@article{lindsay_graves_shannon_2016, title={Fully coupled simulation of the plasma liquid interface and interfacial coefficient effects}, volume={49}, ISSN={0022-3727 1361-6463}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/49/23/235204}, DOI={10.1088/0022-3727/49/23/235204}, abstractNote={There is a growing interest in the study of coupled plasma-liquid systems because of their applications to biomedicine, biological and chemical disinfection, agriculture, and other areas. Optimizing these applications requires a fundamental understanding of the coupling between phases. Though much progress has been made in this regard, there is still more to be done. One area that requires more research is the transport of electrons across the plasma-liquid interface. Some pioneering works (Rumbach et al 2015 Nat. Commun. 6, Rumbach et al 2015 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 48 424001) have begun revealing the near-surface liquid characteristics of electrons. However, there has been little work to determine the near-surface gas phase electron characteristics. Without an understanding of the near-surface gas dynamics, modellers are left to make assumptions about the interfacial conditions. For instance it is commonly assumed that the surface loss or sticking coefficient of gas-phase electrons at the interface is equal to 1. In this work we explore the consequences of this assumption and introduce a couple of ways to think about the electron interfacial condition. In one set of simulations we impose a kinetic condition with varying surface loss coefficient on the gas phase interfacial electrons. In a second set of simulations we introduce a Henry’s law like condition at the interface in which the gas-phase electron concentration is assumed to be in thermodynamic equilibrium with the liquid-phase electron concentration. It is shown that for a range of electron Henry coefficients spanning a range of known hydrophilic specie Henry coefficients, the gas phase electron density in the anode can vary by orders of magnitude. Varying reflection of electrons by the interface also has consequences for the electron energy profile; increasing reflection may lead to increasing thermalization of electrons depending on choices about the electron energy boundary condition. This variation in anode electron density and energy as a function of the interface characteristics could also lead to significant variation in near-surface gas chemistries when such reactions are included in the model; this could very well in turn affect the reactive species impinging on the liquid surface. We draw the conclusion that in order to make more confident model predictions about plasma-liquid systems, finer scale simulations and/or new experimental techniques must be used to elucidate the near-surface gas phase electron dynamics.}, number={23}, journal={Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics}, publisher={IOP Publishing}, author={Lindsay, Alexander D and Graves, David B and Shannon, Steven C}, year={2016}, month={May}, pages={235204} }
 @article{anderson_cha_lindsay_clark_graves_2016, title={The role of interfacial reactions in determining plasma-liquid chemistry}, volume={36}, number={6}, journal={Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing}, author={Anderson, C. E. and Cha, N. R. and Lindsay, A. D. and Clark, D. S. and Graves, D. B.}, year={2016}, pages={1393–1415} }
 @article{lindsay_anderson_slikboer_shannon_graves_2015, title={Momentum, heat, and neutral mass transport in convective atmospheric pressure plasma-liquid systems and implications for aqueous targets}, volume={48}, ISSN={0022-3727 1361-6463}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/48/42/424007}, DOI={10.1088/0022-3727/48/42/424007}, abstractNote={There is a growing interest in the study of plasma-liquid interactions with application to biomedicine, chemical disinfection, agriculture, and other fields. This work models the momentum, heat, and neutral species mass transfer between gas and aqueous phases in the context of a streamer discharge; the qualitative conclusions are generally applicable to plasma-liquid systems. The problem domain is discretized using the finite element method. The most interesting and relevant model result for application purposes is the steep gradients in reactive species at the interface. At the center of where the reactive gas stream impinges on the water surface, the aqueous concentrations of OH and ONOOH decrease by roughly 9 and 4 orders of magnitude respectively within 50 μ ?>m of the interface. Recognizing the limited penetration of reactive plasma species into the aqueous phase is critical to discussions about the therapeutic mechanisms for direct plasma treatment of biological solutions. Other interesting results from this study include the presence of a 10 K temperature drop in the gas boundary layer adjacent to the interface that arises from convective cooling. Though the temperature magnitudes may vary among atmospheric discharge types (different amounts of plasma-gas heating), this relative difference between gas and liquid bulk temperatures is expected to be present for any system in which convection is significant. Accounting for the resulting difference between gas and liquid bulk temperatures has a significant impact on reaction kinetics; factor of two changes in terminal aqueous species concentrations like H2O2, NO2− ?>, and NO3− ?> are observed in this study if the effect of evaporative cooling is not included.}, number={42}, journal={Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics}, publisher={IOP Publishing}, author={Lindsay, Alexander and Anderson, Carly and Slikboer, Elmar and Shannon, Steven and Graves, David}, year={2015}, month={Sep}, pages={424007} }
 @article{lindsay_byrns_king_andhvarapou_fields_knappe_fonteno_shannon_2014, title={Fertilization of Radishes, Tomatoes, and Marigolds Using a Large-Volume Atmospheric Glow Discharge}, volume={34}, ISSN={0272-4324 1572-8986}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11090-014-9573-x}, DOI={10.1007/s11090-014-9573-x}, number={6}, journal={Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Lindsay, Alex and Byrns, Brandon and King, Wesley and Andhvarapou, Asish and Fields, Jeb and Knappe, Detlef and Fonteno, William and Shannon, Steven}, year={2014}, month={Aug}, pages={1271–1290} }
 @article{reddy_lubian_pavan_kim_yang_holten_lindsey_2013, title={Synthetic bacteriochlorins with integral spiro-piperidine motifs}, volume={37}, number={4}, journal={New Journal of Chemistry}, author={Reddy, K. R. and Lubian, E. and Pavan, M. P. and Kim, H. J. and Yang, E. and Holten, D. and Lindsey, J. S.}, year={2013}, pages={1157–1173} }
 @article{byrns_wooten_lindsay_shannon_2012, title={A VHF driven coaxial atmospheric air plasma: electrical and optical characterization}, volume={45}, ISSN={0022-3727 1361-6463}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/45/19/195204}, DOI={10.1088/0022-3727/45/19/195204}, abstractNote={Abstract
               A coaxially driven VHF plasma source for atmospheric air plasmas has been built and characterized. Electrical and optical characterization of this source present a unique operating regime when compared to state of the art atmospheric systems such as dielectric barrier discharge, pulsed dc, microwave, or ac blown arc discharges. The discharge does not appear to produce streamers or arcs, but instead remains as a steady-state glow located at the end of the inner coaxial power feed. Plasma impedance was determined by comparing the loaded and unloaded impedance of the coaxial source RF input; this termination impedance was combined with a simple high-frequency global model to estimate an electron density of approximately 1011 cm−3 at 400 W delivered power in air. Optical emission characterization of the source shows a monotonic increase in emission with respect with power; the relative intensity of the peaks from excited species, however, remains constant over a power range from 300 to 600 W. This unique source geometry presents a possible pathway for high gas throughput, large area, high power density processes such as surface modification, air purification, media removal and chemical surface treatment.}, number={19}, journal={Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics}, publisher={IOP Publishing}, author={Byrns, Brandon and Wooten, Daniel and Lindsay, Alexander and Shannon, Steven}, year={2012}, month={Apr}, pages={195204} }