@article{singletary_sanchez_spencer_fogleman_chetwynd_2023, title={Immersive Videos Improve Student Self-Efficacy in Clinical Lactation}, volume={32}, ISSN={["1548-8519"]}, DOI={10.1891/JPE-2022-0013}, abstractNote={The current study examined the use of immersive technology as a way to improve access to high-quality interpersonal breastfeeding interactions in an undergraduate clinical lactation course. In particular, we investigated the impact of immersive consultation videos and related activities on student self-efficacy, motivational beliefs, and perceived skill level. Results indicate that usability was high, with participants rating videos, interactives, and activities positively. Students did report a significant increase in self-efficacy and their perceived ability to meet the course learning objectives; no significant changes in the level of interest or perceived skill were found. Our results demonstrate that high-quality immersive videos can be an important learning tool for teaching clinical skills when access to direct patient care is limited or absent.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF PERINATAL EDUCATION}, author={Singletary, Nicola and Sanchez, Rebecca and Spencer, Dan and Fogleman, April Danielle and Chetwynd, Ellen}, year={2023}, pages={162–174} }
 @article{singletary_bruce_goodell_fogleman_2022, title={A qualitative study exploring teachers' beliefs regarding breastfeeding education in family and consumer sciences classrooms}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1746-4358"]}, DOI={10.1186/s13006-022-00510-8}, abstractNote={AbstractBackgroundResearch shows that elementary and secondary school children have considered infant feeding choices for when they become parents and are interested in learning about breastfeeding in school. Despite recommendations to include infant feeding education in secondary school classrooms, teachers’ practices and attitudes regarding this topic have been the subject of minimal research. The purpose of this study was to explore North Carolina, USA, family and consumer sciences teachers’ infant feeding education practices and their views on incorporating breastfeeding education in the curricula of family and consumer sciences classes that cover topics related to parenting and nutrition.MethodsThe study used a purposive sample of 19 teachers who participated in semi-structured qualitative telephone interviews exploring their attitudes and practices relating to infant feeding education. We transcribed and analyzed the interviews using the constant comparative method through the lens of the Theory of Planned Behavior by examining the participants’ attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral controls.ResultsTeachers had predominantly positive attitudes towards the inclusion of breastfeeding education in high school parenting, child development, and nutrition courses, citing the need to normalize breastfeeding and support students’ ability to make informed choices when they become parents. Teachers’ subjective norms included concerns about parents’ and administrators’ views on the appropriateness of the content and apprehension about negative student responses. Perceived behavioral controls included student maturity, teachers’ own experiences and comfort with infant feeding, and the view that curriculum guidelines limit content selection.ConclusionsThe results of this study can be used in the development and implementation of secondary school education programs that increase knowledge about infant feeding and positive attitudes towards breastfeeding for all members of the community. Teachers’ concerns need to be addressed in the implementation of these programs.}, number={1}, journal={INTERNATIONAL BREASTFEEDING JOURNAL}, author={Singletary, Nicola and Bruce, Jackie and Goodell, L. Suzanne and Fogleman, April}, year={2022}, month={Sep} }
 @article{singletary_goodell_fogleman_2020, title={Exploring North Carolina Family and Consumer Sciences Teachers' Attitudes Towards Breastfeeding and Infant Feeding Education Practices}, volume={36}, ISSN={["1552-5732"]}, DOI={10.1177/0890334419867104}, abstractNote={Background The World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Kingdom Committee for UNICEF recommend that secondary schools include infant feeding education in the curriculum. However, little attention has been given to the study of educators’ views and practices regarding infant feeding education. Aims The aims of this research were to (1) explore North Carolina Family and Consumer Sciences teachers’ attitudes towards infant feeding education in secondary schools and (2) describe North Carolina Family and Consumer Sciences teachers’ infant feeding education practices. Methods Researchers conducted interviews ( N = 19) and a survey ( N = 137) using a sequential mixed methods design. The constant comparative method was used to analyze interview transcripts. Subsequently, a 33-item survey was developed to assess teachers’ attitudes and practices, and this survey was tested for validity and reliability. Results The majority of participants supported including infant feeding ( n = 119, 86.9%) and breastfeeding ( n = 116, 84.7%) education in high school. Approximately half of the participants supported including infant feeding ( n = 71, 51.9%) and breastfeeding ( n = 64, 46.7%) education in middle school. Participants reported that they taught infant feeding at both levels; topics taught included complementary foods, patterns of infant feeding, and the safe preparation of infant formula. Breastfeeding content was covered primarily in the high school Parenting and Child Development course. Conclusions North Carolina Family and Consumer Sciences teachers have positive attitudes towards teaching about breastfeeding at the secondary school level. Content about infant nutrition and breastfeeding is currently included in courses that cover child development and human nutrition. }, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF HUMAN LACTATION}, author={Singletary, Nicola and Goodell, L. Suzanne and Fogleman, April}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={766–775} }
 @article{perrin_fogleman_davis_wimer_vogel_palmquist_2018, title={A pilot study on nutrients, antimicrobial proteins, and bacteria in commerce-free models for exchanging expressed human milk in the USA}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1740-8709"]}, DOI={10.1111/mcn.12566}, abstractNote={AbstractExpressed human milk can be donated or sold through a variety of channels, including human milk banks, corporations or individuals, or peer‐to‐peer milk sharing. There is a paucity of research regarding the nutrient and bioactive profiles of expressed human milk exchanged through commerce‐free scenarios, including peer‐to‐peer milk sharing. The study objective was to evaluate the macronutrient, antimicrobial protein, and bacteria composition in expressed human milk acquired via commerce‐free arrangements. Expressed human milk samples were collected from the following commerce‐free scenarios: milk expressed for a mother's or parent's own infant (MOM; N = 30); unpasteurized milk donated to a non‐profit milk bank (BANKED; N = 30); milk expressed for peer‐to‐peer milk sharing (SHARED; N = 31); and health professional‐facilitated milk sharing where donors are serologically screened and milk is dispensed raw (SCREENED; N = 30). Analyses were conducted for total protein, lactose, percent fat and water, lysozyme activity, immunoglobulin A (IgA) activity, total aerobic bacteria, coliform, and Staphylococcus aureus. No bacterial growth was observed in 52/121 samples, and 15/121 had growth greater than 5.0 log colony‐forming units/mL. There was no evidence of differences by groups (p > .05) in lactose, fat, water, lysozyme activity, sIgA activity, aerobic bacteria, coliforms, and S. aureus. Mean protein values (95% confidence interval) were 1.5 g/dL (1.4, 1.6) for BANKED, 1.4 g/dL (1.3, 1.5) for MOM, 1.6 g/dL (1.5, 1.7) for SCREENED, and 1.5 g/dL (1.4, 1.6) for SHARED, which was not significantly different (p = .081). This research contributes to growing literature on the risks and benefits of uncompensated, peer‐to‐peer milk sharing.}, journal={MATERNAL AND CHILD NUTRITION}, author={Perrin, Maryanne T. and Fogleman, April D. and Davis, Destiny D. and Wimer, Courtney H. and Vogel, Kenneth G. and Palmquist, Aunchalee E. L.}, year={2018}, month={Dec} }
 @article{singletary_goodell_fogleman_2018, title={North Carolina Family and Consumer Sciences Teachers' Infant Feeding Education Practices and Attitudes: A Mixed Methods Study}, volume={50}, ISSN={1499-4046}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.JNEB.2018.04.206}, DOI={10.1016/J.JNEB.2018.04.206}, abstractNote={Background (Background, Rationale, Prior Research, and/or Theory): Despite recommendations by the World Health Organization and UNICEF UK to include infant feeding education in secondary school classrooms, the views and practices of educators regarding this topic have been studied minimally. Objective: To explore North Carolina (NC) family and consumer sciences (FCS) teachers' infant feeding education practices and attitudes. Study Design, Setting, Participants, Intervention: Using a sequential mixed methods design, researchers conducted interviews and a statewide survey with current NC FCS teachers. The qualitative phase consisted of a purposive sample of 19 teachers. The survey was completed by a convenience sample of 137 teachers. Outcome Measures and Analysis: Semi-structured telephone interviews explored teachers' current infant feeding education practices and their views on incorporating breastfeeding education in FCS classrooms. Transcripts were analyzed using the constant comparative method. Researchers developed a valid and reliable 33-item survey to assess FCS teacher attitudes and practices. Descriptive statistics were conducted for all measures using SPSS. Results: The majority of NC FCS teachers are supportive of including infant feeding (86.9%) and breastfeeding (84.7%) education in high school. Approximately half agreed with including infant feeding (51.9%) and breastfeeding (46.7%) content in middle school. Teachers reported teaching about infant feeding in both middle and high school, with breastfeeding content primarily covered in Parenting and Child Development. Topics most frequently taught in other courses focused on the introduction of solid foods and spoon feeding, infant feeding patterns, food allergies, and safe formula preparation and storage. Conclusions and Implications: NC FCS teachers are open to teaching about breastfeeding and human lactation at the secondary school level in courses that cover infant development, life cycle nutrition, and childcare. Including information about infant feeding and breastfeeding in schools would improve knowledge of evidenced-based infant feeding recommendations and facilitate a society that is more accepting and supportive of breastfeeding. Funding: Triangle Breastfeeding Alliance.}, number={7}, journal={Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Singletary, Nicola and Goodell, L. Suzanne and Fogleman, April}, year={2018}, month={Jul}, pages={S162–S163} }
 @article{lima_vogel_wagner-gillespie_wimer_dean_fogleman_2018, title={Nutritional Comparison of Raw, Holder Pasteurized, and Shelf-stable Human Milk Products}, volume={67}, ISSN={["1536-4801"]}, DOI={10.1097/MPG.0000000000002094}, abstractNote={ABSTRACTObjective:We aim to assess the nutritional composition of shelf‐stable (SS) human milk and compare the nutritional profile to Holder pasteurized (HP) and raw human milk from the same pool.Methods:Milk samples from 60 mothers were pooled. From this pool, 36 samples were taken; 12 samples were kept raw, 12 samples were HP, and 12 samples were retort processed to create an SS product. Samples were analyzed for percent fat, percent solids, total protein, lactose, amino acids, and thiamine.Results:Percent fat, percent solids, and lactose were similar between raw, HP, and SS samples. Total protein was statistically increased in SS samples when compared to raw (P = 0.005) and HP (P < 0.001) samples, but protein differences were not clinically relevant (raw = 15.1 mg/mL, HP = 14.8 mg/mL, and SS = 15.8 mg/mL). Lysine was the only amino acid impacted by processing, and its destruction increased as heat increased (raw = 0.85 mg/100 mL, HP = 0.77 mg/100 mL, SS = 0.68 mg/100 mL). Total thiamine was significantly decreased in SS samples (0.14 mg/L; P < 0.01) when compared with raw samples (0.24 mg/L) and HP samples (0.26 mg/L).Conclusions:Macronutrient content is relatively unaffected by processing; Holder pasteurization and retort processing maintain similar fat, lactose, and total protein levels. Lysine and thiamine were significantly decreased by retort processing, but not by Holder pasteurization. Thiamine losses are clinically significant, and fortification may be necessary if SS donor milk is a long‐term feeding choice.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC GASTROENTEROLOGY AND NUTRITION}, author={Lima, Hope and Vogel, Kenneth and Wagner-Gillespie, Montana and Wimer, Courtney and Dean, Lisa and Fogleman, April}, year={2018}, month={Nov}, pages={649–653} }
 @article{lima_wagner-gillespie_perrin_fogleman_2017, title={Bacteria and Bioactivity in Holder Pasteurized and Shelf-Stable Human Milk Products}, volume={1}, ISSN={["2475-2991"]}, DOI={10.3945/cdn.117.001438}, abstractNote={Abstract Background: Historically, Holder pasteurization has been used to pasteurize donor human milk available in a hospital setting. There is extensive research that provides an overview of the impact of Holder pasteurization on bioactive components of human milk. A shelf-stable (SS) human milk product, created using retort processing, recently became available; however, to our knowledge, little has been published about the effect of retort processing on human milk. Objective: We aimed to assess the ability of retort processing to eliminate bacteria and to quantify the difference in lysozyme and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) activity between Holder pasteurized (HP) and SS human milk. Methods: Milk samples from 60 mothers were pooled. From this pool, 36 samples were taken: 12 samples were kept raw, 12 samples were HP, and 12 samples were retort processed to create an SS product. All samples were analyzed for total aerobic bacteria, coliform bacteria, Bacillus cereus, sIgA activity, and lysozyme activity. Raw samples served as the control. Results: One raw sample and 3 HP samples contained B. cereus at the time of culture. There were no detectable bacteria in SS samples at the time of culture. Raw samples had significantly greater lysozyme and sIgA activity than HP and SS samples (P < 0.0001). HP samples retained significantly more lysozyme and sIgA activity (54% and 87%, respectively) than SS samples (0% and 11%, respectively). Conclusions: Human milk processed using Holder pasteurization should continue to be screened for the presence of B. cereus. Clinicians should be aware of the differences in the retention of lysozyme and sIgA activity in HP and SS products when making feeding decisions for medically fragile or immunocompromised infants to ensure that patients are receiving the maximum immune protection.}, number={8}, journal={CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS IN NUTRITION}, author={Lima, Hope K. and Wagner-Gillespie, Montana and Perrin, Maryanne T. and Fogleman, April D.}, year={2017}, month={Aug} }
 @article{ruark_koenning_davis_opperman_lommel_mitchum_sit_2017, title={Incidence and titer of viral infections within soybean cyst nematode culture collections and field populations}, volume={107}, number={1}, journal={Phytopathology}, author={Ruark, C. and Koenning, S. and Davis, E. and Opperman, C. and Lommel, S. and Mitchum, M. G. and Sit, T.}, year={2017}, pages={7–7} }
 @article{perrin_goodell_fogleman_pettus_bodenheimer_palmquist_2016, title={Expanding the Supply of Pasteurized Donor Milk: Understanding Why Peer-to-Peer Milk Sharers in the United States Do Not Donate to Milk Banks}, volume={32}, ISSN={["1552-5732"]}, DOI={10.1177/0890334415627024}, abstractNote={Background: Lactating women in the United States have several options for what they do with excess breast milk, including donating to milk banks that serve medically fragile infants, sharing directly with families seeking milk, and selling to individuals or for-profit entities. The World Health Organization and the US Surgeon General have issued calls to increase access to pasteurized donor milk for medically fragile infants. Objective: To explore how lactating women with a surplus of breast milk come to the decision to share their milk with a peer rather than donate to a milk bank. Methods: A qualitative design using a grounded theory approach was employed. Semistructured telephone interviews were conducted with 27 women who had shared milk with a peer but not with a milk bank. Results: Five dominant themes were identified: a strong belief in the value of breast milk, unexpected versus planned donation, sources of information regarding milk exchange, concerns and knowledge gaps about milk banks, and helping and connecting. Conclusions: This research offers insights into potential strategies for promoting milk bank donation among peer-to-peer milk sharers, including developing donor education campaigns focused on knowledge gaps regarding milk banks and developing health care professional referral programs that can reduce barriers associated with the convenience of milk bank donation. }, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF HUMAN LACTATION}, author={Perrin, Maryanne Tigchelaar and Goodell, L. Suzanne and Fogleman, April and Pettus, Hannah and Bodenheimer, Amanda L. and Palmquist, Aunchalee E. L.}, year={2016}, month={May}, pages={229–237} }
 @misc{singletary_chetwynd_goodell_fogleman_2017, title={Stakeholder views of breastfeeding education in schools: a systematic mixed studies review of the literature}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1746-4358"]}, DOI={10.1186/s13006-017-0106-0}, abstractNote={Breastfeeding provides numerous health benefits for mothers and infants, but worldwide breastfeeding rates fall below recommendations. As part of efforts to increase breastfeeding initiation and duration, the World Health Organization and UNICEF UK recommend educational interventions to increase awareness and positive attitudes towards breastfeeding beginning during the school years. Breastfeeding education in the school setting offers the opportunity to improve the knowledge base, address misconceptions, and positively influence beliefs and attitudes for students from a wide range of socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds. The purpose of this paper is to present a comprehensive narrative review of the literature regarding student and teacher (stakeholder) views of breastfeeding and breastfeeding education programs in schools to inform future research in the area. Articles were located through a systematic search of online databases and journals using the following keywords in various combinations: (1) breastfeeding, lactation, breast-feeding, "bottle feeding", "infant feeding" (2) student, educator, teacher, "school administrator" and (3) schools, "secondary education", "primary education", "K-12", "high school", "middle school", "elementary school", education, adolescents, curriculum, and a manual search of article references. Studies were screened for inclusion against specific criteria and included papers were assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). This review suggests that adolescents have a deficit in breastfeeding knowledge and express negative conceptions about breastfeeding. Breastfeeding is being discussed in some school environments, but the extent of lessons and the specific messages that teachers communicate have not been explored. Students appear to be interested in receiving more information about breastfeeding, especially if delivered by health professionals or breastfeeding mothers. The majority of teachers are supportive of incorporating breastfeeding education in family and consumer sciences, sexual education, and health classes; however, time constraints and limited knowledge of infant feeding recommendations may be barriers to implementation of appropriate lesson plans. Students generally support and are receptive to breastfeeding education; however, research on educator attitudes, knowledge, and experiences are necessary for appropriate implementation of breastfeeding education in varying school settings around the world.}, journal={INTERNATIONAL BREASTFEEDING JOURNAL}, author={Singletary, Nicola and Chetwynd, Ellen and Goodell, L. Suzanne and Fogleman, April}, year={2017}, month={Mar} }
 @article{meng_perrin_allen_osborne_jones_fogleman_2016, title={Storage of Unfed and Leftover Pasteurized Human Milk}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1556-8342"]}, DOI={10.1089/bfm.2016.0139}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE
To determine the impact of storage on bacterial growth and immunological activity of pasteurized human milk and leftover pasteurized human milk that has been exposed to the microflora in an infant's mouth.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
Eighteen mother-infant dyads participated in two separate studies. Mother's milk was pasteurized, and each baby was fed 1 to 2 ounces. Pasteurized and leftover pasteurized milk were stored at room (24°C) and refrigerated temperatures (4°C). After storage, milk was analyzed for bacteria, total protein, lysozyme activity, and secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) activity.


RESULTS
In pasteurized and leftover pasteurized milk stored in the refrigerator for 7 days, total aerobic bacteria do not increase significantly and total protein and bioactive proteins are stable. At room temperature, there is a significant increase in total aerobic bacteria in leftover pasteurized milk during 12 hours of storage (p < 0.01) and a significant decrease in total protein and SIgA activity in pasteurized milk during 12 hours of storage (p = 0.02 and p = 0.03, respectively).


CONCLUSIONS
When stored in the refrigerator, pasteurized and leftover pasteurized milk may be stored for at least 7 days when considering the variables studied. Caution should be used when storing pasteurized and leftover pasteurized milk at room temperature to prevent an increase in bacterial growth and a decrease in total protein and SIgA activity.}, number={10}, journal={BREASTFEEDING MEDICINE}, author={Meng, Ting and Perrin, Maryanne T. and Allen, Jonathan C. and Osborne, Jason and Jones, Frances and Fogleman, April D.}, year={2016}, month={Dec}, pages={538–543} }
 @article{cooke_ash_nietfeld_fogleman_goodell_2015, title={Impact of a Service-Learning-Based Community Nutrition Course on Students’ Nutrition Teaching Self-Efficacy}, volume={47}, ISSN={1499-4046}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.JNEB.2015.04.013}, DOI={10.1016/J.JNEB.2015.04.013}, abstractNote={The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a service-learning (SL) course on student self-efficacy (SE) in teaching nutrition in the community. Students in the experimental group (n=20) were enrolled in a Community Nutrition SL course, and students in the control group were in a Public Health Nutrition non-SL course (n=63). To build SE, students need to practice their skills in an appropriate setting. Service-learning, a pedagogy combining academic learning with service in the community, is an ideal framework for this preparation. The SL course consisted of a 6-week pre-SL training designed to increase SE through skills-based training, observation, and practice and a 6-week SL experience in which students taught a pre-packaged curriculum in the community. Researchers developed the Self-Efficacy in Teaching Nutrition in the Community (SET-NC) survey to evaluate changes in student SE for teaching nutrition in the community. Experimental and control groups took the SET-NC survey three times during the semester. Using time 1 as a covariant, results from a repeated measures ANCOVA indicated the experimental group had significantly higher SE scores than the control group at both time 2 (p=0.008) and time 3 (p<0.001). The SL course increased students’ SE in teaching nutrition in the community, and other nutrition and dietetics programs may benefit from a similar SL course design. Researchers are currently validating the SET-NC survey in a nationwide population to provide a useful tool for measuring students’ SE in teaching nutrition in the community.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Cooke, Natalie K. and Ash, S.L. and Nietfeld, J. and Fogleman, A. and Goodell, L.S.}, year={2015}, month={Jul}, pages={S4} }
 @article{perrin_goodell_allen_fogleman_2014, title={A Mixed-Methods Observational Study of Human Milk Sharing Communities on Facebook}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1556-8342"]}, DOI={10.1089/bfm.2013.0114}, abstractNote={Abstract Objectives: The Food and Drug Administration discourages the casual sharing of human milk because of the risk of pathogen transmission. No information is currently available on the prevalence of this practice. The purpose of this mixed-methods observational study is to describe the size and activity of online milk sharing communities. Materials and Methods: Data for 3 months were extracted from nine public Facebook pages that facilitate the exchange of human milk. The numbers of participants, interactions, and comments were analyzed. Results: We observed 954 individuals participating in milk sharing. The number of interactions per individual ranged from none to 16 (mean, 1.74±1.65). Top reasons that participants requested milk included “lactation problems” (69.4%) and “child health problems” (48.5%). Nearly half of donors were offering 100 ounces or more, which is the minimum to be eligible to donate to nonprofit milk banks. Conclusions: Milk sharing networks in the United States are active, with...}, number={3}, journal={BREASTFEEDING MEDICINE}, author={Perrin, Maryanne Tigchelaar and Goodell, L. Suzanne and Allen, Jonathan C. and Fogleman, April}, year={2014}, month={Apr}, pages={128–134} }
 @article{perrin_wilson_chetwynd_fogleman_2015, title={A Pilot Study on the Protein Composition of Induced Nonpuerperal Human Milk}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1552-5732"]}, DOI={10.1177/0890334414552827}, abstractNote={Background: Our understanding of the components of human puerperal milk is extensive and increasing, yet the literature on nonpuerperal human milk has been limited to studies that measure the success of induced lactation. Objective: This study aimed to describe the composition of total protein and key bioactive proteins when lactation is induced in nonpuerperal women. Methods: Two women who induced lactation in the absence of pregnancy provided weekly milk samples over a 2-month period for analysis of total protein, secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), lysozyme, and lactoferrin. Composition was compared to the mature milk of 3 puerperal control subjects who were 11 months postpartum. Results: Median total protein for subject A was 2.30 g/dL (interquartile range [IQR] = 0.46) and showed a significant downward trend over time ( P < .0001), whereas the median total protein for subject B was 2.21 g/dL (IQR = 0.18) and showed a nonsignificant decline ( P = .232). Total protein in both nonpuerperal subjects was elevated compared to control subjects. Secretory IgA activity declined for both nonpuerperal subjects over time, whereas lysozyme concentrations increased over time. Both sIgA and lysozyme approached the levels seen in the puerperal controls. Lactoferrin levels remained stable for both nonpuerperal subjects and were elevated compared to puerperal milk samples. Conclusion: This pilot study suggests that nonpuerperal milk has similar or higher levels of total protein, sIgA, lactoferrin, and lysozyme compared to puerperal, mature milk at 11 months postpartum, which warrants more attention as adoptive mothers increasingly choose to induce lactation. }, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF HUMAN LACTATION}, author={Perrin, Maryanne Tigchelaar and Wilson, Erica and Chetwynd, Ellen and Fogleman, April}, year={2015}, month={Feb}, pages={166–171} }
 @article{wilson_perrin_fogleman_chetwynd_2015, title={The Intricacies of Induced Lactation for Same-Sex Mothers of an Adopted Child}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1552-5732"]}, DOI={10.1177/0890334414553934}, abstractNote={ The definition of a modern family is changing. In this case study, we describe the breastfeeding experience of a child receiving human milk from all 3 of his mothers: his 2 adoptive mothers, who induced lactation to nurse him, and his birth mother, who shared in his early feeding during the open adoption process and continued to pump and send milk to him for several months. We review the lactation protocol used by his adoptive mothers and the unique difficulties inherent in this multi-mother family dynamic. Both adoptive mothers successfully induced moderate milk production using a combination of hormonal birth control, domperidone, herbal supplements, and a schedule of breast pumping. However, because of the increased complexity of the immediate postpartum period and concerns with defining parental roles in a same-sex marriage, maintenance of milk production was difficult. }, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF HUMAN LACTATION}, author={Wilson, Erica and Perrin, Maryanne Tigchelaar and Fogleman, April and Chetwynd, Ellen}, year={2015}, month={Feb}, pages={64–67} }
 @article{perrin_fogleman_allen_2013, title={The Nutritive and Immunoprotective Quality of Human Milk beyond 1 Year Postpartum: Are Lactation-Duration-Based Donor Exclusions Justified?}, volume={29}, ISSN={["1552-5732"]}, DOI={10.1177/0890334413487432}, abstractNote={ Donor human milk is critical for the fragile preterm infant who does not have access to his or her mother’s milk, improving survival rates and quality of survival and decreasing hospital stay. Despite the opening of donor milk banks around the world, shortages continue as demand for donor milk exceeds supply. One potential means of increasing supply is by reducing exclusion criteria that prohibit mothers from donating milk based on duration of lactation. Minimal research has been done on the composition of human milk during the second year of lactation, with most research focusing on the nutritive compounds and not the immunoprotective compounds. Several immunoprotective compounds, including lysozyme, lactoferrin, secretory immunoglobulin A, and oligosaccharides, are abundant in human milk compared to bovine-based infant formula and are partially or fully retained during Holder pasteurization, making them an important differentiating feature of donor milk. A PubMed search was conducted to review studies in human milk composition during the second year of lactation. Limitations of existing research include sample collection protocols, small study sizes, and use of populations that may have been at risk for nutritional deficiencies. Stable concentrations of several components were reported including protein, lactose, iron, copper, lactoferrin, and secretory immunoglobulin A. Lysozyme concentration increased during extended lactation, while zinc and calcium concentrations declined into the second year. Conflicting findings were reported on fat content, and no information was available regarding oligosaccharide content. More research is needed to create evidence-based guidelines regarding the nutritive and immunoprotective value of donor milk throughout the course of lactation. }, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF HUMAN LACTATION}, author={Perrin, Maryanne Tigchelaar and Fogleman, April and Allen, Jonathan C.}, year={2013}, month={Aug}, pages={341–349} }
 @article{fogleman_cohen_sakamoto_allen_2012, title={Effect of Added Calcium, Phosphorus, and Infant Formula on Calcium and Phosphorus Dialyzability in Preterm Donor Human Milk}, volume={55}, ISSN={["0277-2116"]}, DOI={10.1097/mpg.0b013e318254ec07}, abstractNote={ABSTRACTObjectives:We studied the effect of preparing donor human milk (DHM) with commonly used nutritional additives on the dialyzability of calcium and phosphate. We hypothesized that the additives to DHM would decrease the dialyzability of calcium and phosphate when prepared according to hospital protocols.Methods:An in vitro system simulating premature infant digestion was developed to measure dialyzability of calcium and phosphate in DHM. Dialyzable calcium and phosphate were measured after in vitro digestion in DHM before and after preparation of DHM with the following additives according to hospital protocols: calcium glubionate, sodium potassium phosphate, calcium glubionate and sodium potassium phosphate added together, Similac human milk fortifier, Similac NeoSure, or Enfamil Enfacare.Results:The percentage of dialyzable calcium in DHM with added calcium and calcium and phosphate together was greater than the percentage of dialyzable calcium in DHM with added powdered infant formulas (P < 0.0001). Dialyzable calcium was greater in DHM with added calcium and with added calcium and phosphate than in all other treatment groups (P < 0.0001). Dialyzable calcium in DHM without additives was not different from dialyzable calcium in DHM with added phosphate or with added powdered infant formulas. Dialyzable phosphate did not differ between the treatment groups.Conclusions:The addition of calcium alone or calcium and phosphate together increased calcium dialyzability in DHM significantly, whereas the addition of powdered human milk fortifier or formulas did not. The addition of calcium or calcium with phosphate together to DHM may provide the most dialyzable calcium.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC GASTROENTEROLOGY AND NUTRITION}, author={Fogleman, April D. and Cohen, Ronald S. and Sakamoto, Pauline and Allen, Jonathan C.}, year={2012}, month={Oct}, pages={390–397} }