@article{bonyak_vann_ye_lewis_gorny_2024, title={A 2-year, multi-county survey of plant-parasitic nematodes in North Carolina flue-cured tobacco}, volume={3}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.21565}, DOI={10.1002/agj2.21565}, abstractNote={AbstractNorth Carolina is the leading producer of flue‐cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) in the United States. Production in the state is threatened by numerous plant‐parasitic nematodes, including Meloidogyne spp. (root‐knot), Globodera tabacum (tobacco cyst), Pratylenchus spp. (lesion), Rotylenchulus reniformis (reniform), and Tylenchorhynchus spp. (stunt) nematodes. The invasive Meloidogyne enterolobii is also a major threat as it can infect tobacco varieties carrying the Rk gene, which conditions resistance to other Meloidogyne species. To gain an updated understanding of which nematode taxa are present in tobacco production and investigate distribution of M. enterolobii in North Carolina, a 2‐year survey was conducted. From 2021 to 2022, 188 fields were sampled across 24 tobacco‐growing counties. Samples were assayed for identification and quantification of nematodes at the genus level; where Meloidogyne spp. was identified, molecular testing was used to determine the species. Data were also collected on the previous crop and tobacco variety grown. In both years, lesion, root‐knot, dagger, and stunt nematodes were found in the highest incidence among samples. In 2022, M. enterolobii was identified in a single sample each from Granville and Pitt counties; this is the first report of M. enterolobii from Granville County. Tobacco variety NC 196 and soybean were the most common variety and previous crop grown, respectively, in both years of the survey. Tobacco variety did not have an effect on nematode population density. The previous crop had a significant effect on root‐knot and spiral nematodes in 2021, and lesion and stubby root nematodes in 2022.}, journal={AGRONOMY JOURNAL}, author={Bonyak, Hannah C. and Vann, Matthew C. and Ye, Weimin and Lewis, Ramsey S. and Gorny, Adrienne M.}, year={2024}, month={Mar} }
 @article{schwarz_gorny_2024, title={Evaluation of Soybean Genotypes (<i>Glycine max</i> and <i>G. soja</i>) for Resistance to the Root-Knot Nematode, <i>Meloidogyne enterolobii</i>}, volume={108}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS-02-23-0278-RE}, abstractNote={ Potential resistance to the root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne enterolobii in 72 Glycine soja and 44 G. max soybean genotypes was evaluated in greenhouse experiments. Approximately 2,500 eggs of M. enterolobii were inoculated on each soybean genotype grown in a steam sterilized 1:1 sand to soil mixture. Sixty days postinoculation, plants were destructively harvested to determine the host status. The host status of each soybean genotype was determined by assessing root galling severity and calculating the final eggs per root system divided by the initial inoculum, or the reproduction factor (Rf). Five G. soja soybean genotypes were identified as resistant (Rf < 1) to M. enterolobii: ‘407202’, ‘407239’, ‘424083’, ‘507618’, and ‘639621’. None of the tested G. max soybean genotypes were identified as resistant to M. enterolobii. Some of the G. max genotypes determined to be susceptible to M. enterolobii include ‘Hagood’, ‘Avery’, ‘Rhodes’, ‘Santee’, and ‘Bryan’. The genotype ‘Bryan’ had the lowest Rf values among the group at 5.06 and 6.67 in two independent trials, respectively, which represents a five- to sixfold increase in reproduction of M. enterolobii. Plant genotypes resistant to RKNs are effective in managing the disease and preserving yield, cost-efficient, and environmentally sustainable, and host resistance is often regarded as the most robust management tactic for controlling plant-parasitic nematodes. Resistance to RKNs in soybean genotypes has been identified for other Meloidogyne species, yet there is currently limited data regarding soybean host status to the highly aggressive nematode M. enterolobii. This study adds to the knowledge of potential native resistance to M. enterolobii in wild and cultivated soybean. }, number={3}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Schwarz, Tanner and Gorny, Adrienne}, year={2024}, month={Mar}, pages={694–699} }
 @article{schwarz_chitra_jennings_gorny_2024, title={Evaluation of Weed Species for Host Status to the Root-Knot Nematodes <i>Meloidogyne enterolobii</i> and <i>M. incognita</i> Race 4}, volume={56}, ISSN={["2640-396X"]}, DOI={10.2478/jofnem-2024-0017}, abstractNote={Abstract Weeds that compete with valuable crops can also host plant-parasitic nematodes, acting as a source of nematode inoculum in a field and further damaging crops. The host status of 10 weed species commonly found in North Carolina, USA, was determined for the root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne enterolobii and M. incognita race 4 in the greenhouse. Each weed species was challenged with 5,000 eggs/plant of either M. enterolobii or M. incognita race 4, with five replicate plants per treatment in two separate greenhouse trials. Root galling severity and total number of nematode eggs per root system were recorded 60 days after inoculation. Reproduction factor (Rf = final nematode population/initial nematode population) was calculated to determine the host status of each weed species to M. enterolobii and M. incognita race 4. Four weed species ( Datura stramonium, Digitaria sanguinalis, Senna obtusifolia, and Cyperus esculentus ) were poor hosts (Rf < 1) to both nematode species, and roots of these weed plants did not display galling. Four weed species ( Ipomoea hederacea, Amaranthus palmeri, Portulaca pilosa, and Ipomoea lacunosa ) were hosts (Rf > 1) to both nematode species, and all had observable root gall formation. Sida rhombifolia and Cyperus rotundus were poor hosts to M. enterolobii but susceptible hosts to M. incognita . This study documents a differential host status of some common weeds to M. enterolobii and M. incognita race 4, and these results highlight the necessity of managing root-knot nematodes through controlling weeds in order to protect valuable crops.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY}, author={Schwarz, Tanner and Chitra and Jennings, Katherine and Gorny, Adrienne}, year={2024}, month={Mar} }
 @article{foote_jordan_gorny_dunne_lux_ahumada_shew_brandenburg_ye_2024, title={Influence of Cropping Sequence and Tillage System on Plant-Parasitic Nematodes and Peanut (<i>Arachis hypogaea</i>) Response to Fluopyram Applied at Planting}, volume={14}, ISSN={["2073-4395"]}, DOI={10.3390/agronomy14040875}, abstractNote={Crop sequence and tillage can affect the yield of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and other crops. Research was conducted from 2006 through 2022 to determine the response of peanut to previous crop sequences including corn (Zea mays L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) planted in continuous conventional tillage (e.g., disking, field cultivating, and bedding with in-row sub-soiling) or strip tillage (e.g., tilling a 45 cm section on rows spaced 91 cm apart using fluted coulters, rolling baskets, and in-row sub-soiling). In 2013, 2019, and 2022, the entire test area was planted with peanut. In 2019 and 2022, peanut was planted without or with fluopyram applied in the seed furrow at planting. Decreasing the number of years between peanut planting resulted in lower peanut yields compared with fewer years of peanut planting in the rotation sequence. Continuous conventional tillage and strip tillage resulted in similar peanut yields at one location, while the yield was lower at a second location when peanut was planted in continuous strip tillage. Fluopyram did not affect peanut yield regardless of previous crop rotation sequence, the number of years separating peanut plantings, or the tillage system. However, minor differences in the populations of plant-parasitic nematodes in soil were noted when comparing fluopyram treatment. The results from these experiments indicate that while fluopyram can reduce the populations of some plant-parasitic nematodes in soil, the magnitude of reduction does not translate into increases in peanut yield.}, number={4}, journal={AGRONOMY-BASEL}, author={Foote, Ethan and Jordan, David and Gorny, Adrienne and Dunne, Jeffrey and Lux, Leann and Ahumada, Daisy and Shew, Barbara and Brandenburg, Rick and Ye, Weimin}, year={2024}, month={Apr} }
 @article{gorny_reeves_scruggs_meadows_2024, title={Prevalence, Spatial Distribution, and Population Density of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes in Vegetable Fields of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee Counties}, volume={1}, ISSN={["1535-1025"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1094/PHP-05-23-0044-S}, DOI={10.1094/PHP-05-23-0044-S}, abstractNote={ Plant-parasitic nematodes are a diverse group of soilborne plant pathogens that limit the yield of numerous vegetable crops globally. Few studies have investigated nematode populations affecting vegetable crops in Tennessee and North and South Carolina. Between December 2020 and October 2022, vegetable fields in selected counties of these states were sampled for plant-parasitic nematodes. Data on the prevalence, spatial distribution, and population density of seven genera of plant-parasitic nematodes, identified via morphology, were collected. Root-knot nematodes were identified in 60% of the fields sampled, with population densities ranging from 10 to 10,400 nematodes per 500 cm3 of soil. Detection rates of other genera as percentages of total fields sampled were: spiral (42%), stubby root (32%), stunt (21%), ring (13%), and lesion (8%) nematodes. Out of eight crops sampled, fields either currently or formerly planted to tomato or pepper were the most frequently sampled in the survey (77% of total fields). This is the first survey to collect data on populations of plant-parasitic nematodes in this region, and the results highlight the need for continued surveillance and study of their impact in vegetable production. }, journal={PLANT HEALTH PROGRESS}, author={Gorny, Adrienne and Reeves, Ella and Scruggs, Andrew and Meadows, Inga}, year={2024}, month={Jan} }
 @article{saha_schwarz_mowery_gorny_2023, title={Reaction of Winter Cover Crops to Meloidogyne enterolobii and Glasshouse Bioassay for Evaluating Utility in Managing M. enterolobii in Soybeans}, volume={55}, ISSN={["2640-396X"]}, DOI={10.2478/jofnem-2023-0014}, abstractNote={Abstract
               
                  Meloidogyne enterolobii is an invasive and highly aggressive root-knot nematode pathogen impacting the Southeastern United States. Winter cover cropping may be a cost-effective method for reducing populations of M. enterolobii in between summer cash crops, yet a gap in the knowledge remains about the response of these cover crops to M. enterolobii and their utility in suppressing nematode populations prior to a cash crop. A “two-step” glasshouse bioassay was performed to evaluate eight winter cover crops popular in North Carolina for their direct response to M. enterolobii infection, and to quantify their effect in reducing nematode populations for the following soybean plants. Data on cover crop root galling, soybean root galling, soybean shoot fresh weight, soybean root fresh weight, eggs per gram of soybean root, and a modified reproductive factor were collected. Cereal cover crops did not display root galling, and there was significantly less root galling in those soybean plants following cereal winter cover crops when compared to those following broadleaf winter cover crops. Broadleaf winter cover crops resulted in significantly higher eggs per gram of soybean root and modified reproductive factor in the soybean plants, compared to cereal cover crops and non-inoculated controls. Results from this study suggest that cereal winter cover crops may be poor-hosts to M. enterolobii and may significantly reduce M. enterolobii populations before a soybean crop, compared to broadleaf winter cover crops. This study lays the groundwork for management recommendations and future field trials to assess management of M. enterolobii through winter cover cropping.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY}, author={Saha, Neel and Schwarz, Tanner and Mowery, Samantha and Gorny, Adrienne M.}, year={2023}, month={Feb}, pages={1–10} }
 @article{jordan_buol_brandenburg_shew_wilkerson_lassiter_dunne_gorny_washburn_hoisington_et al._2022, title={A Risk Tool and Production Log Created using Microsoft Excel to Manage Pests in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)}, volume={13}, ISSN={["2155-7470"]}, DOI={10.1093/jipm/pmac006}, abstractNote={Abstract
               Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) growers and their advisors need to address a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses to maximize yield and financial return. Mitigating risk to yield and financial investment requires knowledge of interactions among pests and strategies to manage pests, including chemical inputs, crop rotation, cultivar selection, field pest history, planting pattern and population, planting date, and tillage systems. Using Microsoft Excel, a comprehensive peanut risk tool was developed to assist growers and advisors in identifying and selecting production strategies to minimize risk to yield based on empirical data and practical experience while providing cost estimates of production practices. Initially, the risk tool was developed for North Carolina (USA) peanut production. However, the current platform is designed to facilitate the development of similar tools for other USA peanut regions, peanut production systems in other countries, and with the capability to develop risk tools for other crops. This article discusses components of the risk management tool developed for North Carolina peanut production. Benefits of the risk tool to practitioners, extension services, genetics and breeding programs, and formal classroom instruction will be discussed. One goal of this paper is to provide an example of how the Microsoft Excel framework used for peanut in North Carolina can be used for peanut in other regions of the USA and other countries.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT}, author={Jordan, David L. and Buol, Greg S. and Brandenburg, Rick L. and Shew, Barbara B. and Wilkerson, Gail G. and Lassiter, Bridget R. and Dunne, Jeff and Gorny, Adrienne and Washburn, Derek and Hoisington, David and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Jan} }
 @article{mahecha-garnica_ye_schumacher_gorny_2022, title={Soybean Cyst Nematode of Soybean: A Diagnostic Guide}, ISSN={["1535-1025"]}, DOI={10.1094/PHP-11-21-0138-DG}, abstractNote={ The soybean cyst nematode (SCN; Heterodera glycines Ichinohe 1952) is one of the most economically important pathogens of soybean. The species impacts soybean production worldwide and causes significant yield loss even in the absence of visible aboveground symptoms. This diagnostic guide describes the host range, signs, symptoms, and geographic distribution of SCN, and includes information regarding pathogen identification, storage, and pathogenicity tests for this nematode. }, journal={PLANT HEALTH PROGRESS}, author={Mahecha-Garnica, Sofia and Ye, Weimin and Schumacher, Lesley A. and Gorny, Adrienne M.}, year={2022}, month={Jul} }
 @article{gorny_ye_cude_thiessen_2021, title={Soybean Root-Knot Nematode: A Diagnostic Guide}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1535-1025"]}, DOI={10.1094/PHP-01-21-0005-DG}, abstractNote={Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are one of the most economically important plant parasites in the world, and significantly impacts soybean production in places where they are endemic. Several species of root-knot nematode are capable of causing significant damages to soybean and have broad host ranges that include common rotational crops and weeds. Symptoms of root-knot nematode infections may be confused with other diseases, nutritional disorders, or common root features associated with legumes. The purpose of this diagnostic guide is to provide information regarding identification, isolation, storage, and other relevant aspects of this pathosystem.}, number={2}, journal={PLANT HEALTH PROGRESS}, author={Gorny, Adrienne M. and Ye, Weimin and Cude, Sam and Thiessen, Lindsey}, year={2021}, pages={164–175} }
 @misc{philbrick_adhikari_louws_gorny_2020, title={Meloidogyne enterolobii, a Major Threat to Tomato Production: Current Status and Future Prospects for Its Management}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1664-462X"]}, DOI={10.3389/fpls.2020.606395}, abstractNote={The guava root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne enterolobii (Syn. M. mayaguensis), is an emerging pathogen to many crops in the world. This nematode can cause chlorosis, stunting, and reduce yields associated with the induction of many root galls on host plants. Recently, this pathogen has been considered as a global threat for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) production due to the lack of known resistance in commercially accepted varieties and the aggressiveness of M. enterolobii. Both conventional morphological and molecular approaches have been used to identify M. enterolobii, an important first step in an integrated management. To combat root-knot nematodes, integrated disease management strategies such as crop rotation, field sanitation, biocontrol agents, fumigants, and resistant cultivars have been developed and successfully used in the past. However, the resistance in tomato varieties mediated by known Mi-genes does not control M. enterolobii. Here, we review the current knowledge on geographic distribution, host range, population biology, control measures, and proposed future strategies to improve M. enterolobii control in tomato.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE}, author={Philbrick, Ashley N. and Adhikari, Tika B. and Louws, Frank J. and Gorny, Adrienne M.}, year={2020}, month={Nov} }
 @article{gorny_hay_pethybridge_2021, title={Response of potato cultivars to the northern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne hapla, under field conditions in New York State, USA}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1388-5545"]}, DOI={10.1163/15685411-bja10050}, abstractNote={Summary
In New York and the Northeastern USA, the northern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne hapla, is an important soil-borne pathogen of potato. The economic threshold for M. hapla in potato production has been 100 second-stage juveniles (J2) (100 g soil)−1, and is often used to dictate the need for prophylactic nematicides. However, the response of newer, popular potato cultivars under field conditions to M. hapla is unknown. The relationships between initial and final M. hapla populations and potato yield components in the popular cultivars ‘Genesee’, ‘Eva’ and ‘Lamoka’ were evaluated in three commercial production fields in New York, in 2016 and 2017. Following manual extraction from soil samples, M. hapla populations were quantified. Additionally, a glasshouse bioassay was performed to estimate M. hapla populations and correlate tuber yield. Populations of M. hapla over both years ranged from 0 to 519 J2 (100 g soil)−1 at the initial sampling, and from 0 to 10 294 J2 (100 g soil)−1 at the final sampling time. No significant correlation was observed between initial M. hapla populations and tuber yield, or between bioassay plant galling severity and tuber yield, among the cultivars included in the study in either year of the study. Yet correlations between bioassay plant galling severity and M. hapla populations were significant in both years, indicating the bioassay was adept at estimating M. hapla populations. These results will aid in directing future investigations into tolerance to M. hapla and nematode management.}, number={4}, journal={NEMATOLOGY}, author={Gorny, Adrienne M. and Hay, Frank S. and Pethybridge, Sarah J.}, year={2021}, month={Apr}, pages={425–433} }
 @article{gorny_hay_esker_pethybridge_2021, title={Spatial and spatiotemporal analysis of Meloidogyne hapla and Pratylenchus penetrans populations in commercial potato fields in New York, USA}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1388-5545"]}, DOI={10.1163/15685411-bja10034}, abstractNote={Summary
Meloidogyne hapla and Pratylenchus penetrans are important plant-parasitic nematodes affecting potato in New York and the Northeastern United States, yet little is known of their spatial patterns and spatiotemporal dynamics. Spatial patterns of M. hapla and Pratylenchus spp. were quantified using semivariogram analysis and Spatial Analysis by Distance IndicEs (SADIE). Nematode populations were assessed within each of three commercial potato fields in 2016 and 2017, with fields sampled on two occasions in-season. Semivariogram analysis and ordinary kriging indicated initial population densities to be spatially dependent over an average range of 110 m for M. hapla and 147 m for Pratylenchus spp. SADIE indicated Pratylenchus spp. to be significantly aggregated in nearly all fields (10 of 12 samplings,  to 2.113). Meloidogyne hapla populations were aggregated in only three of 12 samplings ( to 1.738). Spatiotemporal analysis using the association function of SADIE indicated a strong and significant association between initial and final population densities of M. hapla and Pratylenchus spp. within fields. This information is fundamental for the development of enhanced sampling protocols for estimation of plant-parasitic nematodes and evaluating the feasibility of site-specific nematicide application in New York potato fields.}, number={2}, journal={NEMATOLOGY}, author={Gorny, Adrienne M. and Hay, Frank S. and Esker, Paul and Pethybridge, Sarah J.}, year={2021}, month={Jan}, pages={139–151} }