@article{floess_ercumen_harris_grieshop_2024, title={Do the Health Benefits of Boiling Drinking Water Outweigh the Negative Impacts of Increased Indoor Air Pollution Exposure?}, url={https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.03.22.24304348}, DOI={10.1101/2024.03.22.24304348}, abstractNote={AbstractBackgroundBillions of the world’s poorest households are faced with the lack of access to both safe drinking water and clean cooking. One solution to microbiologically contaminated water is boiling, often promoted without acknowledging the additional risks incurred from indoor air degradation from using solid fuels.ObjectivesThis modeling study explores the tradeoff of increased air pollution from boiling drinking water under multiple contamination and fuel use scenarios typical of low-income settings.MethodsWe calculated the total change in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from indoor air pollution (IAP) and diarrhea from fecal contamination of drinking water for scenarios of different source water quality, boiling effectiveness, and stove type. We used Uganda and Vietnam, two countries with a high prevalence of water boiling and solid fuel use, as case studies.ResultsBoiling drinking water reduced the diarrhea disease burden by a mean of 1110 DALYs and 368 DALYs per 10,000 people for those under and over <5 years of age in Uganda, respectively, for high-risk water quality and the most efficient (lab-level) boiling scenario, with smaller reductions for less contaminated water and ineffective boiling. Similar results were found in Vietnam, though with fewer avoided DALYs in children under 5 due to different demographics. In both countries, for households with high baseline IAP from existing solid fuel use, adding water boiling to cooking on a given stove was associated with a limited increase in IAP DALYs due to the log-linear dose-response curves. Boiling, even at low effectiveness, was associated withnetDALY reductions for medium- and high-risk water, even with unclean stoves/fuels. Use of clean stoves coupled with effective boiling significantly reduced total DALYs.DiscussionBoiling water generally resulted in net decreases in DALYs. Future efforts should empirically measure health outcomes from IAP vs. diarrhea associated with boiling drinking water using field studies with different boiling methods and stove types.}, author={Floess, Emily and Ercumen, Ayse and Harris, Angela and Grieshop, Andrew P.}, year={2024}, month={Mar} }
 @article{holcomb_christensen_hoffman_lee_blackwood_clerkin_gallard-góngora_harris_kotlarz_mitasova_et al._2024, title={Estimating Rates of Change to Interpret Quantitative Wastewater Surveillance of Disease Trends}, url={https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.04.24.24306320}, DOI={10.1101/2024.04.24.24306320}, abstractNote={Abstract Background Wastewater monitoring data can be used to estimate disease trends to inform public health responses. One commonly estimated metric is the rate of change in pathogen quantity, which typically correlates with clinical surveillance in retrospective analyses. However, the accuracy of rate of change estimation approaches has not previously been evaluated. Objectives We assessed the performance of approaches for estimating rates of change in wastewater pathogen loads by generating synthetic wastewater time series data for which rates of change were known. Each approach was also evaluated on real-world data. Methods Smooth trends and their first derivatives were jointly sampled from Gaussian processes (GP) and independent errors were added to generate synthetic viral load measurements; the range hyperparameter and error variance were varied to produce nine simulation scenarios representing different potential disease patterns. The directions and magnitudes of the rate of change estimates from four estimation approaches (two established and two developed in this work) were compared to the GP first derivative to evaluate classification and quantitative accuracy. Each approach was also implemented for public SARS-CoV-2 wastewater monitoring data collected January 2021 – May 2024 at 25 sites in North Carolina, USA. Results All four approaches inconsistently identified the correct direction of the trend given by the sign of the GP first derivative. Across all nine simulated disease patterns, between a quarter and a half of all estimates indicated the wrong trend direction, regardless of estimation approach. The proportion of trends classified as plateaus (statistically indistinguishable from zero) for the North Carolina SARS-CoV-2 data varied considerably by estimation method but not by site. Discussion Our results suggest that wastewater measurements alone might not provide sufficient data to reliably track disease trends in real-time. Instead, wastewater viral loads could be combined with additional public health surveillance data to improve predictions of other outcomes.}, author={Holcomb, David A. and Christensen, Ariel and Hoffman, Kelly and Lee, Allison and Blackwood, A. Denene and Clerkin, Thomas and Gallard-Góngora, Javier and Harris, Angela and Kotlarz, Nadine and Mitasova, Helena and et al.}, year={2024}, month={Apr} }
 @article{holcomb_christensen_hoffman_lee_blackwood_clerkin_gallard-gongora_harris_kotlarz_mitasova_et al._2024, title={Estimating rates of change to interpret quantitative wastewater surveillance of disease trends}, volume={951}, ISSN={["1879-1026"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175687}, abstractNote={Wastewater monitoring data can be used to estimate disease trends to inform public health responses. One commonly estimated metric is the rate of change in pathogen quantity, which typically correlates with clinical surveillance in retrospective analyses. However, the accuracy of rate of change estimation approaches has not previously been evaluated.}, journal={SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT}, author={Holcomb, David A. and Christensen, Ariel and Hoffman, Kelly and Lee, Allison and Blackwood, A. Denene and Clerkin, Thomas and Gallard-Gongora, Javier and Harris, Angela and Kotlarz, Nadine and Mitasova, Helena and et al.}, year={2024}, month={Nov} }
 @article{daly_foster_willetts_putri_priadi_harris_2024, title={Exposure Assessment of Antimicrobial Resistant <i>E. coli</i> via Self-Supplied Drinking Water in Indonesia: Evaluating Boiling and Storage Practice Effectiveness}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2690-0637"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c00381}, DOI={10.1021/acsestwater.4c00381}, journal={ACS ES&T WATER}, author={Daly, Sean W. and Foster, Tim and Willetts, Juliet and Putri, Gita L. and Priadi, Cindy and Harris, Angela R.}, year={2024}, month={Sep} }
 @article{carr_gold_harris_anarde_hino_sauers_da silva_gamewell_nelson_2024, title={Fecal Bacteria Contamination of Floodwaters and a Coastal Waterway From Tidally-Driven Stormwater Network Inundation}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2471-1403"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GH001020}, DOI={10.1029/2024GH001020}, abstractNote={Abstract Inundation of coastal stormwater networks by tides is widespread due to sea‐level rise (SLR). The water quality risks posed by tidal water rising up through stormwater infrastructure (pipes and catch basins), out onto roadways, and back out to receiving water bodies is poorly understood but may be substantial given that stormwater networks are a known source of fecal contamination. In this study, we (a) documented temporal variation in concentrations of Enterococcus spp. (ENT), the fecal indicator bacteria standard for marine waters, in a coastal waterway over a 2‐month period and more intensively during two perigean spring tide periods, (b) measured ENT concentrations in roadway floodwaters during tidal floods, and (c) explained variation in ENT concentrations as a function of tidal inundation, antecedent rainfall, and stormwater infrastructure using a pipe network inundation model and robust linear mixed effect models. We find that ENT concentrations in the receiving waterway vary as a function of tidal stage and antecedent rainfall, but also site‐specific characteristics of the stormwater network that drains to the waterway. Tidal variables significantly explain measured ENT variance in the waterway, however, runoff drove higher ENT concentrations in the receiving waterway. Samples of floodwaters on roadways during both perigean spring tide events were limited, but all samples exceeded the threshold for safe public use of recreational waters. These results indicate that inundation of stormwater networks by tides could pose public health hazards in receiving water bodies and on roadways, which will likely be exacerbated in the future due to continued SLR.}, number={4}, journal={GEOHEALTH}, author={Carr, M. M. and Gold, A. C. and Harris, A. and Anarde, K. and Hino, M. and Sauers, N. and Da Silva, G. and Gamewell, C. and Nelson, N. G.}, year={2024}, month={Apr} }
 @article{pasha_kotlarz_holcomb_reckling_kays_bailey_guidry_christensen_berkowitz_engel_et al._2024, title={Monitoring SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater from a shared septic system and sub-sewershed sites to expand COVID-19 disease surveillance}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2024.303}, DOI={10.2166/wh.2024.303}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Wastewater-based epidemiology has expanded as a tool for collecting COVID-19 surveillance data, but there is limited information on the feasibility of this form of surveillance within decentralized wastewater systems (e.g., septic systems). This study assessed SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations in wastewater samples from a septic system servicing a mobile home park (66 households) and from two pumping stations serving a similarly sized (71 households) and a larger (1,000 households) neighborhood within a nearby sewershed over 35 weeks in 2020. Also, raw wastewater from a hospital in the same sewershed was sampled. The mobile home park samples had the highest detection frequency (39/39 days) and mean concentration of SARS-CoV-2 RNA (2.7 × 107 gene copies/person/day for the N1) among the four sampling sites. N1 gene and N2 gene copies were highly correlated across mobile home park samples (Pearson's r = 0.93, p < 0.0001). In the larger neighborhood, new COVID-19 cases were reported every week during the sampling period; however, we detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in 12% of the corresponding wastewater samples. The results of this study suggest that sampling from decentralized wastewater infrastructure can be used for continuous monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 infections.}, journal={Journal of Water and Health}, author={Pasha, A. B. Tanvir and Kotlarz, Nadine and Holcomb, David and Reckling, Stacie and Kays, Judith and Bailey, Erika and Guidry, Virginia and Christensen, Ariel and Berkowitz, Steven and Engel, Lawrence S. and et al.}, year={2024}, month={Jun} }
 @article{cutts_osia_bray_harris_long_goins_mclean_gibson_ben-horin_schnetzer_2024, title={Shifting power: data democracy in engineering solutions}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1748-9326"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad7614}, DOI={10.1088/1748-9326/ad7614}, abstractNote={Abstract n/a - style guide for perspectives does not include abstract.}, number={10}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS}, author={Cutts, Bethany B. and Osia, Uchenna and Bray, Laura A. and Harris, Angela R. and Long, Hanna C. and Goins, Hannah and McLean, Sallie and Gibson, Jacqueline MacDonald and Ben-Horin, Tal and Schnetzer, Astrid}, year={2024}, month={Oct} }
 @article{cutts_vila_bray_harris_hornsby_goins_mclean_crites_allen_mcmenamin_et al._2024, title={Shifting terrains: Understanding residential contaminants after flood disasters}, volume={907}, ISSN={["1879-1026"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167577}, DOI={10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167577}, abstractNote={Flood disasters can induce the mass transport of soils and sediments. This has the potential to distribute contaminants and present novel combinations to new locations - including residential neighborhoods. Even when soil contaminants cannot be directly attributed to the disaster, data on bacterial and heavy metal(loids) can facilitate an environmentally just recovery by enabling reconstruction decisions that fill data gaps to minimize future exposure. These data-gathering interventions may be especially useful in poor, rural, and racially diverse communities where there is a high probability of exposure to multiple hazards and a potential dependency on the financial resources of disaster aid as a means of reducing chronic exposures to other environmental pollutants. At the same time, entering these post-disasters spaces is ethically complex. To acknowledge this complexity, we pilot a framework for work that gathers social-ecological hazard information while retaining a fair-minded approach to transdisciplinary work. Assembled a transdisciplinary team to recruit participants from 90 households subjected to flooding in the southeastern US. Participating households agreed to interviews to elicit flood experience and environmental health concerns, soil sampling for fecal bacteria (E. coli) and soil sampling for selected heavy metals and metalloids (Pb, As, Cd) at their flooded residence. Soil sampling found a wide range of E. coli concentrations in soil (0.4-1115.7 CFU/ dry gram). Heavy metal(loid)s were detected at most residences (As 97.9 %; Ca 25.5 %; Pb 100 %). Individually, heavy metal(loid) concentrations did not exceed regulatory thresholds. Hazard, risk, and mitigation concerns expressed during interviews reveal that integrated human-nature concepts complicate common understandings of how hazard perceptibility (smell, sight, touch, and information) affects research-action spaces. Qualitative analysis of interviews and field notes revealed that soil-related hazards addressed by our biophysical protocols were less salient than changes with direct causal associations with flooding. We conclude by discussing the potential for the social-ecological hazard information that is fair-minded and transdisciplinary (SHIFT) framework to advance environmentally just approaches to research-action spaces after disasters.}, journal={SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT}, author={Cutts, Bethany B. and Vila, Olivia and Bray, Laura A. and Harris, Angela and Hornsby, Gracie and Goins, Hannah and McLean, Sallie and Crites, Margaret and Allen, Angela and McMenamin, Nathan and et al.}, year={2024}, month={Jan} }
 @article{gunda_a._grubert_harris_mcdonald_2024, title={The water–climate nexus: Intersections across sectors}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1759}, DOI={10.1002/wat2.1759}, abstractNote={Abstract Water security and climate change are important priorities for communities and regions worldwide. The intersections between water and climate change extend across many environmental and human activities. This Primer is intended as an introduction, grounded in examples, for students and others considering the interactions between climate, water, and society. In this Primer, we summarize key intersections between water and climate across four sectors: environment; drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene; food and agriculture; and energy. We begin with an overview of the fundamental water dynamics within each of these four sectors, and then discuss how climate change is impacting water and society within and across these sectors. Emphasizing the relationships and interconnectedness between water and climate change can encourage systems thinking, which can show how activities in one sector may influence activities or outcomes in other sectors. We argue that to achieve a resilient and sustainable water future under climate change, proposed solutions must consider the water–climate nexus to ensure the interconnected roles of water across sectors are not overlooked. Toward that end, we offer an initial set of guiding questions that can be used to inform the development of more holistic climate solutions. This article is categorized under: Science of Water > Water and Environmental Change Engineering Water > Water, Health, and Sanitation Human Water > Value of Water}, journal={WIREs Water}, author={Gunda, Thushara and A., Alida and Grubert, Emily and Harris, Angela R. and McDonald, Yolanda J.}, year={2024}, month={Sep} }
 @article{harris_daly_pickering_mrisho_harris_davis_2023, title={Safe Today, Unsafe Tomorrow: Tanzanian Households Experience Variability in Drinking Water Quality}, volume={57}, ISSN={["1520-5851"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c05275}, DOI={10.1021/acs.est.3c05275}, abstractNote={Measuring Escherichia coli in a single-grab sample of stored drinking water is often used to characterize drinking water quality. However, if water quality exhibits variability temporally, then one-time measurement schemes may be insufficient to adequately characterize the quality of water that people consume. This study uses longitudinal data collected from 193 households in peri-urban Tanzania to assess variability in stored water quality and to characterize uncertainty with different data collection schemes. Households were visited 5 times over the course of a year. At each visit, information was collected on water management practices, and a sample of stored drinking water was collected for E. coli enumeration. Water quality was poor for households, with 80% having highly contaminated (>100 CFU per 100 mL) water during at least one visit. There was substantial variability of water quality for households, with only 3% of households having the same category (low, medium, or high) of water quality for all five visits. These data suggest a single sample would inaccurately characterize a household's drinking water quality over the course of a year and lead to misestimates of population level access to safe drinking water.}, number={45}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY}, author={Harris, Angela R. and Daly, Sean W. and Pickering, Amy J. and Mrisho, Mwifadhi and Harris, Michael and Davis, Jennifer}, year={2023}, month={Nov}, pages={17481–17489} }
 @article{hoffman_holcomb_reckling_clerkin_blackwood_beattie_reyes_harris_mitasova_kotlarz_et al._2023, title={Using detrending to assess SARS-CoV-2 wastewater loads as a leading indicator of fluctuations in COVID-19 cases at fine temporal scales: Correlations across twenty sewersheds in North Carolina}, url={https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pwat.0000140}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pwat.0000140}, abstractNote={Wastewater surveillance emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic as a novel strategy for tracking the burden of illness in communities. Previous work has shown that trends in wastewater SARS-CoV-2 viral loads correlate well with reported COVID-19 case trends over longer time periods (i.e., months). We used detrending time series to reveal shorter sub-trend patterns (i.e., weeks) to identify leads or lags in the temporal alignment of the wastewater/case relationship. Daily incident COVID-19 cases and twice-weekly wastewater SARS-CoV-2 viral loads measured at 20 North Carolina sewersheds in 2021 were detrended using smoothing ranges of ∞, 16, 8, 4 and 2 weeks, to produce detrended cases and wastewater viral loads at progressively finer time scales. For each sewershed and smoothing range, we calculated the Spearman correlation between the cases and the wastewater viral loads with offsets of -7 to +7 days. We identified a conclusive lead/lag relationship at 15 of 20 sewersheds, with detrended wastewater loads temporally leading detrended COVID-19 cases at 11 of these sites. For the 11 leading sites, the correlation between wastewater loads and cases was greatest for wastewater loads sampled at a median lead time of 6 days before the cases were reported. Distinct lead/lag relationships were the most pronounced after detrending with smoothing ranges of 4–8 weeks, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 wastewater viral loads can track fluctuations in COVID-19 case incidence rates at fine time scales and may serve as a leading indicator in many settings. These results could help public health officials identify, and deploy timely responses in, areas where cases are increasing faster than the overall pandemic trend.}, journal={PLOS Water}, author={Hoffman, Kelly and Holcomb, David and Reckling, Stacie and Clerkin, Thomas and Blackwood, Denene and Beattie, Rachelle and Reyes, Francis and Harris, Angela and Mitasova, Helena and Kotlarz, Nadine and et al.}, editor={Kapoor, VikramEditor}, year={2023}, month={Oct} }
 @article{hornsby_ibitoye_keelara_harris_2022, title={Validation of a modified IDEXX defined-substrate assay for detection of antimicrobial resistant E. coli in environmental reservoirs}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2050-7895"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1039/D2EM00189F}, DOI={10.1039/D2EM00189F}, abstractNote={Antimicrobial resistant organisms can be transmitted to humans through multiple environmental pathways. Monitoring these organisms in multiple environmental reservoirs is an important step towards mitigating adverse health impacts.}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE-PROCESSES & IMPACTS}, author={Hornsby, Gracie and Ibitoye, Temitope D. and Keelara, Shivaramu and Harris, Angela}, year={2022}, month={Dec} }
 @article{al-faliti_kotlarz_mccall_harris_smith_stadler_reyes_vela_2022, title={Comparing Rates of Change in SARS-CoV-2 Wastewater Load and Clinical Cases in 19 Sewersheds Across Four Major Metropolitan Areas in the United States}, volume={7}, url={https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.2c00106}, DOI={10.1021/acsestwater.2c00106}, abstractNote={There is no standard approach to interoperate the during the pandemic. We tested several data processing approaches on wastewater surveillance data sets generated from 19 sewersheds across four major metropolitan areas in the United States from May 2020 through October 2021. First, we explored the effect of different data processing techniques on the correlation between SARS-CoV-2 wastewater RNA load and clinical case counts and found that locally weighted smoothing (LOESS) smoothing applied to multivariate imputation by chain equations (MICE)-imputed wastewater viral load led to the strongest correlations in 16 out of 19 sewersheds (84%). Next, we calculated the rate of change (RC) in wastewater viral load and in clinical cases and found that imputing missing viral load data on a 28-day window produced the strongest correlation (Spearman's rho = 0.63). Furthermore, we determined an average sensitivity threshold of 2.4 new COVID-19 cases per day resulted in a significant RC in wastewater, but sensitivity varied with the laboratory method used. Our retrospective analysis using RC highlighted certain methodological insights, reduced site-specific impacts, and estimated a wastewater sensitivity threshold-supporting the use of relative, rather than absolute, measures of SARS-CoV-2 wastewater data for more interoperable data sets.}, journal={ACS ES&T Water}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Al-Faliti, Mitham and Kotlarz, Nadine and McCall, Camille and Harris, Angela R. and Smith, Adam L. and Stadler, Lauren B. and Reyes, III and Vela, Jeseth Delgado}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{swarthout_fuhrmeister_hamzah_harris_ahmed_gurley_satter_boehm_pickering_2022, title={Differential Overlap in Human and Animal Fecal Microbiomes and Resistomes in Rural versus Urban Bangladesh}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1098-5336"]}, DOI={10.1128/aem.00759-22}, abstractNote={While the development of antibiotic resistance in animal gut microbiomes and subsequent transmission to humans has been demonstrated in intensive farming environments and high-income countries, evidence of zoonotic exchange of antibiotic resistance in LMIC communities is lacking. This research provides genomic evidence of overlap of antibiotic resistance genes between humans and animals, especially in urban communities, and highlights chickens as important reservoirs of antibiotic resistance.}, journal={APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Swarthout, Jenna M. and Fuhrmeister, Erica R. and Hamzah, Latifah and Harris, Angela R. and Ahmed, Mir A. and Gurley, Emily S. and Satter, Syed M. and Boehm, Alexandria B. and Pickering, Amy J.}, year={2022}, month={Jul} }
 @article{lowe_ercumen_prottas_harris_2022, title={Exploring the determinants and indicators of poultry feces management behaviors in rural Western Uganda}, volume={834}, ISSN={["1879-1026"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155202}, DOI={10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155202}, abstractNote={Animal ownership has reported financial and nutritional benefits but has also been associated with enteric and respiratory infections, and inadequate sanitation and hygiene can lead to children touching and ingesting animal fecal matter. We identified key indicators for poultry feces management and investigated their social determinants using data from a baseline survey of a randomized-controlled trial of a poultry management training program in rural Western Uganda. The baseline survey was conducted in the Masindi and Kiryandongo districts of Uganda in September 2019, and data collected from 609 households were used. We evaluated indicators for poultry feces management behaviors using scale development methods, including descriptive statistics, bivariate correlation analyses, and Factor Analysis of Mixed Data. We also investigated social determinants of key poultry feces management behaviors using logistic and multinomial logistic regression models. A significant increase in odds of having free-roaming poultry was found for each additional poultry owned (OR = 1.18, P < 0.001). The odds of a household having an observed enclosure for poultry increased by 5% with each incremental poultry owned (OR = 1.05, P < 0.001), and by 4% with increasing wealth with each additional point on the poverty probability index score (OR = 1.04, P < 0.001). Our results also suggest enclosures are intermittently used and constructing them without further intervention likely will not be sufficient for effectively managing animal fecal contamination. We recommend that future studies on animal feces management measure indicators for corralling and feces disposal practices and evaluate their relationship to enteric pathogen exposure and health outcomes. Insights from this work can inform the development of robust indicators of poultry feces management behaviors that can be used for monitoring and evaluation purposes.}, journal={SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Lowe, Jeremy and Ercumen, Ayse and Prottas, Chris and Harris, R. Angela}, year={2022}, month={Aug} }
 @article{daly_harris_2022, title={Modeling Exposure to Fecal Contamination in Drinking Water due to Multiple Water Source Use}, volume={56}, ISSN={["1520-5851"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c05683}, DOI={10.1021/acs.est.1c05683}, abstractNote={The Joint Monitoring Programme estimated that 71% of people globally had access to “safely managed” drinking water in 2017. However, typical data collection practices focus only on a household’s primary water source, yet some households in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) engage in multiple water source use, including supplementing improved water supplies with unimproved water throughout the year. Monte Carlo simulations and previously published data were used to simulate exposure to fecal contamination (as measured by E. coli) along a range of supplemental unimproved source use rates (e.g., 0–100% improved water use, with the remainder made up with unimproved water). The model results revealed a statistically significant increase in annual exposure to E. coli when individuals supplement their improved water with unimproved water just 2 days annually. Additionally, our analysis identified scenarios–realistic for the data set study setting–where supplementing with unimproved water counterintuitively decreases exposure to E. coli. These results highlight the need for evaluating the temporal dynamics in water quality and availability of drinking water sources in LMICs as well as capturing the use of multiple water sources for monitoring global access to safe drinking water.}, number={6}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Daly, Sean W. and Harris, Angela R.}, year={2022}, month={Mar}, pages={3419–3429} }
 @article{kotlarz_holcomb_pasha_reckling_kays_lai_daly_palani_bailey_guidry_et al._2023, title={Timing and Trends for Municipal Wastewater, Lab-Confirmed Case , and Syndromic Case Surveillance of COVID-19 in Raleigh, North Carolina}, volume={113}, ISSN={["1541-0048"]}, url={https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/54927766/}, DOI={10.2105/AJPH.2022.307108}, abstractNote={ Objectives. To compare 4 COVID-19 surveillance metrics in a major metropolitan area.  Methods. We analyzed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA in wastewater influent and primary solids in Raleigh, North Carolina, from April 10 through December 13, 2020. We compared wastewater results with lab-confirmed COVID-19 cases and syndromic COVID-like illness (CLI) cases to answer 3 questions: (1) Did they correlate? (2) What was the temporal alignment of the different surveillance systems? (3) Did periods of significant change (i.e., trends) align?  Results. In the Raleigh sewershed, wastewater influent, wastewater primary solids, lab-confirmed cases, and CLI were strongly or moderately correlated. Trends in lab-confirmed cases and wastewater influent were observed earlier, followed by CLI and, lastly, wastewater primary solids. All 4 metrics showed sustained increases in COVID-19 in June, July, and November 2020 and sustained decreases in August and September 2020.  Conclusions. In a major metropolitan area in 2020, the timing of and trends in municipal wastewater, lab-confirmed case, and syndromic case surveillance of COVID-19 were in general agreement.  Public Health Implications. Our results provide evidence for investment in SARS-CoV-2 wastewater and CLI surveillance to complement information provided through lab-confirmed cases. (Am J Public Health. 2023;113(1):79–88. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2022.307108 ) }, number={1}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH}, publisher={American Public Health Association}, author={Kotlarz, Nadine and Holcomb, David A. and Pasha, Tanvir and Reckling, Stacie and Kays, Judith and Lai, Yi-Chun and Daly, Sean and Palani, Sivaranjani and Bailey, Erika and Guidry, Virginia T. and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Jan}, pages={79–88} }
 @article{workman_stoler_harris_ercumen_kearns_mapunda_2021, title={Food, water, and sanitation insecurities: Complex linkages and implications for achieving WASH security}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1744-1706"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2021.1971735}, DOI={10.1080/17441692.2021.1971735}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Food, water and sanitation insecurities are complex, multi-dimensional phenomena that entail more than availability and access; food, water, and sanitation resources must be safe and culturally appropriate. Researchers and implementers concerned with these insecurities have demonstrated that there are notable interactions between them resulting in significant psychological and biological outcomes. Recent randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in Bangladesh, Kenya (WASH Benefits) and Zimbabwe (SHINE) demonstrated no effect from water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) interventions on linear growth, and mixed evidence on enteropathogen burden and risk of diarrhoea in young children. These data suggest a need for a more comprehensive understanding of WASH security. The risks posed by multiple resource insecurities shift depending on the individual, their movement throughout their day, their economically and socially prescribed roles, and ecological features such as seasonality and precipitation. By more fully integrating food, water and sanitation security in interventions and subsequent impact evaluations, we can achieve WASH security—one that addresses myriad transmission pathways and co-occurring diseases—that ultimately would improve health outcomes throughout the world. In this critical review, we outline the complexity of combined resource insecurities as a step towards transformative WASH.}, journal={GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH}, author={Workman, Cassandra L. and Stoler, Justin and Harris, Angela and Ercumen, Ayse and Kearns, Joshua and Mapunda, Kenneth M.}, year={2021}, month={Sep} }
 @article{masten_harris_kearns_borrion_peters_gadhamshetty_2021, title={Global Environmental Engineering for and with Historically Marginalized Communities}, volume={38}, ISSN={["1557-9018"]}, DOI={10.1089/ees.2021.0103}, abstractNote={Marginalized communities lack full participation in social, economic, and political life, and they disproportionately bear the burden of environmental and health risks. This special issue of Environmental Engineering Science, the official journal of the Association of Environmental Engineering and Science Professors (AEESP), reports research on the unique environmental challenges faced by historically marginalized communities around the world. The results of community-based participatory research with an Afro-descendant community in Columbia, Native American communities in Alaska, United States, villagers in the Philippines, disadvantaged communities in California, United States, rural communities in Mexico and Costa Rica, homeless encampments in the San Diego River (United States) watershed entrepreneurs in Durban, South Africa, and remote communities in the island nation of Fiji are presented. The research reported in this special issue is transdisciplinary, bringing engineers together with anthropologists, sociologists, economists, and public health experts. In the 13 articles in this special issue, some of the topics covered include inexpensive technologies for water treatment, novel agricultural strategies for reversing biodiversity losses, and strategies for climate change adaptation. In addition, one article covered educational strategies for teaching ethics to prepare students for humanitarian engineering, including topics of poverty, sustainability, social justice, and engineering decisions under uncertainty. Finally, an article presented ways that environmental engineering professors can engage and promote the success of underrepresented minority students and enable faculty engaged in community-based participatory research.}, number={5}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE}, author={Masten, Susan J. and Harris, Angela and Kearns, Joshua and Borrion, Aiduan and Peters, Catherine A. and Gadhamshetty, Venkataramana R.}, year={2021}, month={May}, pages={285–287} }
 @article{harris_fidan_nelson_emanuel_jass_kathariou_niedermeyer_sharara_reyes_riveros-iregui_et al._2021, title={Microbial Contamination in Environmental Waters of Rural and Agriculturally-Dominated Landscapes Following Hurricane Florence}, volume={1}, ISSN={["2690-0637"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.1c00103}, DOI={10.1021/acsestwater.1c00103}, abstractNote={Hurricane Florence brought unprecedented rainfall and flooding to Eastern North Carolina in 2018. Extensive flooding had the potential to mobilize microbial contaminants from a variety of sources. Our study evaluated microbial contaminants in surface waters at 40 sites across Eastern North Carolina 1 week after the hurricane made landfall (Phase 1) and one month later (Phase 2). High concentrations of Escherichia coli were detected in flowing channel and floodwater samples across both phases; however, channel samples during Phase 2 had higher concentrations of E. coli compared to Phase 1. Human- and swine-associated fecal markers were detected in 26% and 9% of samples, respectively, with no trends related to phase of sampling. Arcobacter butzleri was previously shown to be recovered from most (73%) samples, and detection of this pathogen was not associated with any source-associated fecal marker. Detection of Listeria spp. was associated with the swine-associated fecal marker. These results suggest that improved swine and human feces management should be explored to prevent microbial contamination in surface water, especially in regions where extreme rainfall may increase due to climate change. Sampling at higher frequency surrounding rainfall events would provide more detailed characterization of the risks posed by floodwater at different time scales and under different antecedent conditions.}, number={9}, journal={ACS ES&T WATER}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Harris, Angela R. and Fidan, Emine N. and Nelson, Natalie G. and Emanuel, Ryan E. and Jass, Theo and Kathariou, Sophia and Niedermeyer, Jeffrey and Sharara, Mahmoud and Reyes, Francis Lajara, III and Riveros-Iregui, Diego A. and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Sep}, pages={2012–2019} }
 @article{daly_lowe_hornsby_harris_2021, title={Multiple water source use in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review}, ISBN={1996-7829}, DOI={10.2166/wh.2021.205}, abstractNote={AbstractThe Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) 2017 Update and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Baselines report classified 71% of the global population as having access to ‘safely managed’ drinking water. Current global monitoring efforts to track access to safely managed drinking water rely on collecting information on the ‘primary’ source of drinking water. However, there is evidence that households often rely on multiple sources to meet their water needs in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This systematic review was designed to compile the literature related to the practice of multiple water source use (MWSU) for drinking water in LMICs. A total of 5,318 studies were collected, and after abstract and full-text review, 74 articles were identified for inclusion. Studies reviewed reported from 4 to 100% of the study populations practicing MWSU. Additionally, the practice of supplemental unimproved source use was reported globally, representing households with improved primary source water also accessing unimproved water sources throughout the year. These findings expose gaps in current global water monitoring efforts, revealing potential inflation of reports of ‘safe drinking water access’ and unaccounted exposure to drinking water from unimproved sources.}, journal={JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH}, author={Daly, Sean and Lowe, Jeremy and Hornsby, Gracie and Harris, Angela}, year={2021} }
 @article{ercumen_prottas_harris_dioguardi_dowd_guiteras_2020, title={Poultry Ownership Associated with Increased Risk of Child Diarrhea: Cross-Sectional Evidence from Uganda}, volume={102}, ISSN={0002-9637 1476-1645}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.19-0012}, DOI={10.4269/ajtmh.19-0012}, abstractNote={Abstract. Domestic animals have been associated with enteric infections in young children and can also be carriers of respiratory viruses. We conducted a cross-sectional assessment of health outcomes in children aged < 5 years associated with animal presence among 793 rural households in Uganda. We recorded the 2-week prevalence of diarrhea and respiratory infections in children, and the number of cows, poultry, sheep/goats, and pigs in the household. We used generalized linear models with robust standard errors to estimate the prevalence ratio (PR) for diarrhea and respiratory infections associated with households owning the above- versus below-median number of animals. We conducted unadjusted and adjusted analyses controlling for socioeconomic, water, sanitation, and hygiene indicators. Children in households with the above-median number (> 5) of poultry had 83% higher diarrhea prevalence than those with ≤ 5 poultry (adjusted PR = 1.83 [1.04, 3.23], P = 0.04). Children in households with the above-median number (> 2) of cows had 48% lower prevalence of respiratory infection than those with ≤ 2 cows (adjusted PR = 0.52 [0.35, 0.76], P < 0.005). There were no other significant associations between domestic animals and child health. Studies should assess if barring chickens from indoor living quarters and sanitary disposal of chicken and other animal feces can reduce childhood zoonotic infections.}, number={3}, journal={The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, publisher={American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, author={Ercumen, Ayse and Prottas, Chris and Harris, Angela and Dioguardi, Angelique and Dowd, Greg and Guiteras, Raymond}, year={2020}, month={Mar}, pages={526–533} }
 @article{hamzah_boehm_davis_pickering_wolfe_mureithi_harris_2020, title={Ruminant Fecal Contamination of Drinking Water Introduced Post-Collection in Rural Kenyan Households}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1660-4601"]}, DOI={10.3390/ijerph17020608}, abstractNote={In sub-Saharan Africa, many families travel to collect water and store it in their homes for daily use, presenting an opportunity for the introduction of fecal contamination. One stored and one source water sample were each collected from 45 households in rural Kenya. All 90 samples were analyzed for fecal indicator bacteria (E. coli and enterococci) and species-specific contamination using molecular microbial source tracking assays. Human (HF183), avian (GFD), and ruminant (BacR) contamination were detected in 52, two, and four samples, respectively. Stored water samples had elevated enterococci concentrations (p < 0.01, Wilcoxon matched pairs test) and more frequent BacR detection (89% versus 27%, p < 0.01, McNemar’s exact test) relative to source water samples. fsQCA (fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis) was conducted on the subset of households with no source water BacR contamination to highlight combinations of factors associated with the introduction of BacR contamination to stored water supplies. Three combinations were identified: (i) ruminants in the compound, safe water extraction methods, and long storage time, (ii) ruminants, unsafe water extraction methods, and no soap at the household handwashing station, and (iii) long storage time and no soap. This suggests that multiple pathways contribute to the transmission of ruminant fecal contamination in this context, which would have been missed if data were analyzed using standard regression techniques.}, number={2}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH}, author={Hamzah, Latifah and Boehm, Alexandria B. and Davis, Jennifer and Pickering, Amy J. and Wolfe, Marlene and Mureithi, Maryanne and Harris, Angela}, year={2020}, month={Jan} }
 @article{niedermeyer_miller_yee_harris_emanuel_jass_nelson_kathariou_2020, title={Search for Campylobacter spp. Reveals High Prevalence and Pronounced Genetic Diversity of Arcobacter butzleri in Floodwater Samples Associated with Hurricane Florence in North Carolina, USA}, volume={86}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01118-20}, DOI={10.1128/aem.01118-20}, abstractNote={
            Climate change and associated extreme weather events can have massive impacts on the prevalence of microbial pathogens in floodwaters. However, limited data are available on foodborne zoonotic pathogens such as
            Campylobacter
            or
            Arcobacter
            in hurricane-associated floodwaters in rural regions with intensive animal production. With a high density of intensive animal production as well as pronounced vulnerability to hurricanes, eastern North Carolina presents unique opportunities in this regard. Our findings revealed widespread incidence of the emerging zoonotic pathogen
            Arcobacter butzleri
            in floodwaters from Hurricane Florence. We encountered high and largely unexplored diversity while also noting the potential for regionally abundant and persistent clones. We noted pronounced partitioning of the floodwater genotypes into two source-associated clades. The data will contribute to elucidating the poorly understood ecology of this emerging pathogen and highlight the importance of surveillance of floodwaters associated with hurricanes and other extreme weather events for
            Arcobacter
            and other zoonotic pathogens.
          }, number={20}, journal={Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, publisher={American Society for Microbiology}, author={Niedermeyer, Jeffrey A. and Miller, William G. and Yee, Emma and Harris, Angela and Emanuel, Ryan E. and Jass, Theo and Nelson, Natalie and Kathariou, Sophia}, editor={Elkins, Christopher A.Editor}, year={2020}, month={Aug}, pages={1–14} }
 @article{maysarah_putri_pratama_zulkarnain_willetts_foster_genter_harris_priadi_2020, title={The Occurrence of Escherichia coli in Groundwater of Bekasi City (Case Study: Jatiluhur, Sumur Batu, and Jatirangga Urban Villages)}, volume={566}, ISSN={["1755-1307"]}, DOI={10.1088/1755-1315/566/1/012008}, abstractNote={Abstract
               The self-supply of groundwater at the household level, and especially in densely populated areas, is vulnerable to fecal contamination. The aim of this study was to assess the level of fecal contamination in groundwater of three urban villages in Bekasi City that depend greatly on groundwater: Jatiluhur, Sumur Batu, and Jatirangga. Water samples were taken from 255 households with various types of water sources in the rainy season from February-March 2020. Escherichia coli (E. coli) concentration was quantified with Colilert-18 using IDEXX Quanti-Tray/2000 based on Most Probable Number (MPN) method. E. coli levels were beyond the WHO standard and found in 60% of the sources; 24% were above 100 MPN/100 mL. The presence of E. coli in groundwater indicated a requirement for further treatment prior to the point of consumption and an urgent need to replace the water supply infrastructure for improved water sources.}, journal={2020 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT, RESOURCES AND ENERGY ENGINEERING}, author={Maysarah, S. and Putri, G. L. and Pratama, M. A. and Zulkarnain, F. and Willetts, J. and Foster, T. and Genter, F. and Harris, A. and Priadi, C. R.}, year={2020} }
 @article{bivins_north_ahmad_ahmed_alm_been_bhattacharya_bijlsma_boehm_brown_et al._2020, title={Wastewater-Based Epidemiology: Global Collaborative to Maximize Contributions in the Fight Against COVID-19}, volume={54}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c02388}, DOI={10.1021/acs.est.0c02388}, abstractNote={Author(s): Bivins, Aaron; North, Devin; Ahmad, Arslan; Ahmed, Warish; Alm, Eric; Been, Frederic; Bhattacharya, Prosun; Bijlsma, Lubertus; Boehm, Alexandria B; Brown, Joe; Buttiglieri, Gianluigi; Calabro, Vincenza; Carducci, Annalaura; Castiglioni, Sara; Cetecioglu Gurol, Zeynep; Chakraborty, Sudip; Costa, Federico; Curcio, Stefano; de Los Reyes, Francis L; Delgado Vela, Jeseth; Farkas, Kata; Fernandez-Casi, Xavier; Gerba, Charles; Gerrity, Daniel; Girones, Rosina; Gonzalez, Raul; Haramoto, Eiji; Harris, Angela; Holden, Patricia A; Islam, Md Tahmidul; Jones, Davey L; Kasprzyk-Hordern, Barbara; Kitajima, Masaaki; Kotlarz, Nadine; Kumar, Manish; Kuroda, Keisuke; La Rosa, Giuseppina; Malpei, Francesca; Mautus, Mariana; McLellan, Sandra L; Medema, Gertjan; Meschke, John Scott; Mueller, Jochen; Newton, Ryan J; Nilsson, David; Noble, Rachel T; van Nuijs, Alexander; Peccia, Jordan; Perkins, T Alex; Pickering, Amy J; Rose, Joan; Sanchez, Gloria; Smith, Adam; Stadler, Lauren; Stauber, Christine; Thomas, Kevin; van der Voorn, Tom; Wigginton, Krista; Zhu, Kevin; Bibby, Kyle}, note={Adam Smith, Lauren Stadler, Christine Stauber, Kevin Thomas, Tom van der Voorn, Krista Wigginton, Kevin Zhu, Kyle Bibby. Wastewater-Based Epidemiology of COVID-19: Global Collaborative to Maximize Impact. Environmental Science and Technology.}, number={13}, journal={Environmental Science & Technology}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Bivins, Aaron and North, Devin and Ahmad, Arslan and Ahmed, Warish and Alm, Eric and Been, Frederic and Bhattacharya, Prosun and Bijlsma, Lubertus and Boehm, Alexandria B. and Brown, Joe and et al.}, year={2020}, month={Jul}, pages={7754–7757} }
 @article{elliott_foster_macdonald_harris_schwab_hadwen_2019, title={Addressing how multiple household water sources and uses build water resilience and support sustainable development}, volume={2}, ISSN={["2059-7037"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-019-0031-4}, DOI={10.1038/s41545-019-0031-4}, abstractNote={AbstractThe routine use of multiple water sources to meet household water needs is widely practiced and has been reported in many developing countries. However, it is typically neglected by implementers, development organizations, and researchers who tend to focus exclusively on the “main source of drinking water.” In this Perspective, we explain the nature and scope of multiple water source use (MWSU) at the household level in developing countries. We also describe the implications of MWSU for human health and water resilience, and identify key knowledge gaps, risks, and opportunities associated with MWSU. Finally, we argue that understanding MWSU is feasible for researchers and implementers and is essential for properly designing research studies and water supply projects.}, number={1}, journal={NPJ CLEAN WATER}, publisher={Nature Publishing Group}, author={Elliott, Mark and Foster, Tim and MacDonald, Morgan C. and Harris, Angela R. and Schwab, Kellogg J. and Hadwen, Wade L.}, year={2019}, month={Mar} }
 @article{harris_pickering_boehm_mrisho_davis_2019, title={Comparison of analytical techniques to explain variability in stored drinking water quality and microbial hand contamination of female caregivers in Tanzania}, volume={21}, ISSN={["2050-7895"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1039/C8EM00460A}, DOI={10.1039/c8em00460a}, abstractNote={Identifying explanatory variables of stored drinking water quality and hand contamination in Bagamoyo, Tanzania using 3 different modeling techniques.}, number={5}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE-PROCESSES & IMPACTS}, publisher={Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)}, author={Harris, Angela R. and Pickering, Amy J. and Boehm, Alexandria B. and Mrisho, Mwifadhi and Davis, Jennifer}, year={2019}, month={May}, pages={893–903} }
 @article{matusovich_carrico_harris_sheppard_brunhaver_streveler_mcglothlin lester_2019, title={Internships and engineering: beliefs and behaviors of academics}, journal={Education+ Training}, publisher={Emerald Publishing Limited}, author={Matusovich, Holly and Carrico, Cheryl and Harris, Angela and Sheppard, Sheri and Brunhaver, Samantha and Streveler, Ruth and McGlothlin Lester, Marlena B}, year={2019} }
 @inproceedings{rüde_harris_gilmartin_sheppard_2018, title={Exploring Alignment Between Engineering Students’ Job Plans and Post-Graduation Outcomes}, booktitle={2018 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE)}, author={Rüde, Lenard and Harris, Angela and Gilmartin, Shannon and Sheppard, Sheri}, year={2018}, pages={1–9} }
 @article{harris_islam_unicomb_boehm_luby_davis_pickering_2018, title={Fecal Contamination on Produce from Wholesale and Retail Food Markets in Dhaka, Bangladesh}, volume={98}, ISSN={0002-9637 1476-1645}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.17-0255}, DOI={10.4269/ajtmh.17-0255}, abstractNote={Fresh produce items can become contaminated with enteric pathogens along the supply chain at the preharvest (e.g., irrigation water, soil, fertilizer) or postharvest (e.g., vendor handling or consumer handling) stages. This study assesses the concentrations of fecal indicator bacteria Escherichia coli, enterococci (ENT), and Bacteriodales on surfaces of carrots, eggplants, red amaranth leaves, and tomatoes obtained from both a wholesale market (recently harvested) and neighborhood retail markets in Dhaka, Bangladesh. We detected E. coli in 100% of carrot and red amaranth rinses, 92% of eggplant rinses, and 46% of tomato rinses. Using a molecular microbial source tracking assay, we found that 32% of produce samples were positive for ruminant fecal contamination. Fecal indicator bacteria were more likely to be detected on produce collected in retail markets compared with that in the wholesale market; retail market produce were 1.25 times more likely to have E. coli detected (P = 0.03) and 1.24 times more likely to have ENT detected (P = 0.03) as compared with wholesale market produce. Bacteriodales was detected in higher concentrations in retail market produce samples compared with wholesale market produce samples (0.40 log10 gene copies per 100 cm2 higher, P = 0.03). Our results suggest that ruminant and general fecal contamination of produce in markets in Dhaka is common, and suggest that unsanitary conditions in markets are an important source of produce fecal contamination postharvest.}, number={1}, journal={The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, publisher={American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, author={Harris, Angela R. and Islam, Mohammad Aminul and Unicomb, Leanne and Boehm, Alexandria B. and Luby, Stephen and Davis, Jennifer and Pickering, Amy J.}, year={2018}, month={Jan}, pages={287–294} }
 @inproceedings{streveler_matusovich_cheryl carrico_brunhaver_sheppard_chen_harris_abhyankar_sama_2017, title={Board# 138: Professional Engineering Pathways Study: Using a Community of Practice Model to Propagate Findings and Engage the Community}, booktitle={2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition}, author={Streveler, Ruth A and Matusovich, Holly M and Cheryl Carrico, PE and Brunhaver, Samantha Ruth and Sheppard, Sheri and Chen, Helen L and Harris, Angela and Abhyankar, Rohini and Sama, Mitikaa}, year={2017} }
 @article{gilmartin_chen_schar_jin_toye_harris_cao_costache_reithmann_sheppard_2017, title={Designing a longitudinal study of engineering students’ innovation and engineering interests and plans: The Engineering Majors Survey Project. EMS 1.0 and 2.0 Technical Report}, journal={Stanford University Designing Education Lab, Stanford, CA, Technical Report}, author={Gilmartin, Shannon K and Chen, Helen L and Schar, Mark F and Jin, Qu and Toye, George and Harris, A and Cao, Emily and Costache, Emanuel and Reithmann, Maximillian and Sheppard, Sheri D}, year={2017} }
 @inproceedings{schar_gilmartin_harris_rieken_sheppard_2017, title={Innovation Self-Efficacy: A Very Brief Measure for Engineering Students.}, booktitle={Proceedings for the American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference, June 25-28. Columbus, OH.}, author={Schar, Mark and Gilmartin, S and Harris, A and Rieken, B and Sheppard, S}, year={2017} }
 @inproceedings{streveler_matusovich_carrico_brunhaver_sheppard_chen_harris_abhyankar_sama_2017, title={Professional Engineering Pathways Study: Using a community of practice model to propagate findings and engage the community}, volume={2017}, booktitle={ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition, Conference Proceedings}, author={Streveler, Ruth A and Matusovich, Holly M and Carrico, Cheryl PE and Brunhaver, Samantha and Sheppard, Sheri and Chen, Helen L and Harris, Angela and Abhyankar, Rohini and Sama, Mitikaa}, year={2017} }
 @inproceedings{harris_gilmartin_reinders_sheppard_2017, title={Understanding Engineering Student Motivating Factors for Job Application and Selection.}, booktitle={Proceedings of the American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference, June 25-28. Columbus, OH.}, author={Harris, Angela and Gilmartin, Shannon and Reinders, Katherine and Sheppard, Sheri}, year={2017} }
 @inproceedings{carrico_harris_matusovich_brunhaver_streveler_sheppard_2016, title={Helping engineering students get jobs: Views from career services professionals}, booktitle={123rd ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition}, author={Carrico, Cheryl and Harris, Angela and Matusovich, Holly M and Brunhaver, Samantha and Streveler, Ruth A and Sheppard, Sheri}, year={2016} }
 @article{boehm_wang_ercumen_shea_harris_shanks_kelty_ahmed_mahmud_arnold_et al._2016, title={Occurrence of Host-Associated Fecal Markers on Child Hands, Household Soil, and Drinking Water in Rural Bangladeshi Households}, volume={3}, ISSN={2328-8930 2328-8930}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00382}, DOI={10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00382}, abstractNote={We evaluated whether provision and promotion of improved sanitation hardware (toilets and child feces management tools) reduced rotavirus and human fecal contamination of drinking water, child hands, and soil among rural Bangladeshi compounds enrolled in a cluster-randomized trial. We also measured host-associated genetic markers of ruminant and avian feces. We found evidence of widespread ruminant and avian fecal contamination in the compound environment; non-human fecal marker occurrence scaled with animal ownership. Strategies for controlling non- human fecal waste should be considered when designing interventions to reduce exposure to fecal contamination in low-income settings. Detection of a human- associated fecal marker and rotavirus was rare and unchanged by provision and promotion of improved sanitation to intervention compounds. The sanitation intervention reduced ruminant fecal contamination in drinking water and general (non-host specific) fecal contamination in soil but overall had limited effects on reducing fecal contamination in the household environment.}, number={11}, journal={Environmental Science & Technology Letters}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Boehm, Alexandria B. and Wang, Dan and Ercumen, Ayse and Shea, Meghan and Harris, Angela R. and Shanks, Orin C. and Kelty, Catherine and Ahmed, Alvee and Mahmud, Zahid Hayat and Arnold, Benjamin F. and et al.}, year={2016}, month={Oct}, pages={393–398} }
 @article{boehm_wang_ercumen_shea_harris_shanks_kelty_ahmed_mahmud_arnold_et al._2016, title={Occurrence of host-associated fecal markers on child hands, household soil, and drinking water in rural Bangladeshi households}, volume={3}, number={11}, journal={Environmental Science & Technology Letters}, publisher={ACS Publications}, author={Boehm, Alexandria B and Wang, Dan and Ercumen, Ayse and Shea, Meghan and Harris, Angela R and Shanks, Orin C and Kelty, Catherine and Ahmed, Alvee and Mahmud, Zahid Hayat and Arnold, Benjamin F and et al.}, year={2016}, pages={393–398} }
 @article{harris_pickering_harris_doza_islam_unicomb_luby_davis_boehm_2016, title={Ruminants Contribute Fecal Contamination to the Urban Household Environment in Dhaka, Bangladesh}, volume={50}, ISSN={0013-936X 1520-5851}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b06282}, DOI={10.1021/acs.est.5b06282}, abstractNote={In Dhaka, Bangladesh, the sensitivity and specificity of three human, three ruminant, and one avian source-associated QPCR microbial source tracking assays were evaluated using fecal samples collected on site. Ruminant-associated assays performed well, whereas the avian and human assays exhibited unacceptable cross-reactions with feces from other hosts. Subsequently, child hand rinses (n = 44) and floor sponge samples (n = 44) from low-income-households in Dhaka were assayed for fecal indicator bacteria (enterococci, Bacteroidales, and Escherichia coli) and a ruminant-associated bacterial target (BacR). Mean enterococci concentrations were of 100 most probable number (MPN)/2 hands and 1000 MPN/225 cm(2) floor. Mean concentrations of Bacteroidales were 10(6) copies/2 hands and 10(5) copies/225 cm(2) floor. E. coli were detected in a quarter of hand rinse and floor samples. BacR was detected in 18% of hand rinse and 27% of floor samples. Results suggest that effective household fecal management should account not only for human sources of contamination but also for animal sources. The poor performance of the human-associated assays in the study area calls into the question the feasibility of developing a human-associated marker in urban slum environments, where domestic animals are exposed to human feces that have been disposed in pits and open drains.}, number={9}, journal={Environmental Science & Technology}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Harris, Angela R. and Pickering, Amy J. and Harris, Michael and Doza, Solaiman and Islam, M. Sirajul and Unicomb, Leanne and Luby, Stephen and Davis, Jennifer and Boehm, Alexandria B.}, year={2016}, month={Apr}, pages={4642–4649} }
 @article{harris_pickering_harris_doza_islam_unicomb_luby_davis_boehm_2016, title={Ruminants contribute fecal contamination to the urban household environment in Dhaka, Bangladesh}, volume={50}, number={9}, journal={Environmental science & technology}, publisher={ACS Publications}, author={Harris, Angela R and Pickering, Amy J and Harris, Michael and Doza, Solaiman and Islam, M Sirajul and Unicomb, Leanne and Luby, Stephen and Davis, Jennifer and Boehm, Alexandria B}, year={2016}, pages={4642–4649} }
 @inproceedings{brunhaver_matusovich_streveler_sheppard_carrico_harris_2016, title={Understanding engineering students' professional pathways: a longitudinal mixed-methods study}, booktitle={123rd ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition}, author={Brunhaver, Samantha and Matusovich, Holly M and Streveler, Ruth A and Sheppard, Sheri and Carrico, Cheryl and Harris, Angela}, year={2016} }
 @article{julian_islam_pickering_roy_fuhrmeister_ercumen_harris_bishai_schwab_2015, title={Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of Escherichia coli isolates from feces, hands, and soils in rural Bangladesh via the Colilert Quanti-Tray system}, volume={81}, number={5}, journal={Appl. Environ. Microbiol.}, publisher={Am Soc Microbiol}, author={Julian, Timothy R and Islam, M Aminul and Pickering, Amy J and Roy, Subarna and Fuhrmeister, Erica R and Ercumen, Ayse and Harris, Angela and Bishai, Jason and Schwab, Kellogg J}, year={2015}, pages={1735–1743} }
 @phdthesis{harris_2015, title={Understanding Sources and Determinants of Fecal Contamination of Water, Hands, Food, and Household Floors in Low-income Countries}, school={Stanford University}, author={Harris, Angela R}, year={2015} }
 @article{mattioli_boehm_davis_harris_mrisho_pickering_2014, title={Enteric Pathogens in Stored Drinking Water and on Caregiver’s Hands in Tanzanian Households with and without Reported Cases of Child Diarrhea}, volume={9}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0084939}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0084939}, abstractNote={Background Diarrhea is one of the leading causes of mortality in young children. Diarrheal pathogens are transmitted via the fecal-oral route, and for children the majority of this transmission is thought to occur within the home. However, very few studies have documented enteric pathogens within households of low-income countries. Methods and Findings The presence of molecular markers for three enteric viruses (enterovirus, adenovirus, and rotavirus), seven Escherichia coli virulence genes (ECVG), and human-specific Bacteroidales was assessed in hand rinses and household stored drinking water in Bagamoyo, Tanzania. Using a matched case-control study design, we examined the relationship between contamination of hands and water with these markers and child diarrhea. We found that the presence of ECVG in household stored water was associated with a significant decrease in the odds of a child within the home having diarrhea (OR = 0.51; 95% confidence interval 0.27–0.93). We also evaluated water management and hygiene behaviors. Recent hand contact with water or food was positively associated with detection of enteric pathogen markers on hands, as was relatively lower volumes of water reportedly used for daily hand washing. Enteropathogen markers in stored drinking water were more likely found among households in which the markers were also detected on hands, as well as in households with unimproved water supply and sanitation infrastructure. Conclusions The prevalence of enteric pathogen genes and the human-specific Bacteroidales fecal marker in stored water and on hands suggests extensive environmental contamination within homes both with and without reported child diarrhea. Better stored water quality among households with diarrhea indicates caregivers with sick children may be more likely to ensure safe drinking water in the home. Interventions to increase the quantity of water available for hand washing, and to improve food hygiene, may reduce exposure to enteric pathogens in the domestic environment.}, number={1}, journal={PLoS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Mattioli, Mia Catharine and Boehm, Alexandria B. and Davis, Jennifer and Harris, Angela R. and Mrisho, Mwifadhi and Pickering, Amy J.}, editor={Filion, Lionel G.Editor}, year={2014}, month={Jan}, pages={e84939} }
 @article{julian_islam_pickering_roy_fuhrmeister_ercumen_harris_bishai_schwab_2014, title={Genotypic and Phenotypic Characterization of Escherichia coli Isolates from Feces, Hands, and Soils in Rural Bangladesh via the Colilert Quanti-Tray System}, volume={81}, ISSN={0099-2240 1098-5336}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03214-14}, DOI={10.1128/aem.03214-14}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT
          
            The increased awareness of the role of environmental matrices in enteric disease transmission has resulted in the need for rapid, field-based methods for fecal indicator bacteria and pathogen detection. Evidence of the specificity of β-glucuronidase-based assays for detection of
            Escherichia coli
            from environmental matrices relevant to enteric pathogen transmission in developing countries, such as hands, soils, and surfaces, is limited. In this study, we quantify the false-positive rate of a β-glucuronidase-based
            E. coli
            detection assay (Colilert) for two environmental reservoirs in Bangladeshi households (hands and soils) and three fecal composite sources (cattle, chicken, and humans). We investigate whether or not the isolation source of
            E. coli
            influences phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Phenotypic characteristics include results of biochemical assays provided by the API-20E test; genotypic characteristics include the Clermont phylogroup and the presence of enteric and/or environmental indicator genes
            sfmH
            ,
            rfaI
            , and
            fucK
            . Our findings demonstrate no statistically significant difference in the false-positive rate of Colilert for environmental compared to enteric samples.
            E. coli
            isolates from all source types are genetically diverse, representing six of the seven phylogroups, and there is no difference in relative frequency of phylogroups between enteric and environmental samples. We conclude that Colilert, and likely other β-glucuronidase-based assays, is appropriate for detection of
            E. coli
            on hands and in soils with low false-positive rates. Furthermore,
            E. coli
            isolated from hands and soils in Bangladeshi households are diverse and indistinguishable from cattle, chicken, and human fecal isolates, using traditional biochemical assays and phylogrouping.
          }, number={5}, journal={Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, publisher={American Society for Microbiology}, author={Julian, Timothy R. and Islam, M. Aminul and Pickering, Amy J. and Roy, Subarna and Fuhrmeister, Erica R. and Ercumen, Ayse and Harris, Angela and Bishai, Jason and Schwab, Kellogg J.}, editor={Elkins, C. A.Editor}, year={2014}, month={Dec}, pages={1735–1743} }
 @article{harris_davis_boehm_2013, title={Mechanisms of post-supply contamination of drinking water in Bagamoyo, Tanzania}, volume={11}, ISSN={1477-8920 1996-7829}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2013.023}, DOI={10.2166/wh.2013.023}, abstractNote={Access to household water connections remains low in sub-Saharan Africa, representing a public health concern. Previous studies have shown water stored in the home to be more contaminated than water at the source; however, the mechanisms of post-supply contamination remain unclear. Using water quality measurements and structured observations of households in Bagamoyo, Tanzania, this study elucidates the causal mechanisms of the microbial contamination of drinking water after collection from a communal water source. The study identifies statistically significant loadings of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) occurring immediately after filling the storage container at the source and after extraction of the water from the container in the home. Statistically significant loadings of FIB also occur with various water extraction methods, including decanting from the container and use of a cup or ladle. Additionally, pathogenic genes of Escherichia coli were detected in stored drinking water but not in the source from which it was collected, highlighting the potential health risks of post-supply contamination. The results of the study confirm that storage containers and extraction utensils introduce microbial contamination into stored drinking water, and suggest that further research is needed to identify methods of water extraction that prevent microbial contamination of drinking water.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Water and Health}, publisher={IWA Publishing}, author={Harris, Angela R. and Davis, Jennifer and Boehm, Alexandria B.}, year={2013}, month={Jun}, pages={543–554} }
 @article{han_mukherji_rice_hughes_2011, title={Determination of 2,4- and 2,6-dinitrotoluene biodegradation limits}, volume={85}, ISSN={0045-6535}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.06.100}, DOI={10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.06.100}, abstractNote={This study was carried out to explore the lowest achievable dinitrotoluene (DNT) isomer concentrations that would support sustained growth of DNT degrading microorganisms under an aerobic condition. Studies were conducted using suspended (chemostat) and attached growth (column) systems. The biodegradation limits for 2,4-dinitrotoluene chemostat and column system were 0.054 ± 0.005 and 0.057 ± 0.008 μM, respectively, and for 2,6-dinitrotoluene, the limits for chemostat and column system were 0.039 ± 0.005 and 0.026 ± 0.013 μM, respectively. The biodegradation limits determined in this study are much lower than the regulatory requirements, inferring that bacterial ability to metabolize DNT does not preclude applications of bioremediation (including natural attenuation) for DNT contaminated media.}, number={5}, journal={Chemosphere}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Han, Sungsoo and Mukherji, Sachiyo T. and Rice, Angela and Hughes, Joseph B.}, year={2011}, month={Oct}, pages={848–853} }
 @article{schar_harris_rice_witt_sheppard, title={Connecting for Success}, author={Schar, Mark and Harris, Angela and Rice, Robert and Witt, Robert and Sheppard, Sheri} }