes a stable, palatable diet and dietpresentation techniques that allow researchers and mass-rearing facilities to sustain healthy populations of predators during regular periods of prey scarcity.}, number={02}, journal={Entomology, Ornithology & Herpetology: Current Research}, publisher={OMICS Publishing Group}, author={Cohen, Allen C and Cheah, Carole}, year={2015} }
 @article{oten_cohen_hain_2014, title={Stylet Bundle Morphology and Trophically Related Enzymes of the Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae)}, volume={107}, ISSN={["1938-2901"]}, DOI={10.1603/an13168}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA}, author={Oten, Kelly L. F. and Cohen, Allen C. and Hain, Fred P.}, year={2014}, month={May}, pages={680–690} }