@article{swift_foster_rogers_sylvester_griffith_jacob_2017, title={Efficacy of an Escherichia coli O157:H7 SRP Vaccine in Orally Challenged Goats and Strain Persistence Over Time}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1556-7125"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2016.2213}, DOI={10.1089/fpd.2016.2213}, abstractNote={Small ruminants have been implicated in outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157:H7 at livestock exhibitions throughout the United States. Additionally, goat meat or milk may serve as a reservoir for foodborne transmission of the organism. These associations highlight the public health importance of an effective strategy to reduce E. coli O157:H7 shedding in goats. We examined the efficacy of the SRP® vaccine in goats orally challenged with E. coli O157:H7. Mixed-breed goats (n = 14) were randomly allocated into vaccinated and unvaccinated treatments (n = 7 per treatment). Goats were housed with a vaccinated and unvaccinated animal in each pen. Feces were collected for 3 weeks, then at necropsy, gastrointestinal contents were collected to determine the concentration of E. coli O157:H7. Three isolates per positive sample were saved and evaluated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to assess strain persistence over time. The mean concentration of E. coli O157:H7 in the feces of goats was numerically reduced in the vaccinated treatment; however, it was not statistically significant. In addition, the total number of days goats were fecal positive for E. coli O157:H7 were not different between vaccinated and unvaccinated treatments. Pulsotypes of isolates revealed that goats initially shed two of the four challenge strains of E. coli O157:H7, after which there was a distinct shift to two different strains. Further work is needed to evaluate cost-effective intervention strategies that reliably reduce E. coli O157:H7 shedding in goats, particularly those that may reduce the risk of transmission at public events, including petting zoos and fairs.}, number={3}, journal={FOODBORNE PATHOGENS AND DISEASE}, author={Swift, Jacob M. and Foster, Derek M. and Rogers, Anna T. and Sylvester, Hannah J. and Griffith, Emily H. and Jacob, Megan E.}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={160–166} }
 @article{jacob_foster_rogers_balcomb_sanderson_2015, title={Prevalence and relatedness of Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains in the feces and on the hides and carcasses of U.S. meat goats at slaughter (vol 79, pg 4154, 2013)}, volume={81}, number={1}, journal={Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, author={Jacob, M. E. and Foster, D. M. and Rogers, A. T. and Balcomb, C. C. and Sanderson, M. W.}, year={2015}, pages={462–462} }
 @article{jacob_bai_renter_rogers_shi_nagaraja_2014, title={Comparing Real-Time and Conventional PCR to Culture-Based Methods for Detecting and Quantifying Escherichia coli O157 in Cattle Feces}, volume={77}, ISSN={["1944-9097"]}, DOI={10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-304}, abstractNote={Detection of Escherichia coli O157 in cattle feces has traditionally used culture-based methods; PCR-based methods have been suggested as an alternative. We aimed to determine if multiplex real-time (mq) or conventional PCR methods could reliably detect cattle naturally shedding high (≥10(4) CFU/g of feces) and low (∼10(2) CFU/g of feces) concentrations of E. coli O157. Feces were collected from pens of feedlot cattle and evaluated for E. coli O157 by culture methods. Samples were categorized as (i) high shedders, (ii) immunomagnetic separation (IMS) positive after enrichment, or (iii) culture negative. DNA was extracted pre- and postenrichment from 100 fecal samples from each category (high shedder, IMS positive, culture negative) and subjected to mqPCR and conventional PCR assays based on detecting three genes, rfbE, stx1, and stx2. In feces from cattle determined to be E. coli O157 high shedders by culture, 37% were positive by mqPCR prior to enrichment; 85% of samples were positive after enrichment. In IMS-positive samples, 4% were positive by mqPCR prior to enrichment, while 43% were positive after enrichment. In culture-negative feces, 7% were positive by mqPCR prior to enrichment, and 40% were positive after enrichment. The proportion of high shedder-positive and culture-positive (high shedder and IMS) samples were significantly different from mqPCR-positive samples before and after enrichment (P < 0.01). Similar results were observed for conventional PCR. Our data suggest that mqPCR and conventional PCR are most useful in identifying high shedder animals and may not be an appropriate substitute to culture-based methods for detection of E. coli O157 in cattle feces.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION}, author={Jacob, M. E. and Bai, J. and Renter, D. G. and Rogers, A. T. and Shi, X. and Nagaraja, T. G.}, year={2014}, month={Feb}, pages={314–319} }
 @article{jacob_foster_rogers_balcomb_shi_nagaraja_2013, title={Evidence of Non-O157 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli in the Feces of Meat Goats at a US Slaughter Plant}, volume={76}, ISSN={["1944-9097"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-13-064}, DOI={10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-064}, abstractNote={Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are important human pathogens, and attention to non-O157 serogroups has increased in recent years. Although cattle are normally considered the primary reservoir for STEC, recent illnesses associated with goat contact have indicated that these animals are important potential reservoirs for the organisms. The prevalence of STEC, particularly non-O157 serogroups, in U.S. goats has not been well described. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of six major non-O157 STEC serogroups in the feces of meat goats. Rectal contents from 296 goats were collected postevisceration at a slaughter plant in the southeastern United States over 9 days during a 12-week period from August through October 2012. Samples were enriched in E. coli broth, and DNA was extracted and used as template in an 11-gene multiplex PCR that detected six non-O157 serogroups (O26, O45, O103, O121, O111, and O145) and virulence genes. Samples were considered positive when at least one non-O157 STEC serotype was present with either stx₁ or stx₂. All six non-O157 serogroups were detected by PCR in our samples, and 14.5% of samples were positive for at least one serogroup. Prevalence of O26 was highest, with 6.4% of goat fecal samples positive. The prevalence of O45 was 3.4%, O103 was 4.4%, O111 was 4.1%, O121 was 1.4%, and O145 was 3.0%. Twenty-two (7.4%) of 296 fecal samples had more than one non-O157 serogroup detected in the feces. Two samples had evidence of three non-O157 STEC serogroups. Goats appear to be an important reservoir for non-O157 STEC, and further work to understand the characteristics, epidemiology, and ecology of STEC in these animals is warranted.}, number={9}, journal={JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION}, author={Jacob, M. E. and Foster, D. M. and Rogers, A. T. and Balcomb, C. C. and Shi, X. and Nagaraja, T. G.}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={1626–1629} }
 @article{jacob_foster_rogers_balcomb_sanderson_2013, title={Prevalence and Relatedness of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Strains in the Feces and on the Hides and Carcasses of US Meat Goats at Slaughter}, volume={79}, ISSN={["1098-5336"]}, url={http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3697551}, DOI={10.1128/aem.00772-13}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={13}, journal={APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Jacob, M. E. and Foster, D. M. and Rogers, A. T. and Balcomb, C. C. and Sanderson, M. W.}, year={2013}, month={Jul}, pages={4154–4158} }