@article{cahoon_jordan_tranel_york_riggins_seagroves_inman_everman_leon_2022, title={In-field assessment of EPSPS amplification on fitness cost in mixed glyphosate-resistant and glyphosate-sensitive populations of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri)}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1550-2759"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2022.60}, DOI={10.1017/wsc.2022.60}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, author={Cahoon, Charles W. and Jordan, David L. and Tranel, Patrick J. and York, Alan C. and Riggins, Chance and Seagroves, Richard and Inman, Matthew and Everman, Wesley and Leon, Ramon}, year={2022}, month={Oct} }
 @article{askew_cahoon_york_flessner_langston_ferebee_2021, title={Comparison of 2,4-D, dicamba and halauxifen-methyl alone or in combination with glyphosate for preplant weed control}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1017/wet.2020.83}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Askew, M. Carter and Cahoon, Charles W., Jr. and York, Alan C. and Flessner, Michael L. and Langston, David B., Jr. and Ferebee, J. Harrison}, year={2021}, month={Feb}, pages={93–98} }
 @article{askew_cahoon_york_flessner_langston_ferebee_2019, title={Cotton tolerance to halauxifen-methyl applied preplant}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1017/wet.2019.41}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Askew, M. Carter and Cahoon, Charles W., Jr. and York, Alan C. and Flessner, Michael L. and Langston, David B., Jr. and Ferebee, J. Harrison}, year={2019}, month={Aug}, pages={620–626} }
 @article{vann_reberg-horton_edmisten_york_2018, title={Implications of cereal rye/crimson clover management for conventional and organic cotton producers}, volume={110}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, DOI={10.2134/agronj2017.06.0246}, abstractNote={Core Ideas
Cereal rye/crimson clover cover crop mixtures can be used for weed suppression and soil moisture conservation in cotton production.Cover crop management at cotton planting can influence cotton emergence, weed suppression, and soil moisture dynamics.Cotton emergence declined when cotton was planted directly into standing cover crop and without row cleaners engaged, but this reduction did not affect cotton lint yield.Soil temperature was reduced and soil moisture was increased by the presence of a cover crop mulch regardless of cover crop residue management strategy at cotton planting.Cover crop residue management did not affect cotton lint yield when herbicides were used, indicating that conventional producers have flexibility in terminating cover crops and residue management at cotton planting.
}, number={2}, journal={Agronomy Journal}, author={Vann, R.A. and Reberg-Horton, S.C. and Edmisten, K.L. and York, A.C.}, year={2018}, pages={621–631} }
 @article{jordan_york_2018, title={Weed Species Richness and Density following Repeated Use of Glyphosate in Four Fields in North Carolina}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2374-3832"]}, DOI={10.2134/cftm2017.12.0089}, abstractNote={Core Ideas
Long‐term use of glyphosate can reduce weed species richness.
Long‐term use of glyphosate can select for resistant biotypes.
Impact of continuous use of glyphosate depends on weed species.
}, number={1}, journal={CROP FORAGE & TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT}, author={Jordan, David L. and York, Alan C.}, year={2018}, month={Apr} }
 @article{chaudhari_jordan_york_jennings_cahoon_chandi_inman_2017, title={Biology and management of Glyphosate-resistant and Glyphosate-susceptible Palmer Amaranth (&ITAmaranthus&IT &ITpalmeri&IT) phenotypes from a segregating population}, volume={65}, number={6}, journal={Weed Science}, author={Chaudhari, S. and Jordan, D. L. and York, A. C. and Jennings, K. M. and Cahoon, C. W. and Chandi, A. and Inman, M. D.}, year={2017}, pages={755–768} }
 @article{braxton_richburg_york_culpepper_haygood_lovelace_perry_walton_2017, title={Resistance of Enlist (TM) (AAD-12) Cotton to Glufosinate}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1017/wet.2017.14}, abstractNote={Enlist™ cotton contains theaad-12andpatgenes that confer resistance to 2,4-D and glufosinate, respectively. Thirty-three field trials were conducted focused on Enlist cotton injury from glufosinate as affected by cotton growth stage, application rate, and single or sequential applications. Maximum injury from a single application of typical 1X (542 g ae ha-1) and 2X use rates was 3 and 13%, respectively, regardless of growth stage. Injury from sequential applications of 1X or 2X rates was equivalent to single applications. Similar injury was observed with four commercial formulations of glufosinate. Cotton yield was never affected by glufosinate. This research demonstrates Enlist™ cotton has robust resistance to glufosinate at rates at least twice the typical use rate when applied once or twice at growth stages ranging from 2 to 12 leaves.}, number={3}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Braxton, L. Bo and Richburg, John S. and York, Alan C. and Culpepper, A. Stanley and Haygood, Robert A. and Lovelace, Michael L. and Perry, D. Hunter and Walton, Larry C.}, year={2017}, pages={380–386} }
 @article{braswell_cahoon_seagroves_jordan_york_2016, title={Integrating fluridone into a glufosinate-based program for Palmer amaranth control in cotton}, volume={20}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Cotton Science}, author={Braswell, L. R. and Cahoon, C. W. and Seagroves, R. W. and Jordan, D. L. and York, A. C.}, year={2016}, pages={394–402} }
 @article{inman_jordan_york_jennings_monks_everman_bollman_fowler_cole_soteres_et al._2016, title={Long-Term Management of Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) in Dicamba-Tolerant Cotton}, volume={64}, ISSN={["1550-2759"]}, DOI={10.1614/ws-d-15-00058.1}, abstractNote={Research was conducted from 2011 to 2014 to determine weed population dynamics and frequency of glyphosate-resistant (GR) Palmer amaranth with herbicide programs consisting of glyphosate, dicamba, and residual herbicides in dicamba-tolerant cotton. Five treatments were maintained in the same plots over the duration of the experiment: three sequential POST applications of glyphosate with or without pendimethalin plus diuron PRE; three sequential POST applications of glyphosate plus dicamba with and without the PRE herbicides; and a POST application of glyphosate plus dicamba plus acetochlor followed by one or two POST applications of glyphosate plus dicamba without PRE herbicides. Additional treatments included alternating years with three sequential POST applications of glyphosate only and glyphosate plus dicamba POST with and without PRE herbicides. The greatest population of Palmer amaranth was observed when glyphosate was the only POST herbicide throughout the experiment. Although diuron plus pendimethalin PRE in a program with only glyphosate POST improved control during the first 2 yr, these herbicides were ineffective by the final 2 yr on the basis of weed counts from soil cores. The lowest population of Palmer amaranth was observed when glyphosate plus dicamba were applied regardless of PRE herbicides or inclusion of acetochlor POST. Frequency of GR Palmer amaranth was 8% or less when the experiment was initiated. Frequency of GR Palmer amaranth varied by herbicide program during 2012 but was similar among all herbicide programs in 2013 and 2014. Similar frequency of GR Palmer amaranth across all treatments at the end of the experiment most likely resulted from pollen movement from Palmer amaranth treated with glyphosate only to any surviving female plants regardless of PRE or POST treatment. These data suggest that GR Palmer amaranth can be controlled by dicamba and that dicamba is an effective alternative mode of action to glyphosate in fields where GR Palmer amaranth exists.}, number={1}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, author={Inman, M. D. and Jordan, D. L. and York, A. C. and Jennings, Katherine and Monks, D. W. and Everman, W. J. and Bollman, S. L. and Fowler, J. T. and Cole, R. M. and Soteres, J. K. and et al.}, year={2016}, pages={161–169} }
 @article{soltani_dille_burke_everman_vangessel_davis_sikkema_2016, title={Potential Corn Yield Losses from Weeds in North America}, volume={30}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/wt-d-16-00046.1}, abstractNote={Crop losses from weed interference have a significant effect on net returns for producers. Herein, potential corn yield loss because of weed interference across the primary corn-producing regions of the United States and Canada are documented. Yield-loss estimates were determined from comparative, quantitative observations of corn yields between nontreated and treatments providing greater than 95% weed control in studies conducted from 2007 to 2013. Researchers from each state and province provided data from replicated, small-plot studies from at least 3 and up to 10 individual comparisons per year, which were then averaged within a year, and then averaged over the seven years. The resulting percent yield-loss values were used to determine potential total corn yield loss in t ha−1 and bu acre−1 based on average corn yield for each state or province, as well as corn commodity price for each year as summarized by USDA-NASS (2014) and Statistics Canada (2015). Averaged across the seven years, weed interference in corn in the United States and Canada caused an average of 50% yield loss, which equates to a loss of 148 million tonnes of corn valued at over U.S.$26.7 billion annually.}, number={4}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Soltani, Nader and Dille, J. Anita and Burke, Ian C. and Everman, Wesley J. and VanGessel, Mark J. and Davis, Vince M. and Sikkema, Peter H.}, year={2016}, pages={979–984} }
 @article{cahoon_york_jordan_seagroves_2015, title={Cotton response and Palmer amaranth control with mixtures of glufosinate and residual herbicides}, volume={19}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Cotton Science}, author={Cahoon, C. W. and York, A. C. and Jordan, D. L. and Seagroves, R. W.}, year={2015}, pages={622–630} }
 @article{cahoon_york_jordan_seagroves_everman_jennings_2015, title={Cotton response and Palmer amaranth control with pyroxasulfone applied preemergence and postemergence}, volume={19}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Cotton Science}, author={Cahoon, C. W. and York, A. C. and Jordan, D. L. and Seagroves, R. W. and Everman, W. J. and Jennings, K. M.}, year={2015}, pages={212–223} }
 @article{braswell_york_jordan_seagroves_2015, title={Effect of diuron and fluometuron on grain sorghum and soybean as replacement crops following a cotton stand failure}, volume={19}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Cotton Science}, author={Braswell, L. R. and York, A. C. and Jordan, D. L. and Seagroves, R. W.}, year={2015}, pages={613–621} }
 @article{barnett_culpepper_york_steckel_2015, title={Evaluation of widestrike cotton response to repeated applications of glufosinate at various application timings}, volume={29}, number={1}, journal={Weed Technology}, author={Barnett, K. A. and Culpepper, A. S. and York, A. C. and Steckel, L. E.}, year={2015}, pages={154–160} }
 @article{cahoon_york_jordan_seagroves_everman_jennings_2015, title={Fluridone carryover to rotational crops following application to cotton}, volume={19}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Cotton Science}, author={Cahoon, C. W. and York, A. C. and Jordan, D. L. and Seagroves, R. W. and Everman, W. J. and Jennings, K. M.}, year={2015}, pages={631–640} }
 @article{cahoon_york_jordan_everman_seagroves_culpepper_eure_2015, title={Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Management in Dicamba-Resistant Cotton}, volume={29}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/wt-d-15-00041.1}, abstractNote={Cotton growers rely heavily upon glufosinate and various residual herbicides applied preplant, PRE, and POST to control Palmer amaranth resistant to glyphosate and acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides. Recently deregulated in the United States, cotton resistant to dicamba, glufosinate, and glyphosate (B2XF cotton) offers a new platform for controlling herbicide-resistant Palmer amaranth. A field experiment was conducted in North Carolina and Georgia to determine B2XF cotton tolerance to dicamba, glufosinate, and glyphosate and to compare Palmer amaranth control by dicamba to a currently used, nondicamba program in both glufosinate- and glyphosate-based systems. Treatments consisted of glyphosate or glufosinate applied early POST (EPOST) and mid-POST (MPOST) in a factorial arrangement of treatments with seven dicamba options (no dicamba, PRE, EPOST, MPOST, PRE followed by [fb] EPOST, PRE fb MPOST, and EPOST fb MPOST) and a nondicamba standard. The nondicamba standard consisted of fomesafen PRE, pyrithiobac EPOST, and acetochlor MPOST. Dicamba caused no injury when applied PRE and only minor, transient injury when applied POST. At time of EPOST application, Palmer amaranth control by dicamba or fomesafen applied PRE, in combination with acetochlor, was similar and 13 to 17% greater than acetochlor alone. Dicamba was generally more effective on Palmer amaranth applied POST rather than PRE, and two applications were usually more effective than one. In glyphosate-based systems, greater Palmer amaranth control and cotton yield were obtained with dicamba applied EPOST, MPOST, or EPOST fb MPOST compared with the standard herbicides in North Carolina. In contrast, dicamba was no more effective than the standard herbicides in the glufosinate-based systems. In Georgia, dicamba was as effective as the standard herbicides in a glyphosate-based system only when dicamba was applied EPOST fb MPOST. In glufosinate-based systems in Georgia, dicamba was as effective as standard herbicides only when dicamba was applied twice.}, number={4}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Cahoon, Charles W. and York, Alan C. and Jordan, David L. and Everman, Wesley J. and Seagroves, Richard W. and Culpepper, A. Stanley and Eure, Peter M.}, year={2015}, pages={758–770} }
 @misc{cahoon_york_jordan_seagroves_everman_jennings_2015, title={Sequential and co-application of glyphosate and glufosinate in cotton}, volume={19}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Cotton Science}, author={Cahoon, C. W. and York, A. C. and Jordan, D. L. and Seagroves, R. W. and Everman, W. J. and Jennings, K. M.}, year={2015}, pages={337–350} }
 @article{cahoon_york_jordan_everman_seagroves_braswell_jennings_2015, title={Weed Control in Cotton by Combinations of Microencapsulated Acetochlor and Various Residual Herbicides Applied Preemergence}, volume={29}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/wt-d-15-00061.1}, abstractNote={Residual herbicides are routinely recommended to aid in control of glyphosate-resistant (GR) Palmer amaranth in cotton. Acetochlor, a chloroacetamide herbicide, applied PRE, controls Palmer amaranth. A microencapsulated (ME) formulation of acetochlor is now registered for PRE application in cotton. Field research was conducted in North Carolina to evaluate cotton tolerance and Palmer amaranth control by acetochlor ME alone and in various combinations. Treatments, applied PRE, consisted of acetochlor ME, pendimethalin, or no herbicide arranged factorially with diuron, fluometuron, fomesafen, diuron plus fomesafen, and no herbicide. The PRE herbicides were followed by glufosinate applied twice POST and diuron plus MSMA directed at layby. Acetochlor ME was less injurious to cotton than pendimethalin. Acetochlor ME alone or in combination with other herbicides reduced early season cotton growth 5 to 8%, whereas pendimethalin alone or in combinations injured cotton 11 to 13%. Early season injury was transitory, and by 65 to 84 d after PRE treatment, injury was no longer noticeable. Before the first POST application of glufosinate, acetochlor ME and pendimethalin controlled Palmer amaranth 84 and 64%, respectively. Control by acetochlor ME was similar to control by diuron plus fomesafen and greater than control by diuron, fluometuron, or fomesafen alone. Greater than 90% control was obtained with acetochlor ME mixed with diuron or fomesafen. Palmer amaranth control was similar with acetochlor ME plus a full or reduced rate of fomesafen. Acetochlor ME controlled large crabgrass and goosegrass at 91 and 100% compared with control at 83 and 91%, respectively, by pendimethalin. Following glufosinate, applied twice POST, and diuron plus MSMA, at layby, 96 to 99% control was obtained late in the season by all treatments, and no differences among herbicide treatments were noted for cotton yield. This research demonstrated that acetochlor ME can be safely and effectively used in cotton weed management programs.}, number={4}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Cahoon, Charles W. and York, Alan C. and Jordan, David L. and Everman, Wesley J. and Seagroves, Richard W. and Braswell, Lewis R. and Jennings, Katherine M.}, year={2015}, pages={740–750} }
 @article{cahoon_york_jordan_everman_seagroves_2014, title={An Alternative to Multiple Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase Inhibitor Applications in No-Till Cotton}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/wt-d-13-00078.1}, abstractNote={Glyphosate-resistant (GR) Palmer amaranth is a widespread problem in southeastern cotton production areas. Herbicide programs to control this weed in no-till cotton commonly include flumioxazin applied with preplant burndown herbicides approximately 3 wk before planting followed by fomesafen applied PRE and then glufosinate or glyphosate applied POST. Flumioxazin and fomesafen are both protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors. Multiple yearly applications of PPO inhibitors in cotton, along with widespread use of PPO inhibitors in rotational crops, raise concerns over possible selection for PPO resistance in Palmer amaranth. An experiment was conducted to determine the potential to substitute diuron for one of the PPO inhibitors in no-till cotton. Palmer amaranth control by diuron and fomesafen applied PRE varied by location, but fomesafen was generally more effective. Control by both herbicides was inadequate when timely rainfall was not received for activation. Palmer amaranth control was more consistent when programs included a preplant residual herbicide. Applied preplant, flumioxazin was more effective than diuron. Programs with diuron preplant followed by fomesafen PRE were as effective as flumioxazin preplant followed by fomesafen only if fomesafen was activated in a timely manner. Programs with flumioxazin preplant followed by diuron PRE were as effective as flumioxazin preplant followed by fomesafen PRE at all locations, regardless of timely activation of the PRE herbicide. As opposed to flumioxazin preplant followed by fomesafen PRE, which exposes Palmer amaranth to two PPO-inhibiting herbicides, one could reduce selection pressure by using flumioxazin preplant followed by diuron PRE without sacrificing Palmer amaranth control or cotton yield.}, number={1}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Cahoon, Charles W. and York, Alan C. and Jordan, David L. and Everman, Wesley J. and Seagroves, Richard W.}, year={2014}, pages={58–71} }
 @article{chandi_jordan_york_milla-lewis_burton_culpepper_whitaker_2013, title={Interference and control of glyphosate-resistant and –susceptible Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) populations under greenhouse conditions}, volume={61}, ISSN={["1550-2759"]}, DOI={10.1614/ws-d-12-00063.1}, abstractNote={Interference for 40 d after emergence (DAE) of corn, cotton, peanut, and snap bean by four glyphosate-resistant (GR) and four glyphosate-susceptible (GS) Palmer amaranth populations from Georgia and North Carolina was compared in the greenhouse. Greater interference from Palmer amaranth, measured as crop height and fresh weight reduction, was noted in cotton and peanut compared with corn or snap bean. Crop height 15 to 40 DAE was reduced similarly by GR and GS populations. Crop fresh weight, however, was reduced 25 and 19% in the presence of GS and GR populations, respectively. Measured as percent reduction in fresh weight, GR and GS populations of Palmer amaranth were controlled similarly by glufosinate, lactofen, paraquat, and trifloxysulfuron applied POST. Atrazine and dicamba controlled GR populations more effectively than GS populations.}, number={2}, journal={Weed Science}, publisher={Weed Science Society}, author={Chandi, A. and Jordan, D.L. and York, A.C. and Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Burton, J.D. and Culpepper, A.S. and Whitaker, J.R.}, year={2013}, pages={259–266} }
 @article{barnett_culpepper_york_steckel_2013, title={Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Control by Glufosinate plus Fluometuron Applied Postemergence to WideStrike (R) Cotton}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/wt-d-12-00158.1}, abstractNote={Glyphosate-resistant (GR) weeds, especially GR Palmer amaranth, are very problematic for cotton growers in the Southeast and Midsouth regions of the United States. Glufosinate can control GR Palmer amaranth, and growers are transitioning to glufosinate-based systems. Palmer amaranth must be small for consistently effective control by glufosinate. Because this weed grows rapidly, growers are not always timely with applications. With widespread resistance to acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides, growers have few herbicide options to mix with glufosinate to improve control of larger weeds. In a field study using a WideStrike®cotton cultivar, we evaluated fluometuron at 140 to 1,120 g ai ha−1mixed with the ammonium salt of glufosinate at 485 g ae ha−1for control of GR Palmer amaranth 13 and 26 cm tall. Standard PRE- and POST-directed herbicides were included in the systems. Glufosinate alone injured the WideStrike® cotton less than 10%. Fluometuron increased injury up to 25% but did not adversely affect yield. Glufosinate controlled 13-cm Palmer amaranth at least 90%, and there was no improvement in weed control nor a cotton yield response to fluometuron mixed with glufosinate. Palmer amaranth 26 cm tall was controlled only 59% by glufosinate. Fluometuron mixed with glufosinate increased control of the larger weeds up to 28% and there was a trend for greater yields. However, delaying applications until weeds were 26 cm reduced yield 22% relative to timely application. Our results suggest fluometuron mixed with glufosinate may be of some benefit when attempting to control large Palmer amaranth. However, mixing fluometuron with glufosinate is not a substitute for a timely glufosinate application.}, number={2}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Barnett, Kelly A. and Culpepper, A. Stanley and York, Alan C. and Steckel, Lawrence E.}, year={2013}, pages={291–297} }
 @article{chandi_milla-lewis_jordan_york_burton_zuleta_whitaker_culpepper_2013, title={Use of AFLP Markers to Assess Genetic Diversity in Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Populations from North Carolina and Georgia}, volume={61}, ISSN={["1550-2759"]}, DOI={10.1614/ws-d-12-00053.1}, abstractNote={Glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth is a serious problem in southern cropping systems. Much phenotypic variation is observed in Palmer amaranth populations with respect to plant growth and development and susceptibility to herbicides. This may be related to levels of genetic diversity existing in populations. Knowledge of genetic diversity in populations of Palmer amaranth may be useful in understanding distribution and development of herbicide resistance. Research was conducted to assess genetic diversity among and within eight Palmer amaranth populations collected from North Carolina and Georgia using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Pair-wise genetic similarity (GS) values were found to be relatively low, averaging 0.34. The highest and the lowest GS between populations were 0.49 and 0.24, respectively, while the highest and the lowest GS within populations were 0.56 and 0.36, respectively. Cluster and principal coordinate (PCO) analyses grouped individuals mostly by population (localized geographic region) irrespective of response to glyphosate or gender of individuals. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) results when populations were nested within states revealed significant variation among and within populations within states while variation among states was not significant. Variation among and within populations within state accounted for 19 and 77% of the total variation, respectively, while variation among states accounted for only 3% of the total variation. The within population contribution towards total variation was always higher than among states and among populations within states irrespective of response to glyphosate or gender of individuals. These results are significant in terms of efficacy of similar management approaches both in terms of chemical and biological control in different areas infested with Palmer amaranth.}, number={1}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, publisher={Weed Science Society}, author={Chandi, Aman and Milla-Lewis, Susana R. and Jordan, David L. and York, Alan C. and Burton, James D. and Zuleta, M. Carolina and Whitaker, Jared R. and Culpepper, A. Stanley}, year={2013}, pages={136–145} }
 @article{chandi_york_jordan_beam_2011, title={Resistance to Acetolactate Synthase and Acetyl Co-A Carboxylase Inhibitors in North Carolina Italian Ryegrass (Lolium perenne)}, volume={25}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/wt-d-11-00050.1}, abstractNote={Diclofop-resistant Italian ryegrass is widespread in southwestern North Carolina, and growers have resorted to using acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors such as mesosulfuron and pyroxsulam to control this weed in wheat. In the spring of 2007, mesosulfuron failed to control Italian ryegrass in several wheat fields. Seed were collected from six fields in two counties and greenhouse studies were conducted to determine response to mesosulfuron and the acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors diclofop and pinoxaden. All populations were resistant to diclofop and cross-resistant to pinoxaden. Five of the six populations were resistant to diclofop, pinoxaden, and mesosulfuron. An additional study with two biotypes confirmed cross-resistance to the ALS inhibitors imazamox, mesosulfuron, and pyroxsulam. Resistance to mesosulfuron was heritable.}, number={4}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Chandi, Aman and York, Alan C. and Jordan, David L. and Beam, Josh B.}, year={2011}, pages={659–666} }
 @article{whitaker_york_jordan_culpepper_2010, title={Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Control in Soybean with Glyphosate and Conventional Herbicide Systems}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/wt-d-09-00043.1}, abstractNote={Glyphosate typically controls Palmer amaranth very well. However, glyphosate-resistant (GR) biotypes of this weed are present in several southern states, requiring the development of effective alternatives to glyphosate-only management strategies. Field experiments were conducted in seven North Carolina environments to evaluate control of glyphosate-susceptible (GS) and GR Palmer amaranth in narrow-row soybean by glyphosate and conventional herbicide systems. Conventional systems included either pendimethalin orS-metolachlor applied PRE alone or mixed with flumioxazin, fomesafen, or metribuzin plus chlorimuron followed by fomesafen or no herbicide POST.S-metolachlor was more effective at controlling GR and GS Palmer amaranth than pendimethalin; flumioxazin and fomesafen were generally more effective than metribuzin plus chlorimuron. Fomesafen applied POST following PRE herbicides increased Palmer amaranth control and soybean yield compared with PRE-only herbicide systems. Glyphosate alone applied once POST controlled GS Palmer amaranth 97% late in the season. Glyphosate was more effective than fomesafen plus clethodim applied POST. Control of GS Palmer amaranth when treated with pendimethalin orS-metolachlor plus flumioxazin, fomesafen, or metribuzin plus chlorimuron applied PRE followed by fomesafen POST was equivalent to control achieved by glyphosate applied once POST. In fields with GR Palmer amaranth, greater than 80% late-season control was obtained only with systems of pendimethalin orS-metolachlor plus flumioxazin, fomesafen, or metribuzin plus chlorimuron applied PRE followed by fomesafen POST. Systems of pendimethalin orS-metolachlor plus flumioxazin, fomesafen, or metribuzin plus chlorimuron applied PRE without fomesafen POST controlled GR Palmer amaranth less than 30% late in the season. Systems of pendimethalin orS-metolachlor PRE followed by fomesafen POST controlled GR Palmer amaranth less than 60% late in the season.}, number={4}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Whitaker, Jared R. and York, Alan C. and Jordan, David L. and Culpepper, Stanley}, year={2010}, pages={403–410} }
 @article{everman_mayhew_burton_york_wilcut_2009, title={Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism of C-14-Glufosinate in Glufosinate-Resistant Corn, Goosegrass (Eleusine indica), Large Crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis), and Sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia)}, volume={57}, ISSN={["1550-2759"]}, DOI={10.1614/WS-08-089.1}, abstractNote={Greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate14C-glufosinate absorption, translocation, and metabolism in glufosinate-resistant corn, goosegrass, large crabgrass, and sicklepod. Glufosinate-resistant corn plants were treated at the four-leaf stage, whereas goosegrass, large crabgrass, and sicklepod were treated at 5, 7.5, and 10 cm, respectively. All plants were harvested at 1, 6, 24, 48, and 72 h after treatment (HAT). Absorption was less than 20% at all harvest intervals for glufosinate-resistant corn, whereas absorption in goosegrass and large crabgrass increased from approximately 20% 1 HAT to 50 and 76%, respectively, 72 HAT. Absorption of14C-glufosinate was greater than 90% 24 HAT in sicklepod. Significant levels of translocation were observed in glufosinate-resistant corn, with14C-glufosinate translocated to the region above the treated leaf and the roots up to 41 and 27%, respectively. No significant translocation was detected in any of the weed species at any harvest timing. Metabolites of14C-glufosinate were detected in glufosinate-resistant corn and all weed species. Seventy percent of14C was attributed to glufosinate metabolites 72 HAT in large crabgrass. Less metabolism was observed for sicklepod, goosegrass, and glufosinate-resistant corn, with metabolites composing less than 45% of detectable radioactivity 72 HAT.}, number={1}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, author={Everman, Wesley J. and Mayhew, Cassandra R. and Burton, James D. and York, Alan C. and Wilcut, John W.}, year={2009}, pages={1–5} }
 @article{everman_thomas_burton_york_wilcut_2009, title={Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism of Glufosinate in Transgenic and Nontransgenic Cotton, Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri), and Pitted Morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa)}, volume={57}, ISSN={["1550-2759"]}, DOI={10.1614/WS-09-015.1}, abstractNote={Greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate absorption, translocation, and metabolism of14C-glufosinate in glufosinate-resistant cotton, nontransgenic cotton, Palmer amaranth, and pitted morningglory. Cotton plants were treated at the four-leaf stage, whereas Palmer amaranth and pitted morningglory were treated at 7.5 and 10 cm, respectively. All plants were harvested at 1, 6, 24, 48, and 72 h after treatment (HAT). Absorption of14C-glufosinate was greater than 85% 24 h after treatment in Palmer amaranth. Absorption was less than 30% at all harvest intervals for glufosinate-resistant cotton, nontransgenic cotton, and pitted morningglory. At 24 HAT, 49 and 12% of radioactivity was translocated to regions above and below the treated leaf, respectively, in Palmer amaranth. Metabolites of14C-glufosinate were detected in all crop and weed species. Metabolism of14C-glufosinate was 16% or lower in nontransgenic cotton and pitted morningglory; however, metabolism rates were greater than 70% in glufosinate-resistant cotton 72 HAT. Intermediate metabolism was observed for Palmer amaranth, with metabolites comprising 20 to 30% of detectable radioactivity between 6 and 72 HAT.}, number={4}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, author={Everman, Wesley J. and Thomas, Walter E. and Burton, James D. and York, Alan C. and Wilcut, John W.}, year={2009}, pages={357–361} }
 @article{sosnoskie_culpepper_york_beam_macrae_2009, title={Sequential Applications for Mesosulfuron and Nitrogen Needed in Wheat}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-09-019.1}, abstractNote={Mesosulfuron is often applied to wheat at a time of year when top-dress nitrogen is also applied. Current labeling for mesosulfuron cautions against applying nitrogen within 14 d of herbicide application. Soft red winter wheat response to mesosulfuron and urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) applied sequentially and in mixtures was determined at three locations in North Carolina and Georgia during 2005 and 2006. Mesosulfuron at 0, 15, and 30 g ai/ha was applied in water to wheat at Feekes growth stage (GS) 3 followed by UAN at 280 L/ha 2 h, 7 d, 14 d, and 21 d after mesosulfuron. Mesosulfuron applied in UAN was also evaluated in 2006. Mesosulfuron injured wheat 6 to 9% in 2005 and 12 to 23% in 2006 when UAN was applied 2 h or 7 d after the herbicide. Wheat injury did not exceed 8% when UAN was applied 14 or 21 d after the herbicide. Greatest injury, 35 to 40%, was noted when mesosulfuron and UAN were combined. Wheat yield was unaffected by mesosulfuron or time of UAN application in 2005. In 2006, yield was affected by the timing of UAN application relative to mesosulfuron; wheat yield increased as the interval, in days, between UAN and herbicide applications increased. To avoid crop injury and possible yield reduction, mesosulfuron and UAN applications should be separated by at least 7 to 14 d. These findings are consistent with precautions on the mesosulfuron label.}, number={3}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Sosnoskie, Lynn M. and Culpepper, A. Stanley and York, Alan C. and Beam, Josh B. and MacRae, Andrew W.}, year={2009}, pages={404–407} }
 @article{culpepper_york_roberts_whitaker_2009, title={Weed Control and Crop Response to Glufosinate Applied to 'PHY 485 WRF' Cotton}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-08-168.1}, abstractNote={Field experiments were conducted in Georgia to evaluate weed control and crop tolerance with glufosinate applied to ‘PHY 485 WRF®’ cotton. This glyphosate-resistant cotton also contains a gene, used as a selectable marker, for glufosinate resistance. Three experiments were maintained weed-free and focused on crop tolerance; a fourth experiment focused on control of pitted morningglory and glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth. In two experiments, PHY 485 WRF cotton was visibly injured 15 and 20% or less by glufosinate ammonium salt at 430 and 860 g ae/ha, respectively, applied POST two or three times. In a third experiment, glufosinate at 550 g/ha injured cotton up to 36%. Pyrithiobac or glyphosate mixed with glufosinate did not increase injury compared to glufosinate applied alone;S-metolachlor mixed with glufosinate increased injury by six to seven percentage points. Cotton injury was not detectable 14 to 21 d after glufosinate application, and cotton yields were not reduced by glufosinate or glufosinate mixtures. A program of pendimethalin PRE, glyphosate applied POST twice, and diuron plus MSMA POST-directed controlled glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth only 17% late in the season.S-metolachlor included with the initial glyphosate application did not increase control, and pyrithiobac increased late-season control by only 13 percentage points. Palmer amaranth was controlled 90% or more when glufosinate replaced glyphosate in the aforementioned system. Pitted morningglory was controlled 99% by all glufosinate programs and mixtures of glyphosate plus pyrithiobac. Seed cotton yields with glufosinate-based systems were at least 3.3 times greater than yields with glyphosate-based systems because of differences in control of glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth.}, number={3}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Culpepper, A. Stanley and York, Alan C. and Roberts, Phillip and Whitaker, Jared R.}, year={2009}, pages={356–362} }
 @article{everman_clewis_york_wilcut_2009, title={Weed Control and Yield with Flumioxazin, Fomesafen, and S-Metolachlor Systems for Glufosinate-Resistant Cotton Residual Weed Management}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-09-007.1}, abstractNote={Field studies were conducted near Clayton, Lewiston, and Rocky Mount, NC in 2005 to evaluate weed control and cotton response to preemergence treatments of pendimethalin alone or in a tank mixture with fomesafen, postemergence treatments of glufosinate applied alone or in a tank mixture withS-metolachlor, and POST-directed treatments of glufosinate in a tank mixture with flumioxazin or prometryn. Excellent weed control (> 91%) was observed where at least two applications were made in addition to glufosinate early postemergence (EPOST). A reduction in control of common lambsquarters (8%), goosegrass (20%), large crabgrass (18%), Palmer amaranth (13%), and pitted morningglory (9%) was observed when residual herbicides were not included in PRE or mid-POST programs. No differences in weed control or cotton lint yield were observed between POST-directed applications of glufosinate with flumioxazin compared to prometryn. Weed control programs containing three or more herbicide applications resulted in similar cotton lint yields at Clayton and Lewiston, and Rocky Mount showed the greatest variability with up to 590 kg/ha greater lint yield where fomesafen was included PRE compared to pendimethalin applied alone. Similarly, an increase in cotton lint yields of up to 200 kg/ha was observed whereS-metolachlor was included mid-POST when compared to glufosinate applied alone, showing the importance of residual herbicides to help maintain optimal yields. Including additional modes of action with residual activity preemergence and postemergence provides a longer period of weed control, which helps maintain cotton lint yields.}, number={3}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Everman, Wesley J. and Clewis, Scott B. and York, Alan C. and Wilcut, John W.}, year={2009}, pages={391–397} }
 @article{estrada_collins_york_bischoff_sommer_tsai_petters_piedrahita_2008, title={Successful cloning of the Yucatan minipig using commercial/occidental breeds as oocyte donors and embryo recipients}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1536-2302"]}, DOI={10.1089/clo.2008.0005}, abstractNote={The widespread application of porcine SCNT to biomedical research is being hampered by the large adult size (300-600 lbs) of the commercial breeds commonly used for SCNT. The Yucatan minipig, in contrast, has an adult weight of 140-150 lbs and a long history of utility in biomedical research. In order to combine the wide availability of commercial swine with the biomedical value of the Yucatan minipig, we utilized SCNT using the Yucatan as nuclear donors and commercial swine as both oocyte donors and recipients. Of six recipient gilts receiving 631 SCNT embryos, three went to term and delivered seven piglets, four of which survived to adulthood. Additionally, we obtained fetal fibroblasts from a cloned Yucatan and used them for a second round of SCNT. Of three recipients receiving 315 reconstructed embryos, one went to term and delivered three piglets, one of which survived to adulthood. Both microsatellite and D-loop sequence analysis confirmed that all of the piglets generated were nuclear-mitochondrial hybrids carrying Yucatan nuclear DNA and commercial breed mitochondrial DNA. This report shows that it is possible to produce viable Yucatan SCNT clones and opens up the possibility of developing valuable biomedical models in this porcine breed.}, number={2}, journal={CLONING AND STEM CELLS}, author={Estrada, Jose L. and Collins, Bruce and York, Abby and Bischoff, Steve and Sommer, Jeff and Tsai, Shengdar and Petters, Robert M. and Piedrahita, Jorge A.}, year={2008}, month={Jun}, pages={287–296} }
 @article{wilson_york_jordan_2007, title={Effect of row spacing on weed management in glufosinate-resistant cotton}, volume={21}, ISSN={["0890-037X"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-06-089.1}, abstractNote={Transgenic, herbicide-resistant cultivars and equipment to spindle-pick 38-cm rows has renewed interest in narrow-row cotton production. Field experiments were conducted at four locations in North Carolina during 2004 and 2005 to evaluate weed management systems in glufosinate-resistant cotton planted in 38- and 97-cm rows. Weeds included broadleaf signalgrass, goosegrass, fall panicum, large crabgrass, Palmer amaranth, smooth pigweed, pitted morningglory, and tall morningglory. Greater than 90% control of annual grasses and Amaranthus spp. in 2004 and Ipomoea spp. in both years was obtained in narrow-row cotton with glufosinate applied early POST (EPOST) and mid-POST (MPOST) to two- and six-leaf cotton, respectively. With good early-season control by glufosinate and rapid canopy closure, there was little benefit from pendimethalin, fluometuron, or pyrithiobac applied PRE, S-metolachlor or pyrithiobac mixed with glufosinate applied MPOST, or trifloxysulfuron applied late POST (LPOST) to 11-leaf cotton in 2004. In 2005, with larger weeds at initial application, glufosinate EPOST and MPOST did not adequately control annual grasses and Amaranthus spp. Pendimethalin PRE increased control to greater than 90% and increased yields 59 to 75%. Pendimethalin PRE followed by S-metolachlor or pyrithiobac mixed with glufosinate at MPOST was no more effective than pendimethalin alone. Without PRE herbicides, trifloxysulfuron applied LPOST increased Amaranthus but not annual grass control. Cotton row spacing had no effect on cotton yield and little effect on weed control. Nomenclature: Fluometuron; S-metolachlor; MSMA; pendimethalin; prometryn; pyrithiobac; trifloxysulfuron; broadleaf signalgrass, Brachiaria platyphylla (Griseb.) Nash BRAPP; fall panicum, Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. PANDI; goosegrass, Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. ELEIN; large crabgrass, Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. DIGSA; Palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri (S.) Wats. AMAPA; pitted morningglory, Ipomoea lacunosa L. IPOLA; smooth pigweed, Amaranthus hybridus L. AMACH; tall morningglory, Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth PHBPU; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘FM 958LL’.}, number={2}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Wilson, David G., Jr. and York, Alan C. and Jordan, David L.}, year={2007}, pages={489–495} }
 @article{burke_holland_burton_york_wilcut_2007, title={Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) pollen expresses ACCase target-site resistance}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-36448953142&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1614/WT-06-061.1}, abstractNote={Three studies were conducted to develop pollen tests for the screening of acetyl coenzyme-A carboxylase (ACCase) target-site resistance in a biotype of johnsongrass. The assays were based on germination of johnsongrass pollen in media supplemented with clethodim. Two different methods were used to evaluate pollen germination—a visual assessment and a spectrophotometric assay. The response of pollen to the germination media was linear for 16 h. At 6 h after treatment, absorbance at 500 nm was nearly 0.5; consequently, 6 h was chosen to conduct the pollen assays using the spectrophotometer. Both assessment methods differentiated the susceptible (S) and resistant (R) biotypes. Pollen from the susceptible biotype of johnsongrass was strongly inhibited by increasing concentrations of clethodim, with a GR50 of 25.8 ± 0.6 (SE) µM and GR50 of 16.4 ± 1.7 (SE) µM clethodim by visual assessment and spectrophotometric assessment, respectively. Minimum R/S values were > 3.9 by visual assessment and > 6.1 by spectrophotometric assessment. ACCase target-site resistance is expressed in johnsongrass pollen. Nomenclature: johnsongrass, Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. SORHA.}, number={2}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Burke, Ian C. and Holland, James B. and Burton, James D. and York, Alan C. and Wilcut, John W.}, year={2007}, pages={384–388} }
 @article{wilson_burton_spears_york_2006, title={Doveweed (Murdannia nudiflora) germination and emergence as affected by temperature and seed burial depth}, volume={54}, ISSN={["1550-2759"]}, DOI={10.1614/WS-06-091.1}, abstractNote={Abstract Doveweed is becoming more common in agronomic crops in North Carolina. Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the effect of temperature and seed burial depth on doveweed germination and emergence. Germination of lightly scarified seed at constant temperature was well described by a Gaussian model, which estimated peak germination at 28 C. Similar maximum percentage of germination was observed for optimal treatments under both constant and alternating temperatures. Among alternating temperatures, a 35/25 C regime gave greatest germination (77%). In spite of similar average daily temperatures, germination was greater with alternating temperature regimes of 40/30 and 40/35 C (65 and 30%, respectively) than constant temperatures of 36 and 38 C (4 and 0%, respectively). No germination was observed at 38 C constant temperature or for alternating temperature regimes of 20/10 and 25/15 C. Light did not enhance germination. Greatest emergence occurred from 0 to 1 cm, with a reduction in emergence as depth increased to 4 cm. No emergence occurred from 6 cm or greater depth. This information on seedbank dynamics may aid in developing tools and strategies for management. Nomenclature: Doveweed, Murdannia nudiflora (L.) Brenan MUDNU.}, number={6}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, author={Wilson, David G., Jr. and Burton, Michael G. and Spears, Janet E. and York, Alan C.}, year={2006}, pages={1000–1003} }
 @article{gardner_york_jordan_monks_2006, title={Glufosinate antagonizes postemergence graminicides applied to annual grasses and johnsongrass}, volume={10}, ISBN={1524-3303}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Cotton Science (Online)}, author={Gardner, A. P. and York, A. C. and Jordan, D. L. and Monks, D. W.}, year={2006}, pages={319} }
 @article{culpepper_grey_vencill_kichler_webster_brown_york_davis_hanna_2006, title={Glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) confirmed in Georgia}, volume={54}, ISSN={["1550-2759"]}, DOI={10.1614/WS-06-001R.1}, abstractNote={A glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth biotype was confirmed in central Georgia. In the field, glyphosate applied to 5- to 13-cm-tall Palmer amaranth at three times the normal use rate of 0.84 kg ae ha−1controlled this biotype only 17%. The biotype was controlled 82% by glyphosate at 12 times the normal use rate. In the greenhouse,I50values (rate necessary for 50% inhibition) for visual control and shoot fresh weight, expressed as percentage of the nontreated, were 8 and 6.2 times greater, respectively, with the resistant biotype compared with a known glyphosate-susceptible biotype. Glyphosate absorption and translocation and the number of chromosomes did not differ between biotypes. Shikimate was detected in leaf tissue of the susceptible biotype treated with glyphosate but not in the resistant biotype.}, number={4}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, author={Culpepper, A. Stanley and Grey, Timothy L. and Vencill, William K. and Kichler, Jeremy M. and Webster, Theodore M. and Brown, Steve M. and York, Alan C. and Davis, Jerry W. and Hanna, Wayne W.}, year={2006}, pages={620–626} }
 @article{gardner_york_jordan_monks_2006, title={Management of annual grasses and Amaranthus spp. in glufosinate-resistant cotton}, volume={10}, ISBN={1524-3303}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Cotton Science (Online)}, author={Gardner, A. P. and York, A. C. and Jordan, D. L. and Monks, D. W.}, year={2006}, pages={328} }
 @article{burke_burton_york_cranmer_wilcut_2006, title={Mechanism of resistance to clethodim in a johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) biotype}, volume={54}, ISSN={["1550-2759"]}, DOI={10.1614/WS-05-153R.1}, abstractNote={Abstract A biotype of johnsongrass cross resistant to clethodim, sethoxydim, quizalofop-P, and fluazifop-P was identified in several fields in Washington County, MS. Absorption, translocation, and metabolism studies using 14C-clethodim and acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) activity assays were conducted to determine the resistance mechanism. Absorption of 14C-clethodim was higher in the resistant than the susceptible biotype 4 hours after treatment (HAT), but at 24, 48, and 72 HAT, similar levels of radioactivity were detected in both johnsongrass biotypes. Consequently, resistant plants had more radioactivity present in the treated leaves at 4 and 24 HAT. However, there was no difference between resistant and susceptible biotypes in the translocation of 14C out of the treated leaf at 4, 8, 24, 48, and 72 HAT as a percentage of total absorbed. Metabolism of clethodim was similar in the resistant and susceptible biotypes. There was no difference in the specific activity of ACCase from the susceptible and resistant johnsongrass biotypes (means of 0.221 and 0.223 nmol mg−1 protein min−1, respectively). ACCase from the susceptible biotype was sensitive to clethodim, with an I50 value of 0.29 μM clethodim. The ACCase enzyme from the resistant biotype was less sensitive, with an I50 value of 1.32 μM clethodim. The resultant R/S ratio for clethodim was 4.5. These results indicate that resistance to clethodim in this johnsongrass biotype resulted from an altered ACCase enzyme that confers resistance to clethodim. Nomenclature: Clethodim; johnsongrass, Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers., SORHA.}, number={3}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, author={Burke, Ian C. and Burton, James D. and York, Alan C. and Cranmer, John and Wilcut, John W.}, year={2006}, pages={401–406} }
 @article{parker_york_jordan_2006, title={Weed control in glyphosate-resistant corn as affected by preemergence herbicide and timing of postemergence herbicide application}, volume={20}, ISSN={["0890-037X"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-04-288R.1}, abstractNote={Field studies were conducted at three locations during both 2002 and 2003 to evaluate weed control and response of glyphosate-resistant (GR) corn to glyphosate or nicosulfuron plus atrazine applied POST at three application timings with and without alachlor plus atrazine applied PRE. The POST herbicides were applied timely (5- to 9-cm weeds) or applications were delayed 1 or 2 wk. All treatments, except the weedy check, were followed by glyphosate postemergence-directed (PDIR) 4 wk after the timely POST application. Common lambsquarters, common ragweed, Palmer amaranth, prickly sida, and smooth pigweed were controlled at least 94% regardless of PRE or POST treatments. Large crabgrass and fall panicum were controlled at least 96% by glyphosate regardless of PRE herbicide or POST application timing. In contrast, control by nicosulfuron plus atrazine POST in the absence of PRE herbicide decreased as application was delayed. Sicklepod was controlled at least 94% when POST herbicides were applied timely, but control by both POST herbicide treatments decreased with delayed application regardless of PRE herbicide. Tall morningglory was controlled 93% or greater by POST herbicides applied timely. Control by both POST herbicide treatments decreased as application was delayed, with glyphosate being affected more by timing than nicosulfuron plus atrazine. Corn grain yield was similar with glyphosate and nicosulfuron plus atrazine. Yield was unaffected by POST application timing when PRE herbicides were included. Without PRE herbicide, grain yield decreased as POST herbicide application was delayed.}, number={3}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Parker, Robert G. and York, Alan C. and Jordan, David L.}, year={2006}, pages={564–570} }
 @article{parker_york_jordan_2005, title={Comparison of glyphosate products in glyphosate-resistant cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and corn (Zea mays)}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-040271R2.1}, abstractNote={Wide-spread planting of glyphosate-resistant (GR) crops in the United States and glyphosate patent expiration has led to a proliferation of glyphosate products. Growers have questioned their advisors on efficacy and crop tolerance of the many products available. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate eight glyphosate products in 2002 and ten in 2003, representing isopropylamine, diammonium, and potassium salts, applied POST and postemergence-directed (PDIR) at 630 and 1,680 g ae/ha for GR corn and GR cotton tolerance and weed control. There were no differences among products for control of six annual grass and 10 annual broadleaf weed species. No injury to corn from any glyphosate product at 630 or 1,680 g/ha or to cotton from 630 g/ha was noted at any of seven locations. ClearOut 41 Plus™, an isopropylamine salt of glyphosate, and Roundup WEATHERMAX™, a potassium salt of glyphosate, applied POST at 1,680 g/ha injured cotton 27 to 30% and 10 to 17%, respectively, at 3 of 7 locations. No cotton injury was noted with Glyfos®, Glyfos® X-TRA, Glyphomax™, Gly Star™ Original, Roundup Original™, Roundup UltraMAX®, Touchdown®, or Touchdown Total™. No differences were noted among glyphosate products or between rates for corn or cotton yield or cotton fiber properties. Nomenclature: Glyphosate; corn, Zea mays L. ‘DK687’, ‘DKC 69-71’; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘DP 458 B/RR’, ‘ST 4892BR’. Additional index words: ClearOut 41 Plus™, crop tolerance, diammonium salt of glyphosate, Glyfos®, Glyfos® X-TRA, Glyphomax™, Gly Star™ Original, isopropylamine salt of glyphosate, potassium salt of glyphosate, Roundup Original™, Roundup UltraMAX®, Roundup WEATHERMAX™, Touchdown®, Touchdown Total™, weed control. Abbreviations: EPSPS, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase; GR, glyphosate-resistant; PDIR, postemergence-directed; PEP, phosphoenolpyruvate; WAP, wk after postemergence application; WAP1, wk after first postemergence application; WAP2, wk after second postemergence application; WAPD, wk after postemergence-directed application.}, number={4}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Parker, RG and York, AC and Jordan, DL}, year={2005}, pages={796–802} }
 @article{york_beam_culpepper_2005, title={Control of volunteer glyphosate-resistant soybean in cotton}, volume={9}, ISBN={1524-3303}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Cotton Science (Online)}, author={York, A. C. and Beam, J. B. and Culpepper, A. S.}, year={2005}, pages={102} }
 @article{lancaster_jordan_york_burke_corbin_sheldon_wilcut_monks_2005, title={Influence of selected fungicides on efficacy of clethodim and sethoxydim}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-04-172R}, abstractNote={Field experiments were conducted to compare large crabgrass control by clethodim or sethoxydim applied alone and with selected fungicides registered for use in peanut. Fluazinam, propiconazole plus trifloxystrobin, or tebuconazole did not affect efficacy of clethodim or sethoxydim. Azoxystrobin, boscalid, chlorothalonil, and pyraclostrobin reduced efficacy of clethodim and sethoxydim in some experiments. Increasing the herbicide rate increased large crabgrass control regardless of the addition of chlorothalonil. In laboratory experiments,14C absorption was less when14C-clethodim or14C-sethoxydim was applied with chlorothalonil. Pyraclostrobin and tebuconazole did not affect absorption of14C-clethodim or14C-sethoxydim.}, number={2}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Lancaster, SH and Jordan, DL and York, AC and Burke, IC and Corbin, FT and Sheldon, YS and Wilcut, JW and Monks, DW}, year={2005}, pages={397–403} }
 @article{lancaster_jordan_york_wilcut_monks_brandenburg_2005, title={Interactions of clethodim and sethoxydim with selected agrichemicals applied to peanut}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-04-232R}, abstractNote={Experiments were conducted in North Carolina during 2002 and 2003 to evaluate broadleaf signalgrass and large crabgrass control by clethodim and sethoxydim applied in two-, three-, or four-way mixtures with fungicides, insecticides, and foliar fertilizer–plant growth regulator treatments. Broadleaf signalgrass and large crabgrass control by clethodim and sethoxydim was not reduced by the insecticides esfenvalerate, indoxacarb, or lambda-cyhalothrin. The fungicides azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil, pyraclostrobin, and tebuconazole reduced large crabgrass control by clethodim or sethoxydim in one or more of three experiments for each herbicide. Disodium octaborate and the plant growth regulator prohexadione calcium plus urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) mixed with clethodim and fungicides improved large crabgrass control in some experiments. In contrast, prohexadione calcium plus UAN and disodium octaborate did not affect broadleaf signalgrass or large crabgrass control by sethoxydim.}, number={2}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Lancaster, SH and Jordan, DL and York, AC and Wilcut, JW and Monks, DW and Brandenburg, RL}, year={2005}, pages={456–461} }
 @article{lancaster_jordan_york_wilcut_brandenburg_monks_2005, title={Interactions of late-season morningglory (Ipomoea spp.) management practices in peanut (Arachis hypogaea)}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-04-229R.1}, abstractNote={Experiments were conducted in North Carolina during 2002 and 2003 to evaluate entireleaf morningglory control by 2,4-DB applied alone or with seven fungicides. In a separate group of experiments, tall morningglory control by 2,4-DB was evaluated when applied in four-way mixtures with the following: the fungicides azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil, pyraclostrobin, or tebuconazole; the insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin; and the foliar fertilizer disodium octaborate or the plant growth regulator (PGR) prohexadione calcium plus urea ammonium nitrate. Pyraclostrobin, but not azoxystrobin, boscalid, chlorothalonil, fluazinam, propiconazole plus trifloxystrobin, or tebuconazole, reduced entireleaf morningglory control by 2,4-DB. Mixtures of fungicides, insecticides, and foliar fertilizer/ PGR did not affect tall morningglory control by 2,4-DB. Placing artificial morningglory in the peanut canopy when fungicides were applied did not intercept enough fungicide to increase peanut defoliation by early leaf spot and web blotch or reduce pod yield compared with fungicide applied without artificial morningglory. Nomenclature: 2,4-DB; azoxystrobin; boscalid; chlorothalonil; fluazinam; lambda-cyhalothrin; prohexadione calcium; propiconazole; pyraclostrobin; tebuconazole; trifloxystrobin; entireleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacaea var integriuscula Gray #3 IPOHG; tall morningglory, Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth # PHBPU; early leaf spot, Cercospora arachidicola S. Hori; web blotch, Phoma arachidicola (Marsas et al.); peanut, Arachis hypogaea L. ‘NC-V 11’, ‘VA 98R’. Additional index words: Fungicide deposition, pesticide interactions, weed interference. Abbreviations: PGR, plant growth regulator; UAN, urea ammonium nitrate.}, number={4}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Lancaster, SH and Jordan, DL and York, AC and Wilcut, JW and Brandenburg, RL and Monks, DW}, year={2005}, pages={803–808} }
 @article{lancaster_jordan_spears_york_wilcut_monks_batts_brandenburg_2005, title={Sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia) control and seed production after 2,4-DB applied alone and with fungicides or insecticides}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-04-227R}, abstractNote={Experiments were conducted during 1999, 2002, and 2003 to evaluate sicklepod control by 2,4-DB applied alone or in mixture with selected fungicides and insecticides registered for use in peanut. The fungicides boscalid, chlorothalonil, fluazinam, propiconazole plus trifloxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, or tebuconazole and the insecticides acephate, carbaryl, esfenvalerate, fenpropathrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, methomyl, or indoxacarb applied in mixtures with 2,4-DB did not reduce sicklepod control by 2,4-DB compared with 2,4-DB alone. The fungicide azoxystrobin reduced control in some but not all experiments. Sicklepod control was highest when 2,4-DB was applied before flowering regardless of fungicide treatment. Seed production and germination were reduced when 2,4-DB was applied 81 to 85 d after emergence when sicklepod was flowering. Applying 2,4-DB before flowering and at pod set and pod fill did not affect seed production.}, number={2}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Lancaster, SH and Jordan, DL and Spears, JE and York, AC and Wilcut, JW and Monks, DW and Batts, RB and Brandenburg, RL}, year={2005}, pages={451–455} }
 @article{webster_burton_culpepper_york_prostko_2005, title={Tropical spiderwort (Commelina benghalensis): A tropical invader threatens agroecosystems of the southern United States}, volume={19}, ISSN={["0890-037X"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-04-234R.1}, abstractNote={Tropical spiderwort (more appropriately called Benghal dayflower) poses a serious threat to crop production in the southern United States. Although tropical spiderwort has been present in the United States for more than seven decades, only recently has it become a pest in agricultural fields. Identified as an isolated weed problem in 1999, tropical spiderwort became the most troublesome weed in Georgia cotton by 2003. Contributing to the significance of tropical spiderwort as a troublesome weed is the lack of control afforded by most commonly used herbicides, especially glyphosate. Vegetative growth and flower production of tropical spiderwort were optimized between 30 and 35 C, but growth was sustained over a range of 20 to 40 C. These temperatures are common throughout much of the United States during summer months. At the very least, it appears that tropical spiderwort may be able to co-occur with cotton throughout the southeastern United States. The environmental limits of tropical spiderwort have not yet been determined. However, the rapid spread through Georgia and naturalization in North Carolina, coupled with its tolerance to current management strategies and aggressive growth habit, make tropical spiderwort a significant threat to agroecosystems in the southern United States.}, number={3}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Webster, TM and Burton, MG and Culpepper, AS and York, AC and Prostko, EP}, year={2005}, pages={501–508} }
 @article{crooks_burton_york_brownie_2005, title={Vegetative growth and competitiveness of common cocklebur resistant and susceptible to acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides}, volume={9}, ISBN={1524-3303}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Cotton Science (Online)}, author={Crooks, H. L. and Burton, M. G. and York, A. C. and Brownie, C.}, year={2005}, pages={229} }
 @article{york_stewart_vidrine_culpepper_2004, title={Control of volunteer glyphosate-resistant cotton in glyphosate-resistant soybean}, volume={18}, ISSN={["0890-037X"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-03-073R1}, abstractNote={Cotton boll weevil has been eradicated from much of the U.S. Cotton Belt. After eradication, a containment program is necessary to detect and destroy reintroduced boll weevils. Crops other than cotton are not monitored for boll weevil, hence fruit on volunteer glyphosate-resistant (GR) cotton in GR soybean could provide oviposition sites for boll weevils and allow the insects to build up undetected. An experiment was conducted at five locations to evaluate control of GR cotton and reduction in cotton fruit production by herbicides commonly used on GR soybean. Cotton control by preemergence (PRE) or postemergence (POST) herbicides alone was inconsistent across locations. Flumetsulam at 45 g ai/ha, imazaquin at 137 g ai/ha, and metribuzin at 360 g ai/ha plus chlorimuron at 60 g ai/ha applied PRE controlled cotton 55 to 100% and reduced cotton fruit production 84 to 100%. Sulfentrazone at 167 g ai/ha plus chlorimuron at 34 g/ha PRE controlled cotton 50 to 91% and reduced fruit 48 to 98%. Metribuzin PRE at 420 g/ha controlled cotton 23 to 97% and reduced fruit 32 to 100%. Flumiclorac at 30 g ai/ha, 2,4-DB dimethylamine salt at 35 g ae/ha, chlorimuron at 12 g ai/ha, and the sodium salt of fomesafen at 420 g ai/ha mixed with glyphosate and applied POST controlled cotton 48 to 100% and reduced fruit production 67 to 100%. Cloransulam at 12 or 18 g ai/ha controlled cotton 3 to 66% and reduced fruit production 5 to 85%. Cotton control and fruit reduction were greatest and most consistent with sequential applications of metribuzin plus chlorimuron PRE followed by chlorimuron, flumiclorac, fomesafen, or 2,4-DB POST. These treatments controlled cotton at least 95% at all locations. Cotton fruit was totally eliminated at three locations and reduced at least 97% at a fourth location.}, number={3}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={York, AC and Stewart, AM and Vidrine, PR and Culpepper, AS}, year={2004}, pages={532–539} }
 @article{clemmer_york_brownie_2004, title={Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) control in imidazolinone-resistant wheat}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-03-017R}, abstractNote={Imazamox ammonium salt at 53 g ae/ha applied postemergence in the fall to imidazolinone-resistant wheat controlled Italian ryegrass 98 to 100% 10 wk after treatment (WAT). Control 22 WAT was 88 to 98% at two locations and 55% at a third location. Imazamox was more effective applied in fall to three- to four-leaf Italian ryegrass than when applied in spring to one- to three-tiller Italian ryegrass. Split applications, with 27 g/ha applied in fall and spring, were no more effective than 53 g/ha applied in fall. Pendimethalin preemergence in combination with fall-applied imazamox increased control 22 WAT 10 to 33 percentage points at two of three locations. Imazethapyr ammonium salt plus imazapyr isopropylamine salt applied at 47 plus 16 g ae/ha and imazamox at 44 or 53 g/ha were similarly effective, whereas imazethapyr at 70 g/ha was ineffective. Control by imazapic ammonium salt at 70 g ae/ha was equal to or greater than control by imazamox at 44 or 53 g/ha. Imazamox, imazethapyr plus imazapyr, and imazapic controlled diclofop-resistant and -susceptible Italian ryegrass. Thifensulfuron plus tribenuron mixed with imazamox increased Italian ryegrass control in field and greenhouse experiments, whereas dicamba reduced control compared with imazamox applied alone. Control by imazamox plus 2,4-D was similar to or greater than control by imazamox alone.}, number={3}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Clemmer, KC and York, AC and Brownie, C}, year={2004}, pages={481–489} }
 @article{york_culpepper_bowman_may_2004, title={Performance of glyphosate-tolerant cotton cultivars in official cultivar trials}, volume={8}, ISBN={1524-3303}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Cotton Science (Online)}, author={York, A. C. and Culpepper, A. S. and Bowman, D. T. and May, O. L.}, year={2004}, pages={261} }
 @article{york_culpepper_stewart_2004, title={Response of strip-tilled cotton to preplant applications of dicamba and 2,4-D}, volume={8}, ISBN={1524-3303}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Cotton Science (Online)}, author={York, A. C. and Culpepper, A. S. and Stewart, A. M.}, year={2004}, pages={213} }
 @article{crooks_york_jordan_2004, title={Tolerance of six soft red winter wheat cultivars to AE F130060 00 plus AE F115008 00}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-03-031R}, abstractNote={Tolerance of six soft red winter wheat cultivars to AE F130060 00 plus AE F115008 00 applied at 12.5 plus 2.5 g ai/ha and 25 plus 5 g ai/ha, respectively, at the two- to three-tiller stage was examined under weed-free conditions at four locations over 2 yr. Visible injury averaged 5 and 15% 3 wk after treatment (WAT) in years 1 and 2, respectively. Injury was 2% or less 10 WAT. No differences among cultivars were noted for visible injury, and AE F130060 00 plus AE F115008 00 did not reduce grain yield in year 1. In year 2, averaged over herbicide rates, grain yields of the cultivars ‘Coker 9663’, ‘Pioneer 2580’, ‘Coker 9704’, ‘Pioneer 2684’, ‘FFR 555’, and ‘Jackson’ were reduced 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, and 16%, respectively. The yield reduction for Jackson was different from those for the other cultivars. Yield reduction was attributed to reduced numbers of kernels per spike.}, number={2}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Crooks, HL and York, AC and Jordan, DL}, year={2004}, pages={252–257} }
 @article{may_culpepper_cerny_coots_corkern_cothren_croon_ferreira_hart_hayes_et al._2004, title={Transgenic cotton with improved resistance to glyphosate herbicide}, volume={44}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2004.0234}, abstractNote={Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] herbicide can be topically applied twice at rates as high as 0.84 kg a.e. (acid-equivalent) ha−1 to glyphosate-resistant cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars until the fourth true leaf stage, with the requirement of at least 10 d and two nodes of growth between applications. But, such cultivars are not reproductively resistant to glyphosate applied topically or imprecisely directed after the four-leaf stage because glyphosate can curtail pollen development and ovule fertilization, which potentially reduces yield. Extending glyphosate resistance past the four-leaf stage would provide growers with additional weed management options. Our objective was to test under field conditions glyphosate resistance of cotton germplasm transformed with gene constructs previously shown to impart extended glyphosate resistance in the greenhouse. Four or six transgenic cotton lines containing one of several constructs conferring extended glyphosate resistance, plus the current glyphosate-resistant control (‘Coker 312’-1445), were tested at nine U.S. locations in 2001. Within locations, treatment designs consisted of cross-classified arrangements of transgenic lines and glyphosate rates [0, 1.68, and 2.52 kg a.e. ha−1]. Treated plots received glyphosate over-the-top of cotton at four growth stages (3-, 6-, 10-, and 14-leaf crop stages). Compared with Coker 312-1445, extended glyphosate resistance was expressed as higher yields when glyphosate was applied topically at the four growth stages. Mature plant mapping confirmed extended glyphosate resistance of the new transgenic cotton through similar fruit distribution and weight with or without glyphosate treatment. The capability to apply glyphosate topically to cotton later in crop development will facilitate weed management and could reduce dependence on directed herbicides.}, number={1}, journal={Crop Science}, author={May, O. L. and Culpepper, A. S. and Cerny, R. E. and Coots, C. B. and Corkern, C. B. and Cothren, J. T. and Croon, K. A. and Ferreira, K. L. and Hart, J. L. and Hayes, R. M. and et al.}, year={2004}, pages={234–240} }
 @article{culpepper_flanders_york_webster_2004, title={Tropical spiderwort (Commelina benghalensis) control in glyphosate-resistant cotton}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-03-175R}, abstractNote={Tropical spiderwort has recently become the most troublesome weed in Georgia cotton. Most of Georgia's cotton is glyphosate resistant (GR), and glyphosate is only marginally effective on tropical spiderwort. An experiment was conducted at four locations to determine tropical spiderwort control in GR cotton by 27 herbicide systems. Treatments consisted of three early-postemergence over-the-top (POT) herbicide options and nine late–postemergence-directed (LPD) options arranged factorially. Glyphosate POT controlled tropical spiderwort only 53% 21 d after treatment (DAT). Glyphosate plus pyrithiobac or S-metolachlor controlled tropical spiderwort 60 and 80%, respectively. Pyrithiobac improved control of emerged spiderwort, whereas S-metolachlor provided residual control. Pooled over POT treatments, glyphosate LPD controlled tropical spiderwort 70% 21 DAT. Dimethipin mixed with glyphosate did not improve control. Carfentrazone, diuron, or flumioxazin mixed with glyphosate LPD improved control 9 to 15%. MSMA and MSMA plus flumioxazin were 8 and 19% more effective than glyphosate LPD. At time of cotton harvest, systems without residual herbicides at LPD controlled tropical spiderwort 42 to 45% compared with 64 to 76% with LPD treatments that included diuron or flumioxazin.}, number={2}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Culpepper, AS and Flanders, JT and York, AC and Webster, TM}, year={2004}, pages={432–436} }
 @article{crooks_york_jordan_2004, title={Wheat (Triticuin aestivum) tolerance and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) control with AE f130060 00 plus AE f115008 00 applied in nitrogen}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-03-029R}, abstractNote={Soft red winter wheat tolerance to and Italian ryegrass control by a mixture of AE F130060 00 plus AE F115008 00 plus safener applied in water or urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) were evaluated in separate experiments. In the tolerance experiment, wheat responded similarly to AE F130060 00 plus AE F115008 00 at 12.5 plus 2.5 and 25 plus 5 g ai/ha, respectively, applied in water. The herbicides plus nonionic surfactant (NIS) applied in water injured weed-free, five- to seven-tiller wheat 3% or less and did not affect yield. Greater injury occurred with application in UAN, and yield was reduced 11% as result of fewer kernels per spike. NIS added to the herbicides in UAN increased weed-free wheat injury but had no effect on yield. AE F130060 00 plus AE F115008 00 controlled both diclofop-susceptible and -resistant Italian ryegrass. Greater control was obtained with application in UAN as compared with application in water, and NIS increased control. Yield of Italian ryegrass–infested wheat treated with herbicides plus NIS in UAN was similar to or greater than yield when herbicides plus NIS were applied in water. Nomenclature: AEF 115008 00 (proposed name iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium), 4-iodo-2-[[[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]benzoic acid methyl ester; AE F130060 00 (proposed name mesosulfuron-methyl), methyl 2-[[[[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]-4-[[(methylsulfonyl)amino]methyl] benzoate; Italian ryegrass, Lolium multiflorum Lam. Marshall #3 LOLMU; wheat, Triticum aestivum L. ‘Coker 9704’. Additional index words: Herbicide carriers, surfactant rates, yield components, LOLMU. Abbreviations: GS, Feekes growth stage; NIS, nonionic surfactant; UAN, urea ammonium nitrate; WAT, weeks after treatment.}, number={1}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Crooks, HL and York, AC and Jordan, DL}, year={2004}, pages={93–99} }
 @article{crooks_york_jordan_2004, title={Wheat tolerance to AE f130060 00 plus AE f115008 00 as affected by time of application and rate of the safener AE F107892}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-03-122R1}, abstractNote={Soft red winter wheat response to the herbicides AE F130060 00 plus AE F115008 00 applied alone or with the safener AE F107892 at the three-leaf, two-tiller, and six-tiller growth stages was determined in a field experiment in North Carolina. AE F130060 00 at 25 g ai/ha plus AE F115008 00 at 5 g ai/ha, twice the anticipated use rate, applied with safener injured wheat 9% but did not affect grain yield, grain test weight, number of spikes, number of kernels per spike, or kernel weight. Results were similar with safener at herbicide–safener ratios of 1:1 and 1:3 regardless of the wheat growth stage at application. Without the safener, AE F130060 00 plus AE F115008 00 applied at the three-leaf, two-tiller, and six-tiller growth stages injured wheat an average of 27% and reduced grain yields 5, 5, and 11%, respectively. Yield losses were attributed to reduced numbers of kernels per spike. AE F130060 00 at 12.5 g/ha plus AE F115008 00 at 2.5 g/ha plus AE F107892 at 15 g ai/ha did not affect grain yield or yield components.}, number={3}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Crooks, HL and York, AC and Jordan, DL}, year={2004}, pages={841–845} }
 @article{crooks_york_culpepper_brownie_2003, title={CGA-362622 antagonizes annual grass control by graminicides in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)}, volume={17}, ISSN={["0890-037X"]}, DOI={10.1614/0890-037X(2003)017[0373:CAAGCB]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={The effect of CGA-362622 on annual grass control in cotton by clethodim and fluazifop-P and crop response was determined in field studies. CGA-362622 applied postemergence at 5.3 g ai/ha injured cotton up to 34% 1 wk after treatment (WAT). Injury was similar when crop oil concentrate (COC) and nonionic surfactant (NIS) were included. Adding fluazifop-P, but not clethodim, to CGA-362622 increased crop injury. Cotton recovered by 3 WAT. CGA-362622 mixed with fluazifop-P at 210 g ai/ha reduced broadleaf signalgrass and large crabgrass control 60 to 80%. Control was similar with COC or NIS in the mixture. Increasing the fluazifop-P rate to 315 g/ha did not improve control. CGA-362622 mixed with clethodim at 105 g ai/ha reduced control 65 to 80% with NIS and 40 to 65% with COC. Increasing the clethodim rate to 175 g/ha, especially with COC, substantially increased control. However, control was still less than that with clethodim at 105 g/ha. Prometryn plus MSMA postemergence-directed 3 wk after gramincide and CGA-362622 application increased control. Cotton yield was similar with clethodim alone and clethodim at 175 g/ha plus CGA-362622. Yield was reduced 29% by CGA-362622 mixed with fluazifop-P at 350 g/ha. Control was reduced by CGA-362622 applied 1 d before or after clethodim but not 5 d before or after clethodim. Control by fluazifop-P was reduced by CGA-362622 applied 1 or 5 d before or 1 d after the graminicide. Under greenhouse conditions, CGA-362622 and pyrithiobac mixed with clethodim, fluazifop-P, quizalofop-P, or sethoxydim reduced control of large crabgrass. Greater antagonism was noted with CGA-362622 than with pyrithiobac, and with fluazifop-P and quizalofop-P than with clethodim or sethoxydim. Nomenclature: CGA-362622 (proposed common name trifloxysulfuron), N-[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)carbamoyl]-3-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-pyridin-2-sulfonamid sodium salt; clethodim; fluazifop-P; MSMA; prometryn; pyrithiobac; quizalofop-P; sethoxydim; broadleaf signalgrass, Brachiaria platyphylla (Griseb.) Nash #3 BRAPP; large crabgrass, Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. # DIGSA; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Stoneville BXN 47’. Additional index words: Adjuvants, antagonism, herbicide interactions, herbicide mixtures. Abbreviations: COC, crop oil concentrate; NIS, nonionic surfactant; POST, postemergence; POST-DIR, postemergence directed; WAT, weeks after treatment.}, number={2}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Crooks, HL and York, AC and Culpepper, AS and Brownie, C}, year={2003}, pages={373–380} }
 @article{crooks_york_jordan_2003, title={Wheat (Triticum aestivum) tolerance and Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) control by AE F130060 00 plus AE F115008 00 mixed with other herbicides}, volume={17}, DOI={10.1614/wt-03-030r}, abstractNote={Soft red winter wheat tolerance and Italian ryegrass control with AE F130060 00 plus AE F115008 00 at 12.5 plus 2.5 g ai/ha applied alone and mixed with dicamba, 2,4-D, or thifensulfuron plus tribenuron were examined in separate field experiments. AE F130060 00 plus AE F115008 00 applied alone in December injured wheat 12% or less, whereas mixtures with thifensulfuron plus tribenuron injured wheat 15% or less. AE F130060 00 plus AE F115008 00 applied alone in February or mixed with dicamba, 2,4-D, or thifensulfuron plus tribenuron injured wheat 3% or less. No treatment affected yield of weed-free wheat. AE F130060 00 plus AE F115008 00 applied in December controlled Italian ryegrass 86 to 99% in May and increased wheat yield 142 to 254%. At two of four locations, Italian ryegrass control was greater with the December application of AE F130060 00 plus AE F115008 as compared with the February application. Dicamba or 2,4-D mixed with AE F130060 00 plus AE F115008 00 reduced Italian ryegrass control in May approximately 10% in half the trials but did not affect wheat yield compared with AE F130060 00 plus AE F115008 00 applied alone. Thifensulfuron plus tribenuron mixed with AE F130060 00 plus AE F115008 00 did not affect Italian ryegrass control or wheat yield. Under greenhouse conditions, the rate of AE F130060 00 plus AE F115008 00 needed for 80% Italian ryegrass visible control and 80% shoot fresh weight reduction was increased 60 to 68% in mixtures with 2,4-D. Dicamba increased the rate needed for 80% visible control and shoot fresh weight reduction 132 to 139%. Nomenclature: AE F115008 00 (proposed name iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium), 4-iodo-2-[[[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]benzoic acid methyl ester; AE F130060 00 (proposed name mesosulfuron-methyl), methyl 2-[[[[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]-4-[[(methylsulfonyl)amino]methyl]benzoate; Italian ryegrass, Lolium multiflorum Lam. #3 LOLMU; wheat, Triticum aestivum L. ‘Coker 9704’. Additional index words: 2,4-D, dicamba, herbicide interactions, herbicide mixtures, LOLMU, thifensulfuron, tribenuron. Abbreviations: I80, rate needed for 80% inhibition; NIS, nonionic surfactant; WAT, weeks after treatment.}, number={4}, journal={Weed Technology}, author={Crooks, H. L. and York, A. C. and Jordan, D. L.}, year={2003}, pages={881–889} }
 @article{krings_burton_york_2002, title={Commelina benghalensis (Commelinaceae) new to North Carolina and an updated key to Carolina congeners}, volume={20}, number={1}, journal={SIDA, Contributions To Botany}, author={Krings, A. and Burton, M. G. and York, A. C.}, year={2002}, pages={419–422} }
 @article{beam_jordan_york_isleib_bailey_mckemie_spears_johnson_2002, title={Influence of prohexadione calcium on pod yield and pod loss of peanut}, volume={94}, DOI={10.2134/agronj2002.9550}, abstractNote={Excessive vegetative growth of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) can make digging and inverting operations less efficient. Reducing vine growth by applying a suitable plant growth regulator would be an efficient way to manage peanut vines. Pod yield, market grade factors, and gross economic value of peanut treated with prohexadione calcium (calcium salt of 3,5-dioxo-4 propionylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid) were evaluated at 19 sites in North Carolina during 1999 and 2000. Experiments were also conducted at two locations each during 1999 and 2000 to determine the effect of prohexadione Ca, digging date, and lifting (shaking peanut vines after digging to remove soil before combining) on combined yield, market grade factors, gross economic value, seed germination, and pod loss of the virginia market-type cultivar NC 12C. Prohexadione Ca at 140 g a.i. ha -1 , applied at 50% row closure and repeated 2 wk later, increased row visibility at harvest, pod yield by 310 kg ha -1 , and gross economic value of quota peanut by $223 ha -1 when pooled over 19 sites. Prohexadione Ca increased combined yield by 220 kg ha -1 and decreased percent pod loss by 4% regardless of digging date and lifting treatment compared with nontreated peanut. Prohexadione Ca did not affect maximum yield (sum of pods remaining in soil and on the soil surface and pods that were combined) or germination of peanut seed. These data suggest that increased combined yield noted following application of prohexadione Ca can be partially attributed to decreased pod loss.}, number={2}, journal={Agronomy Journal}, author={Beam, J. B. and Jordan, D. L. and York, A. C. and Isleib, T. G. and Bailey, J. E. and McKemie, T. E. and Spears, J. F. and Johnson, P. D.}, year={2002}, pages={331–336} }
 @article{culpepper_york_marth_corbin_2001, title={Effect of insecticides on clomazone absorption, translocation, and metabolism in cotton}, volume={49}, ISSN={["0043-1745"]}, DOI={10.1614/0043-1745(2001)049[0613:EOIOCA]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Disulfoton and phorate applied in the seed furrow greatly reduce clomazone phytotoxicity to cotton in the field, whereas aldicarb does not. An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of aldicarb, disulfoton, and phorate on 14C-clomazone absorption, translocation, and metabolism by cotton grown in a sandy loam soil. Clomazone at 0.87 μg g−1 of soil alone or in combination with aldicarb at 0.6 μg g−1 of soil reduced cotton root and shoot growth 26 to 33%. Root and shoot growth were not reduced by clomazone plus disulfoton or phorate at 0.6 μg g−1 of soil. Protection of cotton against injury by clomazone was not explained by reduced absorption or translocation of clomazone or a metabolite to the shoot. Clomazone metabolism was reduced by disulfoton and phorate, thus indicating a clomazone metabolite may be more toxic to cotton. Nomenclature: Aldicarb; clomazone; disulfoton; phorate; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘McNair 235’.}, number={5}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, author={Culpepper, AS and York, AC and Marth, JL and Corbin, FT}, year={2001}, pages={613–616} }
 @article{culpepper_gimenez_york_batts_wilcut_2001, title={Morningglory (Ipomoea spp.) and large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) control with glyphosate and 2,4-DB mixtures in glyphosate-resistant soybean (Glycine max)}, volume={15}, ISSN={["0890-037X"]}, DOI={10.1614/0890-037X(2001)015[0056:MISALC]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract: Glyphosate effectively controls most weeds in glyphosate-resistant soybean. However, it is sometimes only marginally effective on Ipomoea spp. A field experiment was conducted at five locations in North Carolina to determine the effects of mixing 2,4-DB with glyphosate on Ipomoea spp. control and on soybean injury and yield. The isopropylamine salt of glyphosate at 560, 840, and 1,120 g ai/ha controlled mixtures of tall morningglory, entireleaf morningglory, and red morningglory at least 96% at two locations. Mixing the dimethylamine salt of 2,4-DB at 35 g ae/ha with glyphosate did not increase control but reduced soybean yield 6%. At two other locations, 2,4-DB increased control of tall morningglory and a mixture of entireleaf morningglory and ivyleaf morningglory 13 to 22% when mixed with glyphosate at 560 g/ha, but not when mixed with glyphosate at 840 or 1,120 g/ha. Soybean yield was reduced 31% at one location and was unaffected at the other. At the fifth location, 2,4-DB increased control of tall morningglory 25, 11, and 7% when mixed with glyphosate at 560, 840, and 1,120 g/ha, respectively. Soybean yield was increased 15%. In separate field experiments, glyphosate at 560, 840, and 1,120 g/ha controlled large crabgrass at least 99%. Mixing 2,4-DB at 35 g/ha with glyphosate did not affect control. In the greenhouse, mixing 2,4-DB at 35, 70, 140, or 280 g/ha with glyphosate at 70 to 560 g/ha did not affect large crabgrass control by glyphosate. Nomenclature: Glyphosate; 2,4-DB; entireleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula Gray #3 IPOHG; ivyleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq. # IPOHE; large crabgrass, Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. # DIGSA; red morningglory, Ipomoea coccinea L. # IPOCC; tall morningglory, Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth # PHBPU; soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. ‘Hartz 5566 RR’. Additional index words: Herbicide combinations, herbicide interactions, herbicide-resistant crops. Abbreviations: WAT, weeks after treatment.}, number={1}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Culpepper, AS and Gimenez, AE and York, AC and Batts, RB and Wilcut, JW}, year={2001}, pages={56–61} }
 @article{culpepper_york_batts_jennings_2000, title={Weed management in glufosinate- and glyphosate-resistant soybean (Glycine max)}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/0890-037X(2000)014[0077:WMIGAG]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract: An experiment was conducted at six locations in North Carolina to compare weed-management treatments using glufosinate postemergence (POST) in glufosinate-resistant soybean, glyphosate POST in glyphosate-resistant soybean, and imazaquin plus SAN 582 preemergence (PRE) followed by chlorimuron POST in nontransgenic soybean. Prickly sida and sicklepod were controlled similarly and 84 to 100% by glufosinate and glyphosate. Glyphosate controlled broadleaf signalgrass, fall panicum, goosegrass, rhizomatous johnsongrass, common lambsquarters, and smooth pigweed at least 90%. Control of these weeds by glyphosate often was greater than control by glufosinate. Mixing fomesafen with glufosinate increased control of these species except johnsongrass. Glufosinate often was more effective than glyphosate on entireleaf and tall morningglories. Fomesafen mixed with glyphosate increased morningglory control but reduced smooth pigweed control. Glufosinate or glyphosate applied sequentially or early postemergence (EPOST) following imazaquin plus SAN 582 PRE often were more effective than glufosinate or glyphosate applied only EPOST. Only rhizomatous johnsongrass was controlled more effectively by glufosinate or glyphosate treatments than by imazaquin plus SAN 582 PRE followed by chlorimuron POST. Yields and net returns with soil-applied herbicides only were often lower than total POST herbicide treatments. Sequential POST herbicide applications or soil-applied herbicides followed by POST herbicides were usually more effective economically than single POST herbicide applications. Nomenclature: Chlorimuron, ethyl 2-[[[[(4-chloro-6-methoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)amino]carbonyl] amino]sulfonyl]benzoate; SAN 582 (proposed name, dimethenamid), 2-chloro-N-[(1-methyl-2-methoxy)ethyl]-N-(2,4-dimethyl-thien-3-yl)-acetamide; fomesafen, 5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-N-(methylsulfonyl)-2-nitrobenzamide; glufosinate, 2-amino-4-(hydroxymethylphosphinyl) butanoic acid; glyphosate, N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine; imazaquin, 2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid; broadleaf signalgrass, Brachiaria platyphylla (Griseb.) Nash #2 BRAPP; carpetweed, Mollugo verticillata L. # MOLVE; common lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L. # CHEAL; common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. # AMBEL; cutleaf groundcherry, Physalis angulata L. # PHYAN; eclipta, Eclipta prostrata L. # ECLAL; entireleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula Gray # IPOHG; fall panicum, Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. # PANDI; goosegrass, Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. # ELEIN; johnsongrass, Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. # SORHA; prickly sida, Sida spinosa L. # SIDSP; sicklepod, Senna obtusifolia L. Irwin and Barneby # CASOB; smooth pigweed, Amaranthus hybridus L. # AMACH; tall morningglory, Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth # PHBPU; soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. ‘Asgrow 5403 LL’, ‘Asgrow 5547 LL’, ‘Asgrow 5602 RR’, ‘Hartz 5566 RR’, ‘Southern States FFR 595’. Additional index words: Herbicide-resistant crops, Liberty Link soybean, nontransgenic soybean, Roundup Ready soybean. Abbreviations: DAT, days after treatment; EPOST, early postemergence; EPSPS, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase; LPOST, late postemergence; POST, postemergence; PRE, preemergence; THR, transgenic, herbicide-resistant; WAA, weeks after late postemergence application; WAP, weeks after planting.}, number={1}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Culpepper, AS and York, AC and Batts, RB and Jennings, KM}, year={2000}, pages={77–88} }
 @article{culpepper_york_2000, title={Weed management in ultra narrow row cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/0890-037X(2000)014[0019:WMIUNR]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract: New weed management tools and growth regulators make production of ultra narrow row (UNR) cotton possible. Weed control, cotton yield, fiber quality, and net returns were compared in UNR bromoxynil-resistant, glyphosate-resistant, and nontransgenic cotton. Weeds included broadleaf signalgrass, carpetweed, common cocklebur, common lambsquarters, common ragweed, goosegrass, jimsonweed, large crabgrass, Palmer amaranth, pitted morningglory, prickly sida, sicklepod, smooth pigweed, and tall morningglory. Pendimethalin preplant incorporated (PPI) in conventional-tillage or preemergence (PRE) in no-till systems plus fluometuron PRE did not adequately control many of these weeds. Pyrithiobac plus MSMA early postemergence (POST) often was more effective than pyrithiobac alone. Pendimethalin plus fluometuron at planting followed by pyrithiobac plus MSMA early POST controlled sicklepod 82%, goosegrass 89%, Palmer amaranth 92%, and the other species at least 95% late season. Pyrithiobac at mid-POST did not improve control. Bromoxynil plus MSMA early POST was more effective than bromoxynil alone only on sicklepod. Pendimethalin plus fluometuron at planting followed by bromoxynil plus MSMA early POST controlled sicklepod 62%, Palmer amaranth 81%, goosegrass 83%, and all other species at least 95%. Glyphosate early POST did not adequately control many species due to sustained weed emergence. Glyphosate early POST followed by glyphosate late POST (after last effective bloom date) controlled all species except pitted morningglory and tall morningglory at least 93%. Pendimethalin plus fluometuron followed by glyphosate early POST was the most effective glyphosate system overall, and it controlled sicklepod 88%, pitted morningglory 90%, and other species at least 93%. Glyphosate late POST did not increase control in systems with pendimethalin plus fluometuron at planting followed by glyphosate early POST. Yields and net returns were similar with all herbicide/cultivar systems at two of five locations. At other locations, yields and net returns were similar with systems of pendimethalin plus fluometuron at planting followed by pyrithiobac plus MSMA early POST, pendimethalin plus fluometuron followed by bromoxynil plus MSMA early POST, and glyphosate early POST. Greatest yields and net returns were obtained with pendimethalin plus fluometuron at planting followed by glyphosate early POST. Herbicide systems did not affect fiber quality. Nomenclature: Bromoxynil, 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile; fluometuron, N,N-dimethyl-N′-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]urea; glyphosate, N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine; MSMA, monosodium methanearsonate; pendimethalin, N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine; pyrithiobac, 2-chloro-6-[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)thio]benzoic acid; broadleaf signalgrass, Brachiaria platyphylla (Griseb.) Nash #3 BRAPP; carpetweed, Mollugo verticillata L. # MOLVE; common cocklebur, Xanthium strumarium L. # XANST; common lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L. # CHEAL; common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. # AMBEL; goosegrass, Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. # ELEIN; jimsonweed, Datura stramonium L. # DATST; large crabgrass, Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. # DIGSA; Palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. # AMAPA; pitted morningglory, Ipomoea lacunosa L. # IPOLA; prickly sida, Sida spinosa L. # SIDSP; sicklepod, Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin and Barneby # CASOB; smooth pigweed, Amaranthus hybridus L. # AMACH; tall morningglory, Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth # PHBPU; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Deltapine 51,’ ‘Paymaster 1220RR,’ ‘Stoneville BXN 47.’ Additional index words: Bromoxynil-resistant cotton, cotton yield, fiber quality, glyphosate-resistant cotton, transgenic herbicide-resistant cotton. Abbreviations: POST, postemergence; PPI, preplant incorporated; PRE, preemergence; UNR, ultra narrow row; WAP, weeks after planting.}, number={1}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Culpepper, AS and York, AC}, year={2000}, pages={19–29} }
 @article{culpepper_york_jordan_corbin_sheldon_1999, title={Basis for antagonism in mixtures of bromoxynil plus quizalofop-P applied to yellow foxtail (Setaria glauca)}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1017/s0890037x00046121}, abstractNote={Antagonism of quizalofop-P efficacy on annual grasses by bromoxynil has been noted in both the field and greenhouse. Laboratory experiments were conducted on yellow foxtail (Setaria glauca) to determine the effect of mixing bromoxynil with the ethyl ester of quizalofop-P on absorption, translocation, and metabolism of14C-quizalofop-P Applying bromoxynil in mixture with quizalofop-P reduced14C-label absorption from 63 to 51%, 73 to 52%, 77 to 68%, and 90 to 80% at 4, 8, 24, and 96 h after treatment, respectively. Translocation of14C-label from the treated leaf into the shoot above or shoot below was unaffected by bromoxynil. However, translocation into the roots was reduced from 0.9 to 0.4% and 1.0 to 0.5% at 4 and 8 h after treatment, respectively, but differences were not noted at 0.5, 1, 24, and 96 h after treatment. Bromoxynil increased deesterification of quizalofop-P-ethyl into quizalofop-P acid from 45 to 60% in the shoot above the treated leaf. However, bromoxynil did not affect metabolism of quizalofop-P in the treated leaf or shoot below the treated leaf. These results suggest that antagonism of quizalofop-P activity by bromoxynil is primarily due to decreased absorption of quizalofop-P, whereas effects on translocation and metabolism were minor.}, number={3}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Culpepper, AS and York, AC and Jordan, DL and Corbin, FT and Sheldon, YS}, year={1999}, pages={515–519} }
 @article{jennings_culpepper_york_1999, title={Cotton response to temperature and pyrithiobac}, volume={3}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Cotton Science}, author={Jennings, K. M. and Culpepper, A. S. and York, A. C.}, year={1999}, pages={132–138} }
 @article{york_culpepper_1999, title={Economics of weed management systems in BXN, roundup ready, and conventional cotton}, volume={1}, number={1999}, journal={Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Proceedings}, author={York, A. C. and Culpepper, A. S.}, year={1999}, pages={744–745} }
 @article{culpepper_jordan_york_corbin_sheldon_1999, title={Influence of adjuvants and bromoxynil on absorption of clethodim}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1017/s0890037x00046169}, abstractNote={The effect of nonionic surfactant, crop oil concentrate, organosilicone surfactant, methylated seed oil, and a blend of organosilicone surfactant and methylated seed oil on absorption of14C-clethodim was evaluated in barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli). Absorption of14C-label was greatest during the first 40 min after application when14C-clethodim was applied with methylated seed oil or a blend of methylated seed oil and organosilicone surfactant. These adjuvants increased the rate of absorption more than crop oil concentrate, organosilicone surfactant, or nonionic surfactant. Crop oil concentrate was more effective than organosilicone or nonionic surfactant in increasing absorption, with nonionic surfactant being more effective than organosilicone surfactant. These results generally agreed with the order of increasing efficacy of clethodim on barnyardgrass as affected by adjuvants in field experiments. Another study was conducted to determine the effect of bromoxynil on absorption and translocation of14C-clethodim in yellow foxtail (Setaria glauca). Bromoxynil reduced absorption of14C–clethodim 4, 8, and 24 h after application and also reduced the amount of14C-label translocated from the treated leaf. These data suggest that antagonism of clethodim control of yellow foxtail by bromoxynil observed in previous research can be attributed partially to decreased absorption and translocation of clethodim.}, number={3}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Culpepper, AS and Jordan, DL and York, AC and Corbin, FT and Sheldon, Y}, year={1999}, pages={536–541} }
 @article{culpepper_york_brownie_1999, title={Influence of bromoxynil on annual grass control by graminicides}, volume={47}, number={1}, journal={Weed Science}, author={Culpepper, A. S. and York, A. C. and Brownie, C.}, year={1999}, pages={123–128} }
 @article{culpepper_york_1999, title={Weed management and net returns with transgenic, herbicide-resistant, and nontransgenic cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1017/s0890037x00041956}, abstractNote={Weed management systems were compared in bromoxynil-resistant, glyphosate-resistant, and nontransgenic cotton. A standard system of pendimethalin preplant incorporated (PPI), fluometuron preemergence (PRE), fluometuron plus MSMA early postemergence-directed (POST-DIR), and cyanazine plus MSMA late POST-DIR in combination with cultivation controlled broadleaf signalgrass, large crabgrass, common lambsquarters, jimsonweed, pitted morningglory, prickly sida, sicklepod, and smooth pigweed 98 to 100% late season. Weed control, cotton yield, and net returns were similar when pyrithiobac or bromoxynil plus MSMA postemergence (POST) replaced fluometuron plus MSMA POST-DIR. Fluometuron PRE had little to no effect in bromoxynil systems. Glyphosate POST to three- to four-leaf-stage cotton followed by cyanazine plus MSMA late POST-DIR and cultivation controlled weeds 96 to 100%. Glyphosate POST followed by glyphosate POST-DIR and cultivation controlled pitted morningglory and large crabgrass 89 to 90% and other species at least 94%. Yields and net returns at one location were similar for glyphosate applied twice or glyphosate POST followed by cyanazine plus MSMA POST-DIR and the standard system. Pendimethalin plus fluometuron in glyphosate systems did not increase yield or net returns. At a location severely infested with large crabgrass, pendimethalin plus fluometuron in glyphosate systems increased yield 37 to 44% and net returns 85 to 108%, respectively, when glyphosate was applied to cotton at the three-to four-leaf stage, but not if glyphosate was applied to cotton at the one-leaf stage. Yield and net returns were similar when bromoxynil-resistant, glyphosate-resistant, and nontransgenic cotton were treated using the standard system.}, number={2}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Culpepper, AS and York, AC}, year={1999}, pages={411–420} }
 @article{culpepper_york_1999, title={Weed management in glufosinate-resistant corn (Zea mays)}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1017/s0890037x00041816}, abstractNote={An experiment was conducted at five locations in North Carolina to compare management systems utilizing glufosinate applied postemergence (POST) in glufosinate-resistant corn with standard systems of metolachlor plus atrazine preemergence (PRE) or nicosulfuron plus atrazine POST Glufosinate alone and both standard systems controlled common ragweed and prickly sida at least 98%, whereas sicklepod control was < 20% late in the season. Late-season control of common lambsquarters, smooth pigweed, pitted morningglory, and tall morningglory was generally less with glufosinate alone than with the standard systems. However, late-season control of common lambsquarters, smooth pigweed, pitted morningglory, tall morningglory, and sicklepod by mixtures of glufosinate plus atrazine was at least 99, 100, 89, 93, and 81%, respectively, and was equal to or greater than control by either standard. Broadleaf signalgrass, large crabgrass, and fall panicum were controlled similarly by glufosinate and the standards. Goosegrass control by glufosinate was similar to control by nicosulfuron plus atrazine, but it was less than control by metolachlor plus atrazine. Metolachlor applied PRE or atrazine mixed with glufosinate increased goosegrass control to that achieved with metolachlor plus atrazine. Mixing atrazine with glufosinate did not affect fall panicum control, but metolachlor PRE followed by glufosinate controlled fall panicum as well as the standards. Cultivation or ametryn applied at layby increased control when PRE or POST herbicides alone controlled weeds less than about 90%. Ametryn was generally more effective than cultivation. Glufosinate POST followed by ametryn at layby controlled sicklepod > 90% and other species > 95% late in the season. Corn yield and net returns were similar in the glufosinate and standard systems.}, number={2}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Culpepper, AS and York, AC}, year={1999}, pages={324–333} }
 @article{culpepper_york_1999, title={Weed management in ultra narrow row cotton in North Carolina}, volume={1}, number={1999}, journal={Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Proceedings}, author={Culpepper, A. S. and York, A. C.}, year={1999}, pages={740–741} }
 @article{gimenez_york_wilcut_batts_1998, title={Annual grass control by glyphosate plus bentazon, chlorimuron, fomesafen, or imazethapyr mixtures}, volume={12}, ISSN={["0890-037X"]}, DOI={10.1017/s0890037x0004269x}, abstractNote={The isopropylamine salt of glyphosate at 420, 560, and 840 g ae/ha applied alone or mixed with the sodium salt of bentazon at 840 g ai/ha, chlorimuron at 9 g ai/ha, the sodium salt of fomesafen at 350 g ai/ha, or the ammonium salt of imazethapyr at 70 g ae/ha was evaluated for control of large crabgrass and broadleaf signalgrass. Neither grass was controlled by bentazon, fomesafen, or chlorimuron. Imazethapyr controlled large crabgrass and broadleaf signalgrass 30 and 72%, respectively, 3 weeks after treatment (WAT). Glyphosate at all rates controlled both grasses 100%. Control 3 WAT was unaffected by mixing bentazon, chlorimuron, fomesafen, or imazethapyr with glyphosate. Broadleaf signalgrass control 1 WAT was reduced 4 to 15% by mixing bentazon with glyphosate.}, number={1}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Gimenez, AE and York, AC and Wilcut, JW and Batts, RB}, year={1998}, pages={134–136} }
 @article{culpepper_york_jennings_batts_1998, title={Interaction of bromoxynil and postemergence graminicides on large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis)}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1017/s0890037x00044304}, abstractNote={The effect of bromoxynil on large crabgrass control by clethodim, sethoxydim, fluazifop-P, fluazifop-P plus fenoxaprop-P, and quizalofop-P was evaluated in 1996 and 1997 in bromoxynil-tolerant cotton and in fallow areas. Bromoxynil at 560 g ai/ha reduced large crabgrass control 4 weeks after treatment (WAT) when mixed with labeled rates of fluazifop-P, fluazifop-P plus fenoxaprop-P, or quizalofop-P. Control 9 WAT was reduced when bromoxynil was mixed with any of the graminicides. Antagonism with the mixtures was greatest with quizalofop-P, intermediate with fluazifop-P plus fenoxaprop-P and fluazifop-P, and least with clethodim and sethoxydim. Increasing the graminicide rate 50% in mixtures with bromoxynil alleviated antagonism only for clethodim. No antagonism was noted 9 WAT when bromoxynil was applied 3 d before or 3 d after application of clethodim or sethoxydim or when bromoxynil was applied 3 d after fluazifop-P plus fenoxaprop-P. Antagonism was observed when bromoxynil was applied 3 d before fluazifop-P plus fenoxaprop-P or when applied 3 d before or 3 d after fluazifop-P and quizalofop-P. Regardless of bromoxynil application, greatest yields were obtained from cotton treated with clethodim or sethoxydim. Bromoxynil applied 3 d before or 3 d after clethodim, sethoxydim, or fluazifop-P plus fenoxaprop-P did not reduce yield. Yield was reduced when bromoxynil was applied 3 d before or 3 d after application of fluazifop-P or quizalofop-P and when bromoxynil was mixed with any graminicide.}, number={3}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Culpepper, AS and York, AC and Jennings, KM and Batts, RB}, year={1998}, pages={554–559} }
 @article{edmisten_york_culpepper_stewart_maitland_1998, title={Optimizing production workshop--ultra narrow row cotton for the Southeast}, volume={1}, number={1998}, journal={Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Proceedings}, author={Edmisten, K. L. and York, A. C. and Culpepper, A. S. and Stewart, A. M. and Maitland, J.}, year={1998}, pages={84} }
 @article{batts_york_yelverton_bradley_1998, title={Potential for cotoran carryover to flue-cured tobacco}, volume={1}, number={1998}, journal={Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Proceedings}, author={Batts, R. B. and York, A. C. and Yelverton, F. H. and Bradley, A. L.}, year={1998}, pages={873} }
 @article{jennings_york_culpepper_batts_1998, title={Staple/MSMA combinations for sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia) control in cotton}, volume={1}, number={1998}, journal={Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Proceedings}, author={Jennings, K. M. and York, A. C. and Culpepper, A. S. and Batts, R. B.}, year={1998}, pages={843–844} }
 @article{wade_york_morey_padmore_rudo_1998, title={The impact of pesticide use on groundwater in North Carolina}, volume={27}, ISSN={["0047-2425"]}, DOI={10.2134/jeq1998.00472425002700050006x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY}, author={Wade, HF and York, AC and Morey, AE and Padmore, JM and Rudo, KM}, year={1998}, pages={1018–1026} }
 @article{culpepper_york_1998, title={Weed management in glyphosate-tolerant cotton}, volume={2}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Cotton Science}, author={Culpepper, A. S. and York, A. C.}, year={1998}, pages={174–185} }
 @article{york_1997, title={Crop protection. III. Weeds. New herbicides will help cotton growers remain competitive}, volume={1}, number={1997}, journal={Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Proceedings}, author={York, A. C.}, year={1997}, pages={15–16} }
 @article{york_1997, title={Impact of herbicide-tolerant germplasm on production and management of row crops}, volume={51}, number={1997}, journal={Proceedings of the ... Annual Meeting of the Northeastern Weed}, author={York, A. C.}, year={1997}, pages={149–153} }
 @article{jordan_york_griffin_clay_vidrine_reynolds_1997, title={Influence of application variables on efficacy of glyphosate}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1017/s0890037x00043062}, abstractNote={Field experiments were conducted from 1993 to 1995 to compare weed control by the isopropylamine salt of glyphosate at 0.21, 0.42, 0.63, and 0.84 kg ae/ha applied at three stages of weed growth. Weed control by glyphosate applied at these rates alone or with ammonium sulfate at 2.8 kg/ha was also evaluated. In other experiments, potential interactions between glyphosate and acifluorfen, chlorimuron, and 2,4-DB were evaluated. Velvetleaf, prickly sida, sicklepod, pitted morningglory, entireleaf morningglory, palmleaf morningglory, and hemp sesbania were controlled more easily when weeds had one to three leaves compared with control when weeds had four or more leaves. Glyphosate controlled redroot pigweed, velvetleaf, prickly sida, sicklepod, and barnyardgrass more effectively than pitted morningglory, entireleaf morningglory, palmleaf morningglory, or hemp sesbania. Increasing the rate of glyphosate increased control, especially when glyphosate was applied to larger weeds. Greater variation in control was noted for pitted morningglory, palmleaf morningglory, prickly sida, and velvetleaf than for redroot pigweed, sicklepod, entireleaf morningglory, or hemp sesbania. Ammonium sulfate increased prickly sida and entireleaf morningglory control but did not influence sicklepod, hemp sesbania, or barnyardgrass control. Acifluorfen applied 3 d before glyphosate or in a mixture with glyphosate reduced barnyardgrass control compared with glyphosate applied alone. Chlorimuron did not reduce efficacy. Mixtures of glyphosate and 2,4-DB controlled sicklepod, entireleaf morningglory, and barnyardgrass similar to glyphosate alone.}, number={2}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Jordan, DL and York, AC and Griffin, JL and Clay, PA and Vidrine, PR and Reynolds, DB}, year={1997}, pages={354–362} }
 @article{jennings_york_batts_culpepper_1997, title={Sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia) and entireleaf morningglory (Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula) management in soybean (Glycine max) with flumetsulam}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1017/s0890037x00042883}, abstractNote={Systems consisting of flumetsulam, metribuzin plus chlorimuron, or imazaquin applied PPI with trifluralin or PRE with metolachlor were compared with and without chlorimuron POST for control of sicklepod and entireleaf morningglory in narrow-row soybean at four locations. Control of sicklepod and entireleaf morningglory by soil-applied herbicides was generally inadequate. Control of sicklepod by flumetsulam exceeded control by metribuzin plus chlorimuron or imazaquin at one location. Entireleaf morningglory control by flumetsulam was similar to or less than control by metribuzin plus chlorimuron or imazaquin. Chlorimuron POST was a more important component of management systems for these weeds than was flumetsulam, metribuzin plus chlorimuron, or imazaquin PPI or PRE. Pooled over soil-applied herbicides, chlorimuron POST increased late-season control of sicklepod and entireleaf morningglory 25 to 61% and 22 to 54%, respectively; increased soybean yield 20 to 55%; decreased foreign matter contamination 5 to 13%; and increased net returns $34 to $185/ha. When used in conjunction with chlorimuron POST, flumetsulam, metribuzin plus chlorimuron, and imazaquin applied PPI with trifluralin or PRE with metolachlor increased late-season control of sicklepod and entireleaf morningglory only when control by trifluralin or metolachlor followed by chlorimuron POST was less than 66 and 77%, respectively.}, number={2}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Jennings, KM and York, AC and Batts, RB and Culpepper, AS}, year={1997}, pages={227–234} }
 @article{culpepper_york_batts_jennings_1997, title={Sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia) management in an ALS-modified soybean (Glycine max)}, volume={11}, DOI={10.1017/s0890037x0004152x}, abstractNote={Herbicide systems consisting of PRE, early POST, and late POST options arranged factorially were compared for control of sicklepod in narrow-row soybean with modified acetolactate synthase (ALS) (E.C.4.1.3.18). Other weeds present included common cocklebur and mixed infestations of entireleaf, ivyleaf, pitted, and tall morningglories. PRE options were alachlor or alachlor plus metribuzin plus chlorimuron. Early POST options included chlorimuron, chlorimuron plus thifensulfuron, and no herbicide applied 3 wk after planting. Late POST options were chlorimuron and no herbicide applied 5 wk after planting. POST herbicides were more effective than PRE herbicides on all weeds. Chlorimuron and chlorimuron plus thifensulfuron applied early POST were equally effective on these weeds and usually more effective than chlorimuron applied late POST. There was no advantage of two POST applications compared with a single early POST application. Greatest net returns were obtained in systems using only early POST herbicides. There was no economic advantage from using metribuzin plus chlorimuron PRE in systems that included an early POST herbicide.}, number={1}, journal={Weed Technology}, author={Culpepper, A. S. and York, A. C. and Batts, R. B. and Jennings, Katherine}, year={1997}, pages={164–170} }
 @article{batts_york_1997, title={Weed management in no-till cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) with thiazopyr}, volume={11}, ISSN={["0890-037X"]}, DOI={10.1017/s0890037x00045450}, abstractNote={Thiazopyr at 0.14, 0.28, and 0.42 kg ai/ha and pendimethalin at 1.1 kg ai/ha applied preemergence (PRE) were compared as components in weed management systems for no-till cotton. Mid- and late-season control of mixtures of large crabgrass, goosegrass, and fall panicum by thiazopyr at 0.28 kg/ha was 89 to 97% and 11 to 50%, respectively, compared with 11 to 38% midseason and 0 to 5% late-season control by pendimethalin. Thiazopyr at 0.42 kg/ha and pendimethalin controlled broadleaf signalgrass 44 and 0%, respectively, late in the season. Adding fluometuron PRE at 1.7 kg ai/ha had little to no effect on large crabgrass, goosegrass, and fall panicum control but increased broadleaf signalgrass control 47 to 79 percentage points compared with thiazopyr or pendimethalin alone. Late-season control of annual grasses by thiazopyr or pendimethalin plus fluometuron PRE followed by methazole plus MSMA early postemergence (POST)-directed and cyanazine plus MSMA late POST-directed was at least 95% at two locations and 80% at the third location. Common lambsquarters was controlled 54 and 95% in systems without and with fluometuron PRE, respectively. Acceptable control of ivyleaf, pitted, and tall morningglories at all locations and smooth pigweed at two of three locations was achieved only in systems with POST-directed herbicides. Adding POST-directed herbicides to systems with thiazopyr or pendimethalin plus fluometuron PRE increased cotton yield at two of three locations. Treatments had no effect on fiber quality.}, number={3}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Batts, RB and York, AC}, year={1997}, pages={580–585} }
 @article{culpepper_york_1997, title={Weed management in no-tillage bromoxynil-tolerant cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)}, volume={11}, ISSN={["0890-037X"]}, DOI={10.1017/s0890037x00043049}, abstractNote={An experiment was conducted at four locations in North Carolina during 1994 and 1995 to evaluate weed control, cotton yield, fiber quality, and net returns in no-tillage bromoxynil-tolerant cotton. The experiment focused on using bromoxynil or pyrithiobac sodium applied early POST over-the-top as alternatives to fluometuron plus MSMA applied early POST directed. Fluometuron plus MSMA was more effective than bromoxynil or pyrithiobac sodium on tall morningglory, large crabgrass, goosegrass, and broadleaf signalgrass. Bromoxynil and fluometuron plus MSMA were similarly effective on common lambsquarters, common ragweed, and eclipta and more effective than pyrithiobac sodium. Pyrithiobac sodium and fluometuron plus MSMA were similarly effective on smooth pigweed and Palmer amaranth and more effective than bromoxynil. Prickly sida control by bromoxynil and pyrithiobac sodium was equal to or greater than control by fluometuron plus MSMA. All early POST herbicides controlled pitted morningglory similarly. Regardless of the early POST herbicides used, fluometuron applied PRE and cyanazine plus MSMA applied late POST directed increased control of most weeds and increased cotton yield and net returns. Bromoxynil and pyrithiobac sodium effectively substituted for fluometuron plus MSMA only in systems that included fluometuron applied PRE and cyanazine plus MSMA applied late POST directed. Effects of herbicide systems on cotton fiber quality were minor.}, number={2}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Culpepper, AS and York, AC}, year={1997}, pages={335–345} }