@article{ozturk_zhao_hoffman_joy_marlow_law_deutsch_mathews_mcguire_balkwill_et al._2024, title={Developmental Trajectories of Adolescents' Math Motivation: The Role of Mindset and Perceptions of Informal STEM Learning Site Inclusivity}, volume={2}, ISSN={["1573-6601"]}, url={http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/38418750}, DOI={10.1007/s10964-024-01949-0}, journal={JOURNAL OF YOUTH AND ADOLESCENCE}, author={Ozturk, Emine and Zhao, Mengya and Hoffman, Adam J. and Joy, Angelina and Marlow, Christina S. and Law, Fidelia and Deutsch, Ashley R. and Mathews, Channing J. and Mcguire, Luke and Balkwill, Frances and et al.}, year={2024}, month={Feb} }
 @article{ozturk_zhao_hoffman_joy_marlow_law_deutsch_mathews_mcguire_balkwill_et al._2024, title={Developmental Trajectories of Adolescents' Math Motivation: The Role of Mindset and Perceptions of Informal STEM Learning Site Inclusivity (28 Feb, 10.1007/s10964-024-01949-0, 2024)}, volume={4}, ISSN={["1573-6601"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10964-024-01978-9}, journal={JOURNAL OF YOUTH AND ADOLESCENCE}, author={Ozturk, Emine and Zhao, Mengya and Hoffman, Adam J. and Joy, Angelina and Marlow, Christina S. and Law, Fidelia and Deutsch, Ashley R. and Mathews, Channing J. and McGuire, Luke and Balkwill, Frances and et al.}, year={2024}, month={Apr} }
 @article{deutsch_berger_martens_witt_smith_hartstone-rose_2024, title={Myological and osteological approaches to gape and bite force reconstruction in <i>Smilodon fatalis</i>}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1932-8494"]}, DOI={10.1002/ar.25529}, abstractNote={Abstract Masticatory gape and bite force are important behavioral and ecological variables. While much has been written about the highly derived masticatory anatomy of Smilodon fatalis , there remains a great deal of debate about their masticatory behaviors. To that end, we establish osteological proxies for masticatory adductor fascicle length (FL) based on extant felids and apply these along with previously validated techniques to S. fatalis to provide estimates of fascicle lengths, maximum osteological gapes, and bite force. While the best correlated FL proxies in extant felids do not predict particularly long fascicles, these proxies may be of value for less morphologically distinct felids. A slightly less well correlated proxy predicts a temporalis FL 15% longer than that of Panthera tigris . While angular maximum bony gape is significantly larger in S. fatalis than it is in extant felids, linear gape at the canine tip and carnassial notch were not significantly different from those of extant felids. Finally, we produce anatomical bite force estimates of 1283.74 N at the canine and 4671.41 N at the carnassial, which are similar in magnitude to estimates not of the largest felids but of the much smaller P. onca , with S. fatalis producing slightly less force at the canines and more at the carnassials. These estimates align with previous predictions that S. fatalis may have killed large prey with canine shearing bites produced, in part, by force contributions of the postcranial muscles.}, journal={ANATOMICAL RECORD-ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE ANATOMY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY}, author={Deutsch, Ashley R. and Berger, Arin and Martens, Lara L. and Witt, Benjamin R. and Smith, Rachel L. J. and Hartstone-Rose, Adam}, year={2024}, month={Jun} }
 @article{young_chadwell_timothy p. o'neill_pastor_marchi_hartstone-rose_2024, title={Quantitative assessment of grasping strength in platyrrhine monkeys}, ISSN={["2692-7691"]}, DOI={10.1002/ajpa.24900}, abstractNote={AbstractObjectivesDespite the longstanding importance of grasping adaptations in theories of primate evolution, quantitative data on primate grasping strength remain rare. We present the results of two studies testing the prediction that callitrichines—given their comparative retreat from a small‐branch environment and specialization for movement and foraging on tree trunks and large boughs—should be characterized by weaker grasping forces and underdeveloped digital flexor muscles relative to other platyrrhines.MethodsFirst, we directly measured manual grasping strength in marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) and squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis), using a custom‐constructed force transducer. Second, we reanalyzed existing datasets on the fiber architecture of forearm and leg muscles in 12 platyrrhine species, quantifying digital flexor muscle physiological cross‐sectional area (i.e., PCSA, a morphometric proxy of muscle strength) relative to the summed PCSA across all forearm or leg muscles.ResultsCallithrix was characterized by lower mean and maximum grasping forces than Saimiri, and callitrichines as a clade were found to have relatively underdeveloped manual digital flexor muscle PCSA. However, relative pedal digital flexor PCSA did not significantly differ between callitrichines and other platyrrhines.ConclusionsWe found partial support for the hypothesis that variation in predominant substrate usage explains variation in empirical measurements of and morphological correlates of grasping strength in platyrrhines. Future research should extend the work presented here by (1) collecting morphological and empirical metrics of grasping strength in additional primate taxa and (2) extending performance testing to include empirical measures of primate pedal grasping forces as well.}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY}, author={Young, Jesse W. and Chadwell, Brad A. and Timothy P. O'Neill and Pastor, Francisco and Marchi, Damiano and Hartstone-Rose, Adam}, year={2024}, month={Jan} }
 @article{ozturk_zhao_joy_marlow_law_deutsch_mathews_hoffman_mcguire_winterbottom_et al._2024, title={The relations between growth mindset, motivational beliefs, and career interest in math intensive fields in informal STEM youth programs}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0294276}, abstractNote={Past research has shown that growth mindset and motivational beliefs have an important role in math and science career interest in adolescence. Drawing on situated expectancy-value theory (SEVT), this study extends these findings by investigating the role of parental motivational beliefs (e.g., expectancy beliefs, utility values) and parent growth mindset in math on adolescent career interest in math-intensive fields (e.g., mathematics, computer science, statistics, and engineering; MCSE) through adolescent motivational beliefs in math. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypothesized model using data from 290 adolescents (201 girls, 69.3%; M age = 15.20), who participate in informal STEM (science, technology, engineering, mathematics) youth programs, and their parents (162 parents, 87.7% female) in the United Kingdom and the United States. As hypothesized, adolescent expectancy beliefs, utility values, and growth mindset in math had a significant direct effect on MCSE career interest. Further, there was a significant indirect effect of parental expectancy beliefs in math on MCSE career interest through adolescents’ expectancy beliefs. Similarly, there was a significant indirect effect from parental utility values in math to MCSE career interest through adolescents’ utility values. The findings suggest that parents’ math motivational beliefs play a critical role in adolescent math motivational beliefs and their career interest in math-intensive fields.}, number={4}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Ozturk, Emine and Zhao, Mengya and Joy, Angelina and Marlow, Christina S. and Law, Fidelia and Deutsch, Ashley R. and Mathews, Channing J. and Hoffman, Adam J. and McGuire, Luke and Winterbottom, Mark and et al.}, year={2024}, month={Apr} }
 @article{moretti_flores_bell_godwin_hartstone-rose_lewis_2024, title={The scimitar-cat <i>Homotherium</i> from the submerged continental shelf of the Gulf Coast of Texas}, ISSN={["1932-8494"]}, DOI={10.1002/ar.25461}, abstractNote={Abstract The machairodontine felid Homotherium achieved a global geographic distribution throughout much of the Pleistocene. Accordingly, that large carnivore is important for understanding patterns of community composition. We report on a new record of Homotherium based on a fragmentary premaxilla–maxilla discovered on McFaddin Beach, Texas, along the Gulf of Mexico. Skeletal remains of extinct, Pleistocene vertebrates accumulate on McFaddin Beach. Those fossils appear to originate from submerged deposits on the continental shelf in the Gulf of Mexico, an area that was subaerially exposed in the Late Pleistocene during glacial intervals. Marine erosion and transport altered the externally visible morphology of the current specimen, obscuring and/or damaging taxonomically informative details of the preserved dentition. However, high‐resolution X‐ray computed tomography revealed diagnostic portions of the unerupted crown of an upper canine within its alveolus. The serrated edges of the canine combined with the position of the incisors demonstrate that the specimen from McFaddin Beach represents a species of Homotherium . That specimen is the latest in a larger sample of Homotherium in Texas that spans most of the Pliocene–Pleistocene. This is the first occurrence of Homotherium from the continental shelf of the Gulf Coast. That landscape may have formed a broad subtropical Gulf Coast corridor that facilitated the dispersal of Neotropical taxa along the coast between Texas and Florida. The associated fauna from McFaddin Beach contains Neotropical mammals common to southern Texas and Florida and indicates that Homotherium was a member of the fauna inhabiting the Gulf Coast corridor during the Late Pleistocene.}, journal={ANATOMICAL RECORD-ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE ANATOMY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY}, author={Moretti, John A. and Flores, Deanna and Bell, Christopher J. and Godwin, Will and Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Lewis, Patrick J.}, year={2024}, month={Apr} }
 @article{dickinson_hartstone‐rose_2023, title={Behavioral correlates of fascicular organization: The confluence of muscle architectural anatomy and function}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25187}, DOI={10.1002/ar.25187}, abstractNote={AbstractMuscle is a complex tissue that has been studied on numerous hierarchical levels: from gross descriptions of muscle organization to cellular analyses of fiber profiles. In the middle of this space between organismal and cellular biology lies muscle architecture, the level at which functional correlations between a muscle's internal fiber organization and contractile abilities are explored. In this review, we summarize this relationship, detail recent advances in our understanding of this form‐function paradigm, and highlight the role played byThe Anatomical Recordin advancing our understanding of functional morphology within muscle over the past two decades. In so doing, we honor the legacy of Editor‐in‐Chief Kurt Albertine, whose stewardship of the journal from 2006 through 2020 oversaw the flourishing of myological research, including numerous special issues dedicated to exploring the behavioral correlates of myology across diverse taxa. This legacy has seen theThe Anatomical Recordestablish itself as a preeminent source of myological research, and a true leader within the field of comparative anatomy and functional morphology.}, journal={The Anatomical Record}, author={Dickinson, Edwin and Hartstone‐Rose, Adam}, year={2023}, month={Mar} }
 @article{mcguire_marlow_hoffman_joy_law_hartstone-rose_rutland_winterbottom_balkwill_burns_et al._2023, title={Children & apos;s and adolescents' evaluations of wealth-related STEM inequality}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1467-9507"]}, DOI={10.1111/sode.12710}, abstractNote={AbstractThe fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) are rife with inequalities and under‐representation that have their roots in childhood. While researchers have focused on gender and race/ethnicity as two key dimensions of inequality, less attention has been paid to wealth. To this end, and drawing from the Social Reasoning Development approach, we examined children's and adolescents’ perceptions of STEM ability and access to opportunities as a function of wealth, as well as their desire to rectify such inequalities. Participants (n = 234: early childhood, n = 70, mean age = 6.33, SD = .79; middle childhood, n = 92, mean age = 8.90, SD = .83 and early adolescence, n = 62, mean age = 12.00; SD = 1.16) in the U.K. (64% White British) and U.S. (40% White/European American) read about two characters, one high‐wealth and one low‐wealth. In early childhood, participants reported that the high‐wealth character would have greater STEM ability and were just as likely to invite either character to take part in a STEM opportunity. By middle childhood, participants were more likely to report equal STEM abilities for both characters and to seek to rectify inequalities by inviting the low‐wealth character to take part in a STEM opportunity. However, older participants reported that peers would still prefer to invite the high‐wealth character. These findings also varied by ethnic group status, with minority status participants rectifying inequalities at a younger age than majority status participants. Together these findings document that children are aware of STEM inequalities based on wealth and, with age, will increasingly seek to rectify these inequalities.}, journal={SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT}, author={Mcguire, Luke and Marlow, Christina and Hoffman, Adam J. and Joy, Angelina and Law, Fidelia and Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Rutland, Adam and Winterbottom, Mark and Balkwill, Frances and Burns, Karen P. and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Sep} }
 @article{dickinson_manzo_davis_kolli_schwenk_carter_liu_vasipalli_ratkiewicz_deutsch_et al._2023, title={Ecological correlates of three-dimensional muscle architecture within the dietarily diverse Strepsirrhini}, ISSN={["1932-8494"]}, DOI={10.1002/ar.25361}, abstractNote={AbstractAnalysis of muscle architecture, traditionally conducted via gross dissection, has been used to evaluate adaptive relationships between anatomical form and behavioral function. However, gross dissection cannot preserve three‐dimensional relationships between myological structures for analysis. To analyze such data, we employ diffusible, iodine‐based contrast‐enhanced computed tomography (DiceCT) to explore the relationships between feeding ecology and masticatory muscle microanatomy in eight dietarily diverse strepsirrhines: allowing, for the first time, preservation of three‐dimensional fascicle orientation and tortuosity across a functional comparative sample. We find that fascicle properties derived from these digital analyses generally agree with those measured from gross‐dissected conspecifics. Physiological cross‐sectional area was greatest in species with mechanically challenging diets. Frugivorous taxa and the wood‐gouging species all exhibit long jaw adductor fascicles, while more folivorous species show the shortest relative jaw adductor fascicle lengths. Fascicle orientation in the parasagittal plane also seems to have a clear dietary association: most folivorous taxa have masseter and temporalis muscle vectors that intersect acutely while these vectors intersect obliquely in more frugivorous species. Finally, we observed notably greater magnitudes of fascicle tortuosity, as well as greater interspecific variation in tortuosity, within the jaw adductor musculature than in the jaw abductors. While the use of a single specimen per species precludes analysis of intraspecific variation, our data highlight the diversity of microanatomical variation that exists within the strepsirrhine feeding system and suggest that muscle architectural configurations are evolutionarily labile in response to dietary ecology—an observation to be explored across larger samples in the future.}, journal={ANATOMICAL RECORD-ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE ANATOMY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY}, author={Dickinson, Edwin and Manzo, Madison and Davis, Cassidy E. and Kolli, Shruti and Schwenk, Alysa and Carter, Ashley and Liu, Cindy and Vasipalli, Nimi and Ratkiewicz, Aleksandra and Deutsch, Ashley R. and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Dec} }
 @article{dickinson_tomblin_rose_tate_gottimukkula_granatosky_santana_hartstone-rose_2023, title={Ecomorphological correlates of inner and middle ear anatomy within phyllostomid bats}, ISSN={["1932-8494"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25178}, DOI={10.1002/ar.25178}, abstractNote={AbstractEcholocation is the primary sense used by most bats to navigate their environment. However, the influence of echolocating behaviors upon the morphology of the auditory apparatus remains largely uninvestigated. While it is known that middle ear ossicle size scales positively with body mass across mammals, and that peak call frequency scales negatively with body mass among bats, there are still large gaps in our understanding of the degree to which allometry or ecology influences the morphology of the chiropteran auditory apparatus. To investigate this, we used μCT datasets to quantify three morphological components of the inner and middle ear: ossicle size, ossicle shape, and cochlear spirality. These data were collected across 27 phyllostomid species, spanning a broad range of body sizes, habitats, and dietary categories, and the relationships between these variables and ear morphology were assessed using a comparative phylogenetic approach. Ossicle size consistently scaled with strong negative allometry relative to body mass. Cochlear spirality was significantly (p = .025) associated with wing aspect ratio (a proxy for habitat use) but was not associated with body mass. From a morphological perspective, the malleus and incus exhibited some variation in kind with diet and call frequency, while stapes morphology is more closely tied to body size. Future work will assess these relationships within other chiropteran lineages, and investigate potential morphological differences in the middle and inner ear of echolocating‐vs‐non‐echolocating taxa.}, journal={ANATOMICAL RECORD-ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE ANATOMY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY}, author={Dickinson, Edwin and Tomblin, Emily and Rose, Madison and Tate, Zoe and Gottimukkula, Mihika and Granatosky, Michael C. and Santana, Sharlene E. and Hartstone-Rose, Adam}, year={2023}, month={Feb} }
 @article{hartstone-rose_berger_tuman_fiorillo_2023, title={Illuminating dinosaurs under the aurora borealis-A commentary on the creation of the Arctic cover for Dinosaurs: New Ideas from Old Bones}, ISSN={["1932-8494"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25226}, DOI={10.1002/ar.25226}, abstractNote={For the cover of this third Special Issue of The Anatomical Record focused on dinosaurs, honoring Peter Dodson—a ceratopsian lover of arguably unrivaled proportions, the piece appeared destined to center on the Arctic Pachyrhinosaurus (Fiorillo & Tykoski, 2012)—a fascinating ceratopsian—and Nanuqsaurus—its probable antagonist and a taxon first described by former student and current Arctic dinosaur explorer (and coauthor of this piece) Fiorillo (with colleague Tykoski; Fiorillo & Tykoski, 2014) with the editorial support of Dodson himself. Beyond this obvious subject and setting choice, the artistic decision process posed a more difficult problem: how could we depict these potential ecological rivals in a new and interesting way to honor both the scientific fidelity that such an Issue would hold prime and Dodson's decades of evidence-based contributions to our field? More specifically, how could we depict these taxa differently and with greater scientific accuracy than their previous depictions—mostly centered on Nanuqsaurus fully fledged in down feathers attacking Pachyrhinosaurus during an Arctic snow storm (e.g., by PBS, 2020; Apple TV+, 2022). Beyond trying to avoid the cliché of a tyrannosaurid in physical confrontation with a ceratopsian (grounded in Knight's own classic kangaroo-like Tyrannosaurus menacingly squaring off against his taildragging Triceratops depicted more than a century ago; Milner, 2012; Paul, 1996), we also wanted to avoid a wooly depiction of Nanuqsaurus given the lack of evidence that this taxon (or any large tyrannosaurid) was thickly covered in feathers (Bell et al., 2017; Ksepka, 2020) and to depict a warmer scene given that the Arctic was substantially warmer year round and more seasonal than it is today (though it would have been cold enough in the winter for snow to be present; Fiorillo et al., 2016). While snow and mammal-like white fur may be the quickest visual shortcuts to signify the Arctic, we chose a subtler and still aesthetically exciting feature, even more specific to the Arctic: our scene is lit not only by a late-Cretaceous sunset, but by the aurora borealis. Although we cannot be sure of many of our artistic decisions about their appearance in life, we are certain that these two Arctic species were illuminated by the same aurora that lights the sky today millions of years later.}, journal={ANATOMICAL RECORD-ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE ANATOMY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY}, author={Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Berger, Arin and Tuman, Mot and Fiorillo, Anthony R.}, year={2023}, month={Apr} }
 @article{joy_mathews_zhao_law_mcguire_hoffman_balkwill_burns_butler_drews_et al._2023, title={Interest, Mindsets and Engagement: Longitudinal Relations in Science Orientations for Adolescents in Informal Science Programs}, volume={2}, ISSN={["1573-6601"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10964-023-01734-5}, abstractNote={Little is known about the factors that influence engagement for adolescents participating in informal youth science programs. This study examined longitudinal reciprocal associations between adolescents' science engagement, interest, and growth mindset. Participants were adolescents (M age  = 15.06, SD = 1.82 years, 66.8% female) from the UK (n = 168) and the US (n = 299). A cross lagged path analysis indicated that participants' science growth mindset at baseline was positively related to interest, and engagement at year 1, and science interest at year 1 was positively related to growth mindset at year 2. Additionally, girls had lower science growth mindsets than boys. This evidence suggests that informal programs may encourage positive STEM trajectories by fostering engagement, growth mindset and interest.}, journal={JOURNAL OF YOUTH AND ADOLESCENCE}, author={Joy, Angelina and Mathews, Channing J. and Zhao, Mengya and Law, Fidelia and McGuire, Luke and Hoffman, Adam J. and Balkwill, Frances and Burns, Karen P. and Butler, Laurence and Drews, Marc and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Feb} }
 @article{hartstone-rose_2023, title={Intra-terrestrial aliens-Visualizing the bizarre cranial anatomy of the worm-lizard!}, ISSN={["1932-8494"]}, DOI={10.1002/ar.25347}, abstractNote={Years ago, on a trip to Southern Africa, I visited the Natural History Museum of Zimbabwe in Bulawayo with Patrick Lewis, one of the authors of the two amphisbaenian papers in this issue (Bell et al., 2023; Meza et al., 2023), to examine their herpetology collection and meet with the legendary Don Broadley (1932–2016)—a herpetologist so renowned that there are nine species of reptiles named in his honor (Branch & Bates, 2018). After regaling us with tales of some of his harrowing encounters with all manner of scaly things and pointing out many impressive creatures in murky jars, he made his way over to one small container and fished out something rather unimposing for us to see. The specimen itself was certainly less impressive than the hand that grasped it—gnarled from years of hard work and missing digits from even more untold stories about encounters with formidable reptiles. (Apparently all good, old-school herpetologists are missing fingers?) The animal he proudly held out for us was the only specimen of its species in any collection anywhere in the world—the type specimen of Zygaspis maraisi (Broadley & Measey, 2016), one of the 123(!) taxa that he named over his decades' long career (Branch & Bates, 2018). (He named the species after another outstanding herpetologist who had caught it, Johan Marais, who also kindly supplied the photograph of the live specimen on the cover of this issue.) With its shiny black scales and an almost unnoticeable white chin, the Z. maraisi looked more like a combination of a hotdog and some kind of millipede than a lizard. Although I had never seen anything like it, apparently, I have probably trodden over these bizarre worm-lizards in my travels through their broad ranges in Africa, around the Mediterranean, South America, Mexico, and some Caribbean Islands (Cogger & Zweifel, 1998). While most amphisbaenians lack limbs (like their possible sister taxon, the snakes), a few species (a literal handful, if you can grab hold of them!) have diminutive, little legs. Unlike the pelvic spurs that are the limb remnants found in boas and pythons, the limbs found in the few amphisbaenians that have them are their forelimbs, and while these are indeed tiny—like the rest of the animal—they are surprisingly powerful, presumably to help the animals swim through their subterranean substrates. Even more strangely, the three species that have these limbs, all of which live in Mexico, have different numbers of toes (three to five) on each one (Simon, 2014)! In an interview certainly worth reading in Wired Magazine (Simon, 2014), herpetologist Carl Franklin discusses the lineage's horrifying propensity to attack people during their most vulnerable moments, relieving themselves. Thankfully, by the third paragraph, his interviewer assures us that this is certainly not true! However, if these horrid little things were actually more substantial than a short string of sausages, they would be potentially as intimidating as the taxon with an apparently similar ecology depicted in Dune. Like those giant fictional creatures, hearing seems to be of utmost importance to worm-lizards. As in fossorial mammals (Mason & Narins, 2015), amphisbaenians have large ear bones that they presumably use as their primary sensors though, as is evident in the skulls described in this volume (Bell et al., 2023; Meza et al., 2023), they also have large bony nostrils. While these are covered almost entirely in soft tissue (see images on the cover), perhaps chemoreception—especially at close range (Gans, 1974)—also helps balance the lack of vision as demonstrated by their vestigial eyes which would be of little use in their nearly entirely subterranean existence. As a mammologist with as little experience with reptiles as with fish, these amphisbaenian skulls superficially resemble those of placoderms more than other lizards. However, this actually does not give their strangeness justice. Amphisbaenians, as demonstrated in the two detailed papers on the genus Zygaspis in this volume (Bell et al., 2023; Meza et al., 2023), have several strange cranial features. For instance, the papers document and describe the so-called “element X.” Although this bone comes with the enigmatic name, it is not much to look at: sitting on the ventral side of the otic region (Zangerl, 1944) and sometimes fused to it (Meza et al., 2023), this simple looking bone seems to most likely be a sesamoid of the cranio-cervical muscles (Montero et al., 2017). Still, throughout vertebrate anatomy, there are not too many cranial bones for which we have no real explanation! While “element X” is morphologically fairly simple, the normally mundane nasofrontal and frontoparietal sutures are so exceedingly complex in Zygapsis that their interdigitations nearly meet each other in the middle (Meza et al., 2023; fig. 3). This sutural complexity probably has to do with transmission of the forces conveyed through these bones as the skull is forced through their subterranean world, but why these elaborate sutures are adaptive for this is yet another mystery. Even more bizarrely, the amphisbaenian spade-like central premaxilla is tipped with a single large central tooth. This strange fact is not discussed in detail in the current papers because it is not unique to Zygaspis, but, rather, is a feature of amphisbaenians in general (Estes et al., 1988; Gans, 1978). But the central tooth is potentially unique to the bizarre group as a whole. I cannot think of any other vertebrate taxon that has a central tooth, and neither can anyone in my professional circle. However, I would certainly be interested to hear about any other species that others know of with this strange morphology. What we do know is that the tooth has a single root and canal and therefore does not seem to be some kind of fusion of two central teeth (Patrick Lewis, pers comm). Although we are not aware of any embryonic studies of worm-lizards, the tooth is potentially related to, and a replacement of, the true “egg tooth” and in the pleurodont groups of amphisbaenians, that midline tooth may be regenerated as part of normal tooth replacement (Gans, 1978). To the authors of these papers, my friends who have spent scores of hours staring at these things, these structures apparently seem unremarkable, but I am grateful that they have shared this clearly amazing anatomy with us. I am sure you will agree that a face like this is not easily forgotten! Adam Hartstone-Rose: Conceptualization; investigation; writing – original draft; writing – review and editing; supervision; methodology; visualization.}, journal={ANATOMICAL RECORD-ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE ANATOMY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY}, author={Hartstone-Rose, Adam}, year={2023}, month={Nov} }
 @article{organ_smith_trainor_allen_balta_beresheim_brewer-deluce_brown_burrows_byers_et al._2023, title={Personal autonomy and self-determination are crucial for professionalism in healthcare}, ISSN={["1935-9780"]}, DOI={10.1002/ase.2278}, abstractNote={In our role as medical educators and researchers, we support in the strongest manner possible the personal autonomy and self-determination of our students, patients, and colleagues. A fundamental value of the medical profession is for the patient to have personal autonomy in their healthcare decisions, including how they would like to be identified. It is, and will continue to be, an important priority to be taught and encouraged throughout healthcare education,1 and it begins in the anatomy laboratory with the proper and respectful treatment of body donors.2 Learning this value continues with respecting and accepting this same autonomy in fellow students, staff, faculty, and patients. There are some who question whether foregrounding the value of personal autonomy and the right to self-identification in health professions education is an appropriate use of resources and teaching time in an already crowded curriculum. Let us be clear: understanding this value and addressing it in the correct language3 are of paramount importance to the well-being of all involved in healthcare and should be a recurring theme throughout their education and career.4 Personal autonomy is one of the four pillars of bioethics and is a strong antidote to the paternalism and mistakes of recent eras of healthcare delivery. Any individual should be able to make their personal identity known without fear or ridicule, and this is especially important in healthcare fields. Time and resources should be devoted to educating our future healthcare professionals in the proper way to address patients, students, and colleagues. This should occur during all phases of healthcare education and should be practiced and exemplified by those who teach in healthcare. Appropriate identification of individuals, and their right to choose how they wish to be identified, is a fundamental tenet of healthcare professionalism and demands recognition as an integral principle of human rights. Complete healthcare starts with a thorough understanding of the patient, and that includes respect of personal autonomy. Acquiring skills and knowledge around the appropriate application of such principles is necessary as one of many essential components of medical education and training.}, journal={ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION}, author={Organ, Jason M. and Smith, Heather F. and Trainor, Paul A. and Allen, Kari and Balta, Joy Y. and Beresheim, Amy C. and Brewer-Deluce, Danielle and Brown, Kirsten M. and Burrows, Anne M. and Byers, Kelsey T. and et al.}, year={2023}, month={May} }
 @article{martens_piersanti_berger_kida_deutsch_bertok_humphries_lassiter_hartstone-rose_2023, title={The Effects of Onychectomy (Declawing) on Antebrachial Myology across the Full Body Size Range of Exotic Species of Felidae}, volume={13}, ISSN={["2076-2615"]}, DOI={10.3390/ani13152462}, abstractNote={While people are familiar with the practice of declawing domestic cats, “onychectomy”, as it is also known, is also performed on non-domesticated species, including pantherines, to prolong their use for entertainment purposes. Although the surgery (the partial or complete removal of the distal phalanx) has clear osteological implications, its myological effects have never been studied. As the mass of an animal increases cubically as a product of its volume, while the areas of its paws only increase as a square, larger felids have higher foot pressures and, therefore, the surgery may have particularly substantial functional effects on larger cats. In this study, we evaluate the forearms of clawed and declawed non-domestic felid specimens that spanned the body size range of the whole family to evaluate the effects of onychectomy on muscle fiber architecture. We found that the deep digital flexors (the muscles most directly affected by onychectomy) of declawed felids are significantly lighter (~73%) and less powerful (46–66%) than those of non-declawed felids, while other muscles do not make up for these reductions. Thus, onychectomy has a substantial effect on the myological capabilities of cats, and because these deficiencies are not compensated for in biomechanically disadvantaged larger felids, it probably has even more functionally devastating consequences for these species.}, number={15}, journal={ANIMALS}, author={Martens, Lara L. and Piersanti, Sarah Jessica and Berger, Arin and Kida, Nicole A. and Deutsch, Ashley R. and Bertok, Kathryn and Humphries, Lauren and Lassiter, Angela and Hartstone-Rose, Adam}, year={2023}, month={Aug} }
 @article{hoffman_mcguire_mathews_joy_law_drews_rutland_hartstone-rose_winterbottom_mulvey_2023, title={The importance of trust in the relation between COVID-19 information from social media and well-being among adolescents and young adults}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0282076}, abstractNote={During the COVID-19 pandemic, young people have been exposed to distressing content about COVID-19 without knowing whether they can trust such content. This indicates a need to examine the effects of social media use on mental health and well-being. Existing research provides an inconsistent impression of such effects. Thus, we examined the relation between exposure to COVID-19 information on social media and well-being and assessed if trust in COVID-19 information on social media moderated this relationship. The sample consisted of 168 adolescents and young adults from the U.K. and U.S. (Mage = 17.4 years). Participants completed measures of exposure to, and trust in, COVID-19 information on social media platforms, and measures of emotional, psychological, and social well-being. Results revealed a null to positive relation between exposure to COVID-19 information on social media and well-being across measures. However, when trust was added to the models as a moderator, results indicated that, for adolescents with higher levels of trust in COVID-19 information found on social media, the relation between information encountered on social media and well-being was positive. In contrast, for adolescents with lower levels of trust, the association between information encountered on social media and well-being was null or sometimes negative. Given the lack of consensus about the impact of social media use on well-being, these results point to the importance of trust when assessing the relationship between exposure to COVID-19 information and well-being.}, number={3}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Hoffman, Adam J. J. and McGuire, Luke and Mathews, Channing J. J. and Joy, Angelina and Law, Fidelia and Drews, Marc and Rutland, Adam and Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Winterbottom, Mark and Mulvey, Kelly Lynn}, year={2023}, month={Mar} }
 @article{deutsch_langerhans_flores_hartstone-rose_2023, title={The roar of Rancho La Brea? Comparative anatomy of modern and fossil felid hyoid bones}, volume={284}, ISSN={["1097-4687"]}, DOI={10.1002/jmor.21627}, abstractNote={AbstractAnimal vocalization is broadly recognized as ecologically and evolutionarily important. In mammals, hyoid elements may influence vocalization repertoires because the hyoid apparatus anchors vocal tissues, and its morphology can be associated with variation in surrounding soft‐tissue vocal anatomy. Thus, fossil hyoid morphology has the potential to shed light on vocalizations in extinct taxa. Yet, we know little about the hyoid morphology of extinct species because hyoid elements are rare in the fossil record. An exception is found in the Rancho La Brea tar pits in Los Angeles, California, where enough hyoids have been preserved to allow for quantitative analyses. The La Brea Tar Pits and Museum houses one of the largest and most diverse collections of carnivore fossils, including hyoid elements from the extinct felids Smilodon fatalis and Panthera atrox. Here, we found that extant members of Felinae (purring cats) and Panthera (roaring cats) showed characteristic differences in hyoid size and shape that suggest possible functional relationships with vocalization. The two extinct taxa had larger and more robust hyoids than extant felids, potentially reflecting the ability to produce lower frequency vocalizations as well as more substantial muscles associated with swallowing and respiration. Based on the shape of the hyoid elements, Panthera atrox resembled roaring cats, while Smilodon fatalis was quite variable and, contrary to suggestions from previous research, more similar overall to purring felids. Thus P. atrox may have roared and S. fatalis may have produced vocalizations similar to extant purring cats but at a lower frequency. Due to the confounding of vocalization repertoire and phylogenetic history in extant Felidae, we cannot distinguish between morphological signals related to vocalization behavior and those related to shared evolutionary history unrelated to vocalization.}, number={10}, journal={JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY}, author={Deutsch, Ashley. R. R. and Langerhans, R. Brian and Flores, Deanna and Hartstone-Rose, Adam}, year={2023}, month={Oct} }
 @article{dickinson_elminowski_flores_eldridge_granatosky_hartstone-rose_2022, title={A morphological analysis of carnivoran ossicles from Rancho La Brea}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1097-4687"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.21506}, DOI={10.1002/jmor.21506}, abstractNote={AbstractThe morphology of the mammalian middle ear—including the size, shape, and stiffness of individual ossicles—controls their vibrational response to sound and, is closely related to an animal's auditory capabilities. While the relationship between middle ear morphology and hearing frequency has been explored in living carnivorans, the size and shape of ossicles in fossil carnivorans have been sparsely documented. In this study, we present the first morphological data on four iconic carnivoran taxa from the Rancho La Brea Tar Pits: Smilodon fatalis, Panthera atrox, Canis dirus, and Arctodus simus. These data are contextualized with samples of extant felids, canids, and ursids to determine the extent to which the ossicles of these iconic fossil taxa resemble their living relatives. Six, five, and seven linear measurements were taken from the malleus, incus, and stapes, respectively. Comparisons of geometric means reveal that the ossicles of fossil canids and felids are similar in size to living analogs, but those of A. simus are significantly larger than those of any living ursid. Further, principal components analyses demonstrate close morphological affinities between fossil and extant taxa within canids and felids, and again, a greater disparity between fossil and extant ursids. Canids and ursids occupy distinct regions of the morphospace, yet both overlap the morphological range spanned by felids. While some elements—for example, the stapes—require further specimens to facilitate more nuanced interpretations of variation, our findings underscore the need for concerted efforts towards identifying and preserving these bones within fossil assemblages.}, journal={JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY}, author={Dickinson, Edwin and Elminowski, Erin E. and Flores, Deanna and Eldridge, Emma I and Granatosky, Michael C. and Hartstone-Rose, Adam}, year={2022}, month={Sep} }
 @article{law_blackwell_curtis_dickinson_hartstone-rose_santana_2022, title={Decoupled evolution of the cranium and mandible in carnivoran mammals}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1558-5646"]}, DOI={10.1111/evo.14578}, abstractNote={The relationship between skull morphology and diet is a prime example of adaptive evolution. In mammals, the skull consists of the cranium and the mandible. Although the mandible is expected to evolve more directly in response to dietary changes, dietary regimes may have less influence on the cranium because additional sensory and brain‐protection functions may impose constraints on its morphological evolution. Here, we tested this hypothesis by comparing the evolutionary patterns of cranium and mandible shape and size across 100+ species of carnivoran mammals with distinct feeding ecologies. Our results show decoupled modes of evolution in cranial and mandibular shape; cranial shape follows clade‐based evolutionary shifts, whereas mandibular shape evolution is linked to broad dietary regimes. These results are consistent with previous hypotheses regarding hierarchical morphological evolution in carnivorans and greater evolutionary lability of the mandible with respect to diet. Furthermore, in hypercarnivores, the evolution of both cranial and mandibular size is associated with relative prey size. This demonstrates that dietary diversity can be loosely structured by craniomandibular size within some guilds. Our results suggest that mammal skull morphological evolution is shaped by mechanisms beyond dietary adaptation alone.}, journal={EVOLUTION}, author={Law, Chris J. and Blackwell, Emily A. and Curtis, Abigail A. and Dickinson, Edwin and Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Santana, Sharlene E.}, year={2022}, month={Aug} }
 @article{mcguire_hoffman_mulvey_hartstone-rose_winterbottom_joy_law_balkwill_burns_butler_et al._2022, title={Gender Stereotypes and Peer Selection in STEM Domains Among Children and Adolescents}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1573-2762"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11199-022-01327-9}, abstractNote={AbstractGender stereotypes are harmful for girls’ enrollment and performance in science and mathematics. So far, less is known about children’s and adolescents’ stereotypes regarding technology and engineering. In the current study, participants’ (N = 1,206, girls n = 623; 5–17-years-old, M = 8.63, SD = 2.81) gender stereotypes for each of the STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) domains were assessed along with the relation between these stereotypes and a peer selection task in a STEM context. Participants reported beliefs that boys are usually more skilled than are girls in the domains of engineering and technology; however, participants did not report gender differences in ability/performance in science and mathematics. Responses to the stereotype measures in favor of one’s in-group were greater for younger participants than older participants for both boys and girls. Perceptions that boys are usually better than girls at science were related to a greater likelihood of selecting a boy for help with a science question. These findings document the importance of domain specificity, even within STEM, in attempts to measure and challenge gender stereotypes in childhood and adolescence.}, journal={SEX ROLES}, author={McGuire, Luke and Hoffman, Adam J. and Mulvey, Kelly Lynn and Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Winterbottom, Mark and Joy, Angelina and Law, Fidelia and Balkwill, Frances and Burns, Karen P. and Butler, Laurence and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{mulvey_mcguire_mathews_hoffman_law_joy_hartstone-rose_winterbottom_balkwill_fields_et al._2022, title={Preparing the Next Generation for STEM: Adolescent Profiles Encompassing Math and Science Motivation and Interpersonal Skills and Their Associations With Identity and Belonging}, volume={5}, ISSN={["1552-8499"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X221085296}, DOI={10.1177/0044118X221085296}, abstractNote={ Science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) workers need both motivation and interpersonal skills in STEM disciplines. The aims of the study were to identify clusters of adolescents who vary in math and science motivation and interpersonal skills and to explore what factors are related to membership in a high math and science motivation and interpersonal skills cluster. Participants included 467 adolescents (312 female; Mage = 15.12 to SD = 1.71 year) recruited from out-of-school STEM programs in the US and UK. Findings from latent class analyses revealed four clusters, including a “High Math and Science Motivation and Interpersonal Skills” group, as well as groups that exhibited lower levels of either motivation or interpersonal skills. STEM program belonging, and STEM identity are related to membership in the high motivation and skills cluster. Findings provide insight into factors that may encourage motivation and interpersonal skills in adolescents, preparing them for STEM workforce entry. }, journal={YOUTH & SOCIETY}, author={Mulvey, Kelly Lynn and McGuire, Luke and Mathews, Channing and Hoffman, Adam J. and Law, Fidelia and Joy, Angelina and Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Winterbottom, Mark and Balkwill, Frances and Fields, Grace and et al.}, year={2022}, month={May} }
 @article{zhao_mathews_mulvey_hartstone-rose_mcguire_hoffman_winterbottom_joy_law_balkwill_et al._2022, title={Promoting Diverse Youth's Career Development through Informal Science Learning: The Role of Inclusivity and Belonging}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1573-6601"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10964-022-01694-2}, abstractNote={AbstractLittle research has examined the associations between perceived inclusivity within informal science learning sites, youth program belonging and perceptions of program career preparation. This study explored relations between these factors at three timepoints (T1 = start of program, T2 = 3 months and T3 = 12 months after start). Participants were a diverse sample of 209 adolescents participating in STEM youth programs within informal science learning sites situated in the United States and United Kingdom (70% females: Mage = 15.27, SDage = 1.60), with 53.1% British and 64.1% non-White. Path analysis revealed that only perceptions of inclusivity for own social identity group (i.e., gender, ethnicity) at T1 were associated with T2 STEM youth program belonging. There was a significant indirect effect of T1 perceptions of inclusivity for one’s own social identity groups on T3 perceptions of program career preparation via T2 program belonging. This study highlights that, over time, perceptions of inclusivity around youth’s own social identity groups (i.e., gender and ethnicity/culture) are related to a sense of youth program belonging, which in turn is later associated with perceptions of program career preparation.}, journal={JOURNAL OF YOUTH AND ADOLESCENCE}, author={Zhao, Mengya and Mathews, Channing J. and Mulvey, Kelly Lynn and Hartstone-Rose, Adam and McGuire, Luke and Hoffman, Adam J. and Winterbottom, Mark and Joy, Angelina and Law, Fidelia and Balkwill, Frances and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{antonelli_leischner_hartstone-rose_2022, title={The Cranial Morphology of the Black-Footed Ferret: A Comparison of Wild and Captive Specimens}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2076-2615"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12192708}, DOI={10.3390/ani12192708}, abstractNote={The black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes), a North American mustelid species, was once found abundantly throughout the Midwest until the extreme decline in prairie dogs (Cynomys spp.), the black-footed ferret’s primary food source, brought the species to near-extinction. Subsequently, the Black-Footed Ferret Recovery Program was created in the 1980s with a goal of bringing all remaining individuals of the species into captivity in order to breed the species back to a sustainable population level for successful reintroduction into the wild. While many components of the ferrets’ health were accounted for while in captivity—especially those affecting fecundity—this study aims to assess the effects that captivity may have had on their cranial morphology, something that has not been widely studied in the species. In a previous study, we showed that the captive ferrets had significant oral health problems, and here we aim to document how the captive diet also affected their skull shape. For this study, 23 cranial measurements were taken on the skulls of 271 adult black-footed ferrets and 53 specimens of two closely related species. Skulls were divided based on sex, species, captivity status and phase of captivity and compared for all measurements using stepwise discriminant analysis as well as principal component analysis derived from the combined variables. We found that there are significant differences between captive and wild specimens, some of which are larger than interspecific variation, and that a diet change in the captive specimens likely helped decrease some of these differences. The results suggest that captivity can cause unnatural cranial development and that diet likely has a major impact on cranial morphology.}, number={19}, journal={ANIMALS}, author={Antonelli, Tyler and Leischner, Carissa L. and Hartstone-Rose, Adam}, year={2022}, month={Oct} }
 @article{leonard_worden_boettcher_dickinson_omstead_burrows_hartstone-rose_2021, title={Anatomical and ontogenetic influences on muscle density}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2045-2322"]}, DOI={10.1038/s41598-021-81489-w}, abstractNote={AbstractPhysiological cross-sectional area (PCSA), an important biomechanical variable, is an estimate of a muscle’s contractile force potential and is derived from dividing muscle mass by the product of a muscle’s average fascicle length and a theoretical constant representing the density of mammalian skeletal muscle. This density constant is usually taken from experimental studies of small samples of several model taxa using tissues collected predominantly from the lower limbs of adult animals. The generalized application of this constant to broader analyses of mammalian myology assumes that muscle density (1) is consistent across anatomical regions and (2) is unaffected by the aging process. To investigate the validity of these assumptions, we studied muscles of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in the largest sample heretofore investigated explicitly for these variables, and we did so from numerous anatomical regions and from three different age-cohorts. Differences in muscle density and histology as a consequence of age and anatomical region were evaluated using Tukey’s HSD tests. Overall, we observed that older individuals tend to have denser muscles than younger individuals. Our findings also demonstrated significant differences in muscle density between anatomic regions within the older cohorts, though none in the youngest cohort. Approximately 50% of the variation in muscle density can be explained histologically by the average muscle fiber area and the average percent fiber area. That is, muscles with larger average fiber areas and a higher proportion of fiber area tend to be denser. Importantly, using the age and region dependent measurements of muscle density that we provide may increase the accuracy of PCSA estimations. Although we found statistically significant differences related to ontogeny and anatomical region, if density cannot be measured directly, the specific values presented herein should be used to improve accuracy. If a single muscle density constant that has been better validated than the ones presented in the previous literature is preferred, then 1.0558 and 1.0502 g/cm3 would be reasonable constants to use across all adult and juvenile muscles respectively.}, number={1}, journal={SCIENTIFIC REPORTS}, author={Leonard, Kaitlyn C. and Worden, Nikole and Boettcher, Marissa L. and Dickinson, Edwin and Omstead, Kailey M. and Burrows, Anne M. and Hartstone-Rose, Adam}, year={2021}, month={Jan} }
 @article{mathews_mcguire_joy_law_winterbottom_rutland_drews_hoffman_mulvey_hartstone-rose_2021, title={Assessing adolescents' critical health literacy: How is trust in government leadership associated with knowledge of COVID-19?}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0259523}, abstractNote={This study explored relations between COVID-19 news source, trust in COVID-19 information source, and COVID-19 health literacy in 194 STEM-oriented adolescents and young adults from the US and the UK. Analyses suggest that adolescents use both traditional news (e.g., TV or newspapers) and social media news to acquire information about COVID-19 and have average levels of COVID-19 health literacy. Hierarchical linear regression analyses suggest that the association between traditional news media and COVID-19 health literacy depends on participants’ level of trust in their government leader. For youth in both the US and the UK who used traditional media for information about COVID-19 and who have higher trust in their respective government leader (i.e., former US President Donald Trump and UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson) had lower COVID-19 health literacy. Results highlight how youth are learning about the pandemic and the importance of not only considering their information source, but also their levels of trust in their government leaders.}, number={11}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Mathews, Channing J. and McGuire, Luke and Joy, Angelina and Law, Fidelia and Winterbottom, Mark and Rutland, Adam and Drews, Marc and Hoffman, Adam J. and Mulvey, Kelly Lynn and Hartstone-Rose, Adam}, year={2021}, month={Nov} }
 @article{leonard_worden_boettcher_dickinson_hartstone-rose_2021, title={Effects of freezing and short-term fixation on muscle mass, volume, and density}, volume={5}, ISSN={["1932-8494"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24639}, DOI={10.1002/ar.24639}, abstractNote={AbstractPreventing postmortem deterioration of soft‐tissues is an important requisite of anatomical research. In order to provide corrections for potential myological distortions, this study quantifies the acute effects of freezing, formalin fixation and ethanol storage using muscles from (n = 46) rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Bilateral dissections of specific muscles were performed and each side was assigned to a different preparation group (fresh, formalin fixation only, fixation followed by short duration ethanol storage, and freezing once or twice). We demonstrate that short‐term freezing at −20C and thawing have no significant effect on muscle mass, volume, and density while short‐term formalin fixation and ethanol storage significantly reduces mass and volume (density remains relatively constant.) Although freezing may have less of an effect on the gross morphometric characteristics of the musculature than ethanol storage, slow freezing damages muscle microanatomy, and therefore, faster freezing and other modes of preservation such as formalin fixation and ethanol storage may be preferable. Based on our results, we derived the following correction factors for each preparation: the mass of specimens stored in 70% ethanol should be multiplied by 1.69 to approximate fresh muscle mass, and specimens fixed in 10% formalin multiplied by 1.32. Although not significant, specimens frozen‐once were slightly less massive and could be multiplied by 1.03 (frozen‐twice ×1.09). The volumetric corrections are: ethanol 1.64; 10% formalin 1.32; frozen‐once 1.03; frozen‐twice 1.10. While the density of ethanol preserved specimens is slightly less than that of fresh ones (correction: 1.03), those preserved in formalin and frozen maintain nearly the same density.}, journal={ANATOMICAL RECORD-ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE ANATOMY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Leonard, Kaitlyn C. and Worden, Nikole and Boettcher, Marissa L. and Dickinson, Edwin and Hartstone-Rose, Adam}, year={2021}, month={May} }
 @article{leonard_worden_boettcher_dickinson_hartstone-rose_2022, title={Effects of long-term ethanol storage on muscle architecture}, volume={305}, ISSN={["1932-8494"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24638}, DOI={10.1002/ar.24638}, abstractNote={AbstractMuscle excursion and force potential can be estimated from architectural variables, including mass, volume, fascicle length, and density. These have been collected from fresh specimens, preserved specimens, and sometimes mixed samples of both. However, preservation alters the gross morphology of muscles. This study aims to quantify the effects of long‐term storage on myological properties across a sample of fresh and ethanol preserved Mus musculus specimens ranging in storage time from 16 to 130 years. Masses, volumes, and densities of biceps femoris, quadriceps femoris, and triceps surae were measured, and histological cross‐sections of some specimens were used to evaluate the microscale effects of long‐term fluid preservation. For the remainder of the sample, chemically dissected fascicle lengths were measured to evaluate the fixation effects on the linear dimensions of muscle architecture. Relative muscle mass, volume, fascicle length, average fiber area, and density, and percent fiber area were regressed against years stored in ethanol. Muscle size dropped steeply between fresh and stored samples, ultimately decreasing by 62 and 60%, respectively. These losses correlate with histologically measured shrinking of average muscle fiber area. Density of stored specimens plateaued 5% below that of fresh ones. Although muscles lost mass and volume during ethanol storage, fascicle lengths did not shorten significantly (presumably because they were preserved attached on either end to bone). This study demonstrates that muscle mass, volume, and density of specimens stored long‐term in ethanol should be corrected by factors of 2.64, 2.49, and 1.054 respectively for comparability to fresh specimens.}, number={1}, journal={ANATOMICAL RECORD-ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE ANATOMY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Leonard, Kaitlyn C. and Worden, Nikole and Boettcher, Marissa L. and Dickinson, Edwin and Hartstone-Rose, Adam}, year={2022}, month={Jan}, pages={184–198} }
 @article{dickinson_davis_deutsch_patel_nijhawan_patel_blume_gannon_turcotte_walker_et al._2021, title={Evaluating bony predictors of bite force across the order Carnivora}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1097-4687"]}, DOI={10.1002/jmor.21400}, abstractNote={AbstractIn carnivorans, bite force is a critical and ecologically informative variable that has been correlated with multiple morphological, behavioral, and environmental attributes. Whereas in vivo measures of biting performance are difficult to obtain in many taxa—and impossible in extinct species—numerous osteological proxies exist for estimating masticatory muscle size and force. These proxies include both volumetric approximations of muscle dimensions and direct measurements of muscular attachment sites. In this study, we compare three cranial osteological techniques for estimating muscle size (including 2D‐photographic and 3D‐surface data approaches) against dissection‐derived muscle weights and physiological cross‐sectional area (PCSA) within the jaw adductor musculature of 40 carnivoran taxa spanning eight families, four orders of magnitude in body size, and the full dietary spectrum of the order. Our results indicate that 3D‐approaches provide more accurate estimates of muscle size than do surfaces measured from 2D‐lateral photographs. However, estimates of a muscle's maximum cross‐sectional area are more closely correlated with muscle mass and PCSA than any estimates derived from muscle attachment areas. These findings highlight the importance of accounting for muscle thickness in osteological estimations of the masticatory musculature; as muscles become volumetrically larger, their larger cross‐sectional area does not appear to be associated with a proportional increase in the attachment site area. Though volumetric approaches approximate muscle dimensions well across the order as a whole, caution should be exercised when applying any single method as a predictor across diverse phylogenies.}, journal={JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY}, author={Dickinson, Edwin and Davis, Jillian S. and Deutsch, Ashley R. and Patel, Dhuru and Nijhawan, Akash and Patel, Meet and Blume, Abby and Gannon, Jordan L. and Turcotte, Cassandra M. and Walker, Christopher S. and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Aug} }
 @article{dickinson_pastor_santana_hartstone-rose_2021, title={Functional and ecological correlates of the primate jaw abductors}, volume={305}, ISSN={["1932-8494"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24772}, DOI={10.1002/ar.24772}, abstractNote={AbstractWhile the adductor musculature of the primate jaw has been extensively analyzed within the context of dietary and social ecology, little is known about the corresponding muscles of jaw abduction. Nonetheless, these muscles significantly contribute to a species' maximum gape potential, and thus might constrain dietary niche diversity and impact social display behaviors. In this study, we quantify the architectural properties of the digastric (a jaw abductor) and lateral pterygoid (a jaw abductor and anterior translator) across a broad sample of male and female anthropoid primates. We test the hypothesis that the abductor musculature reflects specialization to dietary and behavioral ecology. Our sample comprises 14 catarrhine and 13 platyrrhine species spanning a wide range of dietary and social categories. All specimens were sharp dissected and muscles subsequently chemically digested using a standardized protocol. Our findings demonstrate that relative fascicle lengths within the lateral pterygoid (but not the digastric) are significantly greater within species that habitually consume larger food items. Meanwhile, canine length is more strongly associated with fascicle lengths in the digastric than in the lateral pterygoid, particularly within males. Neither dietary mechanical resistance nor the intensity of social competition relates to the size or architectural properties of the jaw abductors. These findings suggest that dietary—and to a lesser extent, socioecological—aspects of a primate's life history may be reflected in the architecture of these muscles, albeit to varying degrees. This underlines the importance of considering the complete masticatory apparatus when interpreting the evolution of the primate jaw.}, number={5}, journal={ANATOMICAL RECORD-ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE ANATOMY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Dickinson, Edwin and Pastor, Francisco and Santana, Sharlene E. and Hartstone-Rose, Adam}, year={2021}, month={Sep} }
 @article{mcguire_hoffman_mulvey_winterbottom_balkwill_burns_chatton_drews_eaves_fields_et al._2021, title={Impact of Youth and Adult Informal Science Educators on Youth Learning at Exhibits}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1934-7715"]}, DOI={10.1080/10645578.2021.1930467}, abstractNote={Abstract The impact of educators in informal science learning sites (ISLS) remains understudied from the perspective of youth visitors. Less is known about whether engagement with educators differs based on the age and gender of both visitor and educator. Here, visitors (5–17 years old) to six ISLS in the United States and United Kingdom (n = 488, female n = 244) were surveyed following an interaction with either a youth (14–18 -years old) or adult educator (19+ years old). For participants who reported lower interest in the exhibit, more educator engagement was related to greater self-reported learning. Younger children and adolescents reported more engagement with an adult educator, whereas engagement in middle childhood did not differ based on educator age. Participants in middle childhood showed a trend toward answering more conceptual knowledge questions correctly following an interaction with a youth educator. Together, these findings emphasize the promise of tailoring educator experiences to visitor demographics.}, journal={VISITOR STUDIES}, author={McGuire, L. and Hoffman, A. J. and Mulvey, K. L. and Winterbottom, M. and Balkwill, F. and Burns, K. P. and Chatton, M. and Drews, M. and Eaves, N. and Fields, G. E. and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Jun} }
 @article{hartstone-rose_dickinson_deutsch_worden_hirschkorn_2021, title={Masticatory muscle architectural correlates of dietary diversity in Canidae, Ursidae, and across the order Carnivora}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1932-8494"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24748}, DOI={10.1002/ar.24748}, abstractNote={AbstractCarnivorans represent extreme ecomorphological diversity, encompassing remarkable variation in form, habitat, and diet. The relationship between the masticatory musculature and dietary ecology has been explored in a number of carnivoran lineages, including felids and the superfamily Musteloidea. In this study, we present novel architectural data on two additional carnivoran families—Ursidae and Canidae—and supplement these previous studies with additional felid, musteloid, herpestid, hyaenid, and viverrid taxa (a total of 53 species across 10 families). Gross dissection data were collected following a standardized protocol—sharp dissection followed by chemical digestion. Summed jaw adductor forces were also transformed into bite force estimates (BF) using osteologically calculated leverages. All data were linearized, log‐transformed, and size‐adjusted using two proxies for each taxon—body mass (BM) and cranial geometric mean—to assess relative scaling trends. These architectural data were then analyzed in the context of dietary ecology to examine the impact of dietary size (DS) and dietary mechanical properties (DMP). Muscle mass, physiological cross‐sectional area, and BF scaled with isometry or positive allometry in all cases, whereas fascicle lengths (FLs) scaled with isometry or negative allometry. With respect to diet, BM‐adjusted FLs were strongly correlated with DS in musteloids, but not in any other lineage. The relationship between size‐adjusted BF and DMP was also significant within musteloids, and across the sample as a whole, but not within other individual lineages. This interfamilial trend may reflect the increased morphological and dietary diversity of musteloids relative to other carnivoran groups.}, journal={ANATOMICAL RECORD-ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE ANATOMY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Dickinson, Edwin and Deutsch, Ashley R. and Worden, Nikole and Hirschkorn, Gabrielle A.}, year={2021}, month={Sep} }
 @article{dickinson_boettcher_smith_worden_swindell_seelye_pastor_hartstone-rose_2021, title={Myological variation in the forearm anatomy of Callitrichidae and Lemuridae}, volume={5}, ISSN={["1469-7580"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.13440}, DOI={10.1111/joa.13440}, abstractNote={AbstractThe anatomy of the primate forearm is frequently investigated in terms of locomotor mode, substrate use, and manual dexterity. Such studies typically rely upon broad, interspecific samples for which one or two representative taxa are used to characterize the anatomy of their genus or family. To interpret variation between distantly related taxa, however, it is necessary to contextualize these differences by quantifying variation at lower hierarchical levels, that is, more fine‐grained representation within specific genera or families. In this study, we present a focused evaluation of the variation in muscle organization, integration, and architecture within two speciose primate families: the Callitrichidae and Lemuridae. We demonstrate that, within each lineage, several muscle functional groups exhibit substantial variation in muscle organization. Most notably, the digital extensors appear highly variable (particularly among callitrichids), with many unique configurations represented. In terms of architectural variables, both families are more conservative, with the exception of the genus Callimico—for which an increase is observed in forearm muscle mass and strength. We suggest this reflects the increased use of vertical climbing and trunk‐to‐trunk leaping within this genus relative to the more typically fine‐branch substrate use of the other callitrichids. Overall, these data emphasize the underappreciated variation in forearm myology and suggest that overly generalized typification of a taxon's anatomy may conceal significant intraspecific and intrageneric variation therein. Thus, considerations of adaptation within the forearm musculature should endeavor to consider the full range of anatomical variation when making comparisons between multiple taxa within an evolutionary context.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANATOMY}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Dickinson, Edwin and Boettcher, Marissa L. and Smith, Madison R. and Worden, Nikole A. and Swindell, Sidney R. and Seelye, Jason S. and Pastor, Francisco and Hartstone-Rose, Adam}, year={2021}, month={May} }
 @article{deutsch_dickinson_whichard_lagomarsino_perry_kupczik_hartstone‐rose_2022, title={Primate body mass and dietary correlates of tooth root surface area}, volume={177}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24430}, DOI={10.1002/ajpa.24430}, abstractNote={AbstractObjectivesThis study aims to examine primate postcanine tooth root surface area (TRSA) in the context of two ecological variables (diet and bite force). We also assess scaling relationships within distinct taxonomic groups and across the order as a whole.Materials and MethodsMandibular postcanine TRSA was measured using a three‐dimensional computed tomography (CT) method for catarrhine (N = 27), platyrrhine (N = 21), and strepsirrhine (N = 24) taxa; this represents the first sample of strepsirrhines. Two different body size proxies were used: cranial geometric mean (GM) using nine linear measurements, and literature‐derived body mass (BM).ResultsTRSA correlated strongly with body size, scaling with positive allometry or isometry across the order as a whole; however, scaling differed significantly between taxa for some teeth. Among Strepsirrhini, molar TRSA relative to GM differed significantly between folivores and pliant‐object feeders. Additionally, P4 TRSA relative to BM differentiated folivores from both hard‐ and pliant‐object feeders. Among Cercopithecoidea, P4 TRSA adjusted by GM differed between hard‐ and pliant‐object feeders.DiscussionDietary signals in TRSA appear primarily driven by high frequency loading experienced by folivores. Stronger and more frequent dietary signals were observed within Strepsirrhini relative to Haplorhini. This may reflect the constraints of orthognathism within the latter, constraining the adaptability of their postcanine teeth. Finally, because of the strong correlation between TRSA and BM for each tooth locus (mean r2 = 0.82), TRSA can be used to predict BM in fossil primates using provided equations.}, number={1}, journal={American Journal of Biological Anthropology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Deutsch, Ashley R. and Dickinson, Edwin and Whichard, Victoria A. and Lagomarsino, Giulia R. and Perry, Jonathan M. G. and Kupczik, Kornelius and Hartstone‐Rose, Adam}, year={2022}, month={Jan}, pages={4–26} }
 @article{moore_hartstone-rose_gonzalez-socoloske_2021, title={Review of sensory modalities of sirenians and the other extant Paenungulata clade}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1932-8494"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24741}, DOI={10.1002/ar.24741}, abstractNote={AbstractExtant members of Paenungulata (sirenians, proboscideans, and hyracoideans) form a monophyletic clade which originated in Africa. While paenungulates are all herbivorous, they differ greatly in size, life history, and habitat. Therefore, we would expect both phylogenetically related similarities and ecologically driven differences in their use and specializations of sensory systems, especially in adaptations in sirenians related to their fully aquatic habitat. Here we review what is known about the sensory modalities of this clade in an attempt to better elucidate their sensory adaptations. Manatees have a higher frequency range for hearing than elephants, who have the best low‐frequency hearing range known to mammals, while the hearing range of hyraxes is unknown. All paenungulates have vibrissae assisting in tactile abilities such as feeding and navigating the environment and share relatively small eyes and dichromatic vision. Taste buds are present in varying quantities in all three orders. While the olfactory abilities of manatees and hyraxes are unknown, elephants have an excellent sense of smell which is reflected by having the relatively largest cranial nerve related to olfaction among the three lineages. Manatees have the relatively largest trigeminal nerve—the nerve responsible for, among other things, mystacial vibrissae—while hyraxes have the relatively largest optic nerve (and therefore, presumably, the best vision) among the Paenungulata. All three orders have diverged significantly; however, they still retain some anatomical and physiological adaptations in common with regard to sensory abilities.}, journal={ANATOMICAL RECORD-ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE ANATOMY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Moore, Amanda Marie and Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Gonzalez-Socoloske, Daniel}, year={2021}, month={Aug} }
 @article{mcguire_monzavi_hoffman_law_irvin_winterbottom_hartstone-rose_rutland_burns_butler_et al._2021, title={Science and Math Interest and Gender Stereotypes: The Role of Educator Gender in Informal Science Learning Sites}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1664-1078"]}, DOI={10.3389/fpsyg.2021.503237}, abstractNote={Interest in science and math plays an important role in encouraging STEM motivation and career aspirations. This interest decreases for girls between late childhood and adolescence. Relatedly, positive mentoring experiences with female teachers can protect girls against losing interest. The present study examines whether visitors to informal science learning sites (ISLS; science centers, zoos, and aquariums) differ in their expressed science and math interest, as well as their science and math stereotypes following an interaction with either a male or female educator. Participants (n = 364; early childhood, n = 151, Mage = 6.73; late childhood, n = 136, Mage = 10.01; adolescence, n = 59, Mage = 13.92) were visitors to one of four ISLS in the United States and United Kingdom. Following an interaction with a male or female educator, they reported their math and science interest and responded to math and science gender stereotype measures. Female participants reported greater interest in math following an interaction with a female educator, compared to when they interacted with a male educator. In turn, female participants who interacted with a female educator were less likely to report male-biased math gender stereotypes. Self-reported science interest did not differ as a function of educator gender. Together these findings suggest that, when aiming to encourage STEM interest and challenge gender stereotypes in informal settings, we must consider the importance of the gender of educators and learners.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN PSYCHOLOGY}, author={McGuire, Luke and Monzavi, Tina and Hoffman, Adam J. and Law, Fidelia and Irvin, Matthew J. and Winterbottom, Mark and Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Rutland, Adam and Burns, Karen P. and Butler, Laurence and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Mar} }
 @article{joy_law_mcguire_mathews_hartstone-rose_winterbottom_rutland_fields_mulvey_2021, title={Understanding Parents' Roles in Children's Learning and Engagement in Informal Science Learning Sites}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1664-1078"]}, DOI={10.3389/fpsyg.2021.635839}, abstractNote={Informal science learning sites (ISLS) create opportunities for children to learn about science outside of the classroom. This study analyzed children’s learning behaviors in ISLS using video recordings of family visits to a zoo, children’s museum, or aquarium. Furthermore, parent behaviors, features of the exhibits and the presence of an educator were also examined in relation to children’s behaviors. Participants included 63 children (60.3% female) and 44 parents in 31 family groups. Results showed that parents’ science questions and explanations were positively related to children observing the exhibit. Parents’ science explanations were also negatively related to children’s science explanations. Furthermore, children were more likely to provide science explanations when the exhibit was not interactive. Lastly there were no differences in children’s behaviors based on whether an educator was present at the exhibit. This study provides further evidence that children’s interactions with others and their environment are important for children’s learning behaviors.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN PSYCHOLOGY}, author={Joy, Angelina and Law, Fidelia and McGuire, Luke and Mathews, Channing and Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Winterbottom, Mark and Rutland, Adam and Fields, Grace E. and Mulvey, Kelly Lynn}, year={2021}, month={Mar} }
 @article{baskin_dickinson_dubois_galiano_hartstone-rose_2020, title={?Amphictis (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Belgrade Formation of North Carolina, USA}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2167-8359"]}, DOI={10.7717/peerj.9284}, abstractNote={Miocene terrestrial mammals are poorly known from the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Fossils of the Order Carnivora from this time and region are especially rare. We describe a carnivoran mandible with a p4 from the late Oligocene or early early Miocene Belgrade Formation in Jones County, North Carolina. Comparisons are made with carnivoran jaws with similar premolar and molar lengths from the late Oligocene and Miocene of North America and Eurasia. These indicate that the North Carolina jaw is assignable to the Ailuridae, a family whose only living member is the red panda. The jaw is tentatively referred to Amphictis, a genus known elsewhere from the late Oligocene and early Miocene of Europe and the early Miocene (Hemingfordian) of North America.
            The North Carolina mandible compares best with the late Oligocene (MP 28) Amphictis ambiguus from Pech du Fraysse, France, the oldest known member of the Family Ailuridae, and with the early Miocene (MN 1–MN 2a) A. schlosseri from southwestern Germany. This identification is compatible with a late late Arikareean (Ar4, early Miocene, MN 2-3 equivalent) age assignment for the other terrestrial mammals of the Belgrade Formation.}, journal={PEERJ}, author={Baskin, Jon and Dickinson, Edwin and DuBois, John and Galiano, Henry and Hartstone-Rose, Adam}, year={2020}, month={Jul} }
 @article{omstead_muchlinski_hartstone-rose_mitta_firek_burrows_2020, title={A Muscle-fiber Comparison in New World Monkeys Based on Brain Size, Body Mass and Locomotor Style}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1530-6860"]}, DOI={10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.06648}, abstractNote={This study is part of a larger one (Muchlinski et al., 2018) focusing on the relationship between muscle mass and brain mass in primates with a specific focus on differential muscle fiber‐type distribution. Data from these studies can be used to address evolutionary questions in relation to the evolution of energetics and potential influences from body size and locomotory style. Primates have much larger brains than other non‐primate mammals, yet their overall metabolic requirements for body size are similar. When active, skeletal muscle is in direct competition with the brain for glucose and is an expensive tissue to maintain. Type I skeletal muscle fibers convert glucose to ATP using oxygen making them more energetically expensive. Previous studies demonstrated a negative correlation between brain size and type I fibers in lemuroidea (N=7) and hominoid primates (N=7), suggesting that as brain mass increases, type I fiber composition decreases. Based on these observations we hypothesized that platyrrhine primates would correspondingly have an increase in type II fibers in accordance to brain mass to account for more expensive tissue. Our goal was to measure type I and type II fiber distribution in New World primates using immunohistochemistry to develop a muscle fiber distribution profile. Two upper‐limb (deltoid and pectoralis major) and two hind‐limb muscles (gastrocnemius and soleus) were sampled from 5 New World primate taxa as well as the Philippine tarsier (N=7) that represented a range of body size and locomotory style. All samples were FFPE and sectioned (10um) for immunohistochemistry with a focus on type I and type II myosin heavy‐chain antibodies (abcam, 1:750). Stained sections were accessed for fiber‐type distribution using light microscopy and Image J, and multiple linear regression statistical analyses were performed. Overall larger‐brained primates displayed fewer type I fibers suggesting a negative correlation between brain mass and type I fibers. Deltoid fiber compositions quantified from T. syrichta (3.14cc), S. habiatus (cc), A. azazae (20.65cc) and S. apella (73.21cc), demonstrated a reduction in Type I fibers; 39.55%, 31.50%, 28.45% and 18.35% respectively, as endocranial volumes (ECV) increased. This observed trend was consistent across gastrocnemius and pectoralis major muscles. Conversely, the soleus of larger primates displayed a higher percentage of type I fibers (A. azazae; 71.61% and S. apella 81.76%) when compared with smaller primates (T. syrichta; 22.00%). Regression analysis of the platyrrhine primates produced a predictive model for ECV (R2 = 0.99 and RMSE = 2.3248) while the platyrrhine and hominoid data combined also demonstrated good prediction capabilities (R2 = 0.81 and RMSE = 83.074). The model found body mass (g), %fast‐twitch fibers and taxa to be the greatest explanatory variables in predicting brain size with body mass having the strongest effect. The present fiber distribution results are consistent with results from previous studies, and with the Expensive Tissue Hypothesis, however, the effects of body size and locomotory style cannot be discounted.Support or Funding InformationNational Science Foundation}, journal={FASEB JOURNAL}, author={Omstead, Kailey and Muchlinski, Magdalena and Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Mitta, Priyanka and Firek, Julianna and Burrows, Anne}, year={2020}, month={Apr} }
 @article{leonard_worden_dickinson_hartstone-rose_2020, title={Anatomical and Ontogenetic Influences on Muscle Density}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1530-6860"]}, DOI={10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.06384}, abstractNote={Physiological cross‐sectional area (PCSA) is an estimate of a muscle’s contractile force potential, usually derived by dividing muscle mass by the product of a muscle’s average fascicle length and the density of mammalian skeletal muscle. The most commonly used density constants (~1.06 g/cm3) have been derived from experimental studies of tissue samples collected predominantly from the lower limbs of several model taxa, which have included cats, dogs, rabbits and guinea pigs. However, the generalized application of this constant to broader analyses of mammalian myology assumes: that muscle density is consistent regardless of 1) anatomical region and 2) ontogenetic age of the specimen. To investigate these assumptions, we measured the density of whole muscles from specific anatomical regions (head: masseter, digastric, quadratus labii; forearm: pronator teres, extensor carpi radialis longus; leg: gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris; trunk: psoas minor) from three different age cohorts (3 weeks, 8 months and 2 years) of 48 (n= 12, 24, 12 respectively) New Zealand white rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). The data were analyzed for statistically significant differences between muscle types and specimen ages using Tukey HSD tests. Our findings demonstrate no regional differences in muscle density within the 3‐week‐old cohort. Contrastingly, within the older age cohorts, statisitically significant differences in muscle density were observed between anatomical regions. The plantaris was consistently the most dense muscle studied (1.07 g/cm3) while quadratus labii was the least dense (1.04 g/cm3). The most prominent region specific variation was seen within the triceps surae, with soleus being consistently and significantly less dense than gastrocnemius and plantaris in the older age cohorts. These data suggest that age and region dependent measurements of muscle density may increase the validity of PCSA estimations.}, journal={FASEB JOURNAL}, author={Leonard, Kaitlyn and Worden, Nikole and Dickinson, Edwin and Hartstone-Rose, Adam}, year={2020}, month={Apr} }
 @article{boettcher_dickinson_leonard_herrel_hartstone-rose_2020, title={Anatomical reorganization within the hand and forelimb of <it>Perodicticus potto</it>}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1530-6860"]}, DOI={10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.06629}, abstractNote={Historical behavioral accounts note extraordinarily high grip strength in Perodicticus potto. Anatomical analysis of the potto’s hand and forelimb reveal several specializations that may facilitate this enhanced gripping ability, including a specialized vascular bundle (the retia mirabilia) within the wrist, a hyper‐abducted pollex, and a highly reduced second digit. The myological correlates of grip strength (i.e., the contractile potential of the hand and wrist musculature) of P. potto, however, have yet to be quantitatively evaluated. The current study contrasts the myology of the hand and forearm muscles within P. potto to a series of closely‐related strepsirrhines (Nycticebus coucang, Otolemur crassicaudatus, Hapalemur griseus, and Eulemur mongoz), as well as comparing the forearm musculature to a broader (n= 41) primate sample. Despite reports of the potto’s high grip strength, our findings demonstrate relatively below‐average force capacity (relatively low physiological cross‐sectional area) within the digital flexors of this species, which suggests that the gripping ability of this species may be less extraordinary than previously hypothesized. In addition to this observation, we report a number of unusual myological features within the potto, including the largest brachioradialis (an elbow flexor) of any taxon within our sample. Even more surprisingly, we identified an independent extensor indicis within P. potto, despite the vestigial nature of the second digit, and the absence of this muscle within ~25% of other taxa within our sample ‐ all of which possessed a more substantial second digit than the potto. These data underscore the curious nature of the potto’s antebrachial musculature, but suggest that adaptations within the potto’s forelimb may be more related to maximizing endurance grip potential than towards increasing myological force.Support or Funding InformationNational Science Foundation (IOS‐15‐57125 and BCS‐14‐40599)}, journal={FASEB JOURNAL}, author={Boettcher, Marissa and Dickinson, Edwin and Leonard, Kaitlyn and Herrel, Anthony and Hartstone-Rose, Adam}, year={2020}, month={Apr} }
 @article{paciulli_leischner_lane_mccaughey_guertin_davis_eberth_hartstone‐rose_2020, title={Brief communication: Maximum ingested bite size in captive western lowland gorillas ( Gorilla gorilla gorilla )}, volume={171}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23995}, DOI={10.1002/ajpa.23995}, abstractNote={AbstractObjectivesPreviously, we found that maximum ingested bite size (Vb), the largest piece of food an animal can consume without biting it into smaller pieces first, isometrically scales relative to body size in strepsirrhines and with negative allometry in anthropoids. In the current study, we rectify the omission of great apes from the earlier sample to now characterize the Vb of the entire size‐range of the order.Materials and MethodsFive gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla—G. g. gorilla) were studied to ascertain Vb in relation to the mechanical properties of five foods.ResultsGorilla Vb ranged from 166.38 cm3 (for the least obdurate food: watermelon) to 8 cm3 (for the most obdurate food: turnip), with an average Vb of 33.50 cm3 across all food types.ConclusionsWhen these data were compared to those from our previous studies, we found that gorillas consumed relatively slightly smaller volumes of food compared to the trend found across primates. However, because the more frugivorous gorillas consumed relatively larger pieces of food than the large folivorous monkeys previously studied, including the gorilla data increased the slope of the linear regression between body mass and Vb in anthropoids. Thus, the addition of the largest living primate brings the anthropoid Vb trend closer to the Vb trend of the order. Notwithstanding, there is still negative allometry in anthropoid Vb, in contrast with the isometry in strepsirrhine Vb. Future research should include species with body masses between the smaller anthropoids and gorillas by studying the Vb of large papionids and the other great apes.}, number={4}, journal={American Journal of Physical Anthropology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Paciulli, Lisa M. and Leischner, Carissa and Lane, Brooks A. and McCaughey, Mary and Guertin, Emily and Davis, John and Eberth, John F. and Hartstone‐Rose, Adam}, year={2020}, month={Apr}, pages={725–732} }
 @book{boettcher_leonard_herrel_hartstone-rose_2020, title={Evolution, Ecology and Conservation of Lorises and Pottos}, volume={86}, ISBN={["978-1-108-45288-5"]}, ISSN={["1746-2266"]}, DOI={10.1017/9781108676526}, abstractNote={Book summary page views Book summary page views help Close Book summary page views help Book summary views reflect the number of visits to the book and chapter landing pages. Total views: 0 * Loading metrics...}, journal={EVOLUTION, ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION OF LORISES AND POTTOS}, author={Boettcher, Marissa and Leonard, Kaitlyn C. and Herrel, Anthony and Hartstone-Rose, Adam}, year={2020}, pages={1–491} }
 @article{mulvey_mcguire_hoffman_goff_rutland_winterbottom_balkwill_irvin_fields_burns_et al._2020, title={Interest and learning in informal science learning sites: Differences in experiences with different types of educators}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236279}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0236279}, abstractNote={This study explored topic interest, perceived learning and actual recall of exhibit content in 979 children and adolescents and 1,184 adults who visited informal science learning sites and interacted with an adult or youth educator or just the exhibit itself as part of family visits to the sites. Children in early childhood reported greater topic interest and perceived learning, but actually recalled less content, than participants in middle childhood or adolescence. Youth visitors reported greater interest after interacting with a youth educator than just the exhibit, and perceived that they learn more if they interact with an educator (youth or adult). Participants in middle childhood recall more when they encounter a youth educator. Adult visitors reported greater interest after interaction with a youth educator than with the exhibit alone or an adult educator. They also perceived that they learn more if they interact with an educator (youth or adult) than just the exhibit and perceived that they learned more if they interacted with a youth educator than an adult educator. Results highlight the benefits of educators in informal science learning sites and document the importance of attention to developmental needs.}, number={7}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Mulvey, Kelly Lynn and McGuire, Luke and Hoffman, Adam J. and Goff, Eric and Rutland, Adam and Winterbottom, Mark and Balkwill, Frances and Irvin, Matthew J. and Fields, Grace E. and Burns, Karen and et al.}, editor={Kwok, Man KiEditor}, year={2020}, month={Jul} }
 @article{hartstone-rose_boettcher_seelye_worden_dickinson_2020, title={Intraspecific and intrafamilial variation in primate forearm muscle architecture}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1530-6860"]}, DOI={10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.05802}, abstractNote={Recent studies have examined locomotion and postural correlates of primate forearm muscle architecture. However, these have done so using relatively small sample sizes – usually one or two specimens per species, and relatively few species per genus and family. Thus, little is known about intraspecific variation in forearm muscle fiber architecture in primates, and whether there are notable differences in these variables between closely related taxa. The current study addresses these deficits by assessing both qualitative (presence/absence of specific muscles) and quantitative (physiological cross‐sectional area [PCSA], fascicle length [FL] and muscle mass [MM]) differences in forearm muscle architecture of larger intraspecific and samples with greater coverage of specific primate families than had been included in previous work. Namely, we studied 30 callitrichid specimens from 11 species, 15 lemurid specimens from 7 species and 9 cebids from two species ‐ a total sample size of 54 specimens from 20 species. Within species, FL varied the greatest among architectural variables and MM varied the least. We also found that there is great variation in both the extent of separation and fusion of flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus, and in the extent of accessory extensors in most species of callitrichids and Saimiri, but no variation in the gross forearm muscle architecture within lemurids. More than a quarter of the callitrichid specimens had forearm muscle configurations that deviate from their standard published description, suggesting that blanket characterizations of anatomical configurations at the genus or family level may obscure potentially important intra‐ and inter‐specific trends.Support or Funding InformationNational Science Foundation: IOS‐15‐57125, BCS‐14‐40599}, journal={FASEB JOURNAL}, author={Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Boettcher, Marissa and Seelye, Jason and Worden, Nikole and Dickinson, Edwin}, year={2020}, month={Apr} }
 @article{mulvey_mcguire_hoffman_hartstone-rose_winterbottom_balkwill_fields_burns_drews_chatton_et al._2020, title={Learning hand in hand: Engaging in research-practice partnerships to advance developmental science}, volume={172}, ISSN={["1534-8687"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/cad.20364}, DOI={10.1002/cad.20364}, abstractNote={Abstract Developmental science research often involves research questions developed by academic teams, which are tested within community or educational settings. In this piece, we outline the importance of research–practice partnerships, which involve both research and practice‐based partners collaborating at each stage of the research process. We articulate challenges and benefits of these partnerships for developmental science research, identify relevant research frameworks that may inform these partnerships, and provide an example of an ongoing research–practice partnership.}, number={172}, journal={TRANSITION & DEVELOPMENT}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Mulvey, Kelly Lynn and McGuire, Luke and Hoffman, Adam J. and Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Winterbottom, Mark and Balkwill, Frances and Fields, Grace E. and Burns, Karen and Drews, Marc and Chatton, Melissa and et al.}, year={2020}, pages={125–134} }
 @article{mcguire_mulvey_goff_irvin_winterbottom_fields_hartstone-rose_rutland_2020, title={STEM gender stereotypes from early childhood through adolescence at informal science centers}, volume={67}, ISSN={["1873-7900"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85077655891&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.appdev.2020.101109}, abstractNote={Stereotypes about science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) are associated with reduced STEM engagement amongst girls and women. The present study examined these stereotypes from early childhood through adolescence within informal science learning sites (ISLS; science museums, zoos, aquariums). Further, the study explored whether interactions with male or female educators influenced STEM stereotypes. Participants (n = 997, female = 572) were ISLS visitors in the UK and USA who either interacted with an educator, or no educator. With age participants were more likely to report that “both boys and girls” are “usually”, “should” be, and “can” be good at STEM. Independent of age, male participants reported that their own gender group “should” be good at STEM. Educator interactions did not influence stereotype responses. These results highlight early childhood as a key developmental window in which to challenge ideas about who can and should be proficient in STEM.}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY}, author={McGuire, Luke and Mulvey, Kelly Lynn and Goff, Eric and Irvin, Matthew J. and Winterbottom, Mark and Fields, Grace E. and Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Rutland, Adam}, year={2020} }
 @article{flores_eldridge_elminowski_dickinson_hartstone-rose_2020, title={The Howl of Rancho La Brea: the Functional morphology of Pleistocene canid hyoids}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1530-6860"]}, DOI={10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.01798}, abstractNote={The Rancho La Brea (RLB) fossils housed at the La Brea Tar Pits and Museum in Los Angeles, California represent one of the richest collections of carnivoran fossils in the world. The collection is particularly well known for exceptional preservation, including that of of rare and understudied bones. Among these, the RLB collection houses hyoids from several extinct species, including relatively large samples of specimens from the dire wolf (Canis dirus) and the coyote (Canis latrans). In this study, we compare fossilized hyoid elements from these two fossil samples to modern specimens: the gray wolf (C. lupus), red wolf (C. rufus), and modern coyote (C. latrans). Seven measurements were taken on each long bone of the hyoid apparatus and eight measurements of the u‐shaped basihyoid. Principal component analysis was performed to determine statistical differences between species and the drivers of those morphological differences. For most of the bones, the majority of the variation was driven by size. Red wolves, modern coyotes, and RLB coyotes could not be differentiated from each other based on any of the hyoid elements, but dire wolves could be clearly differentiated from all other canids for all elements. The hyoid apparatus of C. dirus is larger and more robust than that of C. lupus, its closest modern analogue. As larger hyoids have been associated with a lower vocal frequency, this distinction would likely result in the vocalizations of C. dirus occurring at a lower frequency than those produced by C. lupus.Support or Funding InformationNorth Carolina State University Office of Undergraduate Research Grant}, journal={FASEB JOURNAL}, author={Flores, Mary and Eldridge, Emma and Elminowski, Erin and Dickinson, Edwin and Hartstone-Rose, Adam}, year={2020}, month={Apr} }
 @article{hoffman_mcguire_rutland_hartstone-rose_irvin_winterbottom_balkwill_fields_mulvey_2021, title={The Relations and Role of Social Competencies and Belonging with Math and Science Interest and Efficacy for Adolescents in Informal STEM Programs}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1573-6601"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10964-020-01302-1}, abstractNote={AbstractAdolescence represents a developmental period of waning academic motivation, particularly in STEM domains. To combat this, better understanding the factors that might foster STEM motivation and interest is of importance. Social factors like social competencies and feelings of belonging become increasingly important in adolescence. The current study investigated structural relations between social competencies, feelings of belonging to an informal STEM learning program, math and science efficacy and interest in a sample of 268 adolescents (Mage = 15.25; 66.8% girls; 42.5% White British or European American, 25.7% South Asian British or Asian American, 15.7% Afro-Caribbean Black British or African American 5.6% Bi-racial, and 3.0% other). Adolescents were recruited from six different informal learning sites (e.g., science museums, zoos, or aquariums) in the United States (n = 147) and the United Kingdom (n = 121). The results revealed positive relations between social competencies and belonging, and between belonging and math and science efficacy and interest. Further, the results also indicated a positive indirect effect of social competencies on efficacy and interest, via belonging. These findings have implications for guiding informal STEM programming in ways that can enhance STEM motivation and interest.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF YOUTH AND ADOLESCENCE}, author={Hoffman, Adam J. and McGuire, Luke and Rutland, Adam and Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Irvin, Matthew J. and Winterbottom, Mark and Balkwill, Frances and Fields, Grace E. and Mulvey, Kelly Lynn}, year={2021}, month={Feb}, pages={314–323} }
 @article{flores_eldridge_elminowski_dickinson_hartstone‐rose_2020, title={The howl of Rancho La Brea : Comparative anatomy of modern and fossil canid hyoid bones}, volume={4}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.21130}, DOI={10.1002/jmor.21130}, abstractNote={AbstractThe Rancho La Brea (RLB) fossil collection housed at the La Brea Tar Pits and Museum in Los Angeles, California, is one of the richest collections of carnivoran fossils in the world. The collection is also particularly well known for the preservation of rare and understudied bones in the tar, including the small bony apparatus that is of particular interest to this study, the hyoid. The La Brea collection houses hyoids from several extinct carnivoran species, some of the most common being those of Canis dirus (the dire wolf) and Canis latrans (the coyote). In this study, we compare fossilized hyoid elements from these two canids to samples from modern large congeners, namely: Canis lupus (the gray wolf), Canis rufus (the red wolf), and modern C. latrans. Seven or nine measurements were taken on each bone of the hyoid apparatus, and principal component analyses were performed in order to determine statistical significance between species. For most of the bones, the majority of the variation was driven by size. Dire wolves could be clearly differentiated from all other canids for all elements; the hyoid apparatus of C. dirus is larger and more robust than that of C. lupus. Most of the bony elements could not be distinguished between red wolves or modern coyotes. However, there are enough, complete fossil coyote basihyoids to compare with those of their modern relatives, and in several metrics (both PC shapes and overall size), RLB and modern C. latrans are significantly different. As larger hyoids have been associated with a lower vocal frequency, this distinction would have resulted in the vocalizations of C. dirus occurring at a lower frequency than those produced by C. lupus and perhaps lower vocalizations in ice age coyotes than their modern relatives.Research HighlightsWe quantify morphological differences in the hyoid of dire wolves (Canis dirus) relative to extant grey wolves (Canis lupus), and hypothesize that, as larger hyoids have been associated with a lower vocal frequency, the vocalizations of C. dirus might have occurred at a lower frequency than those by C. lupus. Likewise, modern and fossil coyotes (Canis latrans) show a significant difference in basihyoid size and shape, potentially indicating that modern and ancient coyotes might have sounded differently.}, journal={Journal of Morphology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Flores, Deanna and Eldridge, Emma I. and Elminowski, Erin E. and Dickinson, Edwin and Hartstone‐Rose, Adam}, year={2020}, month={Jun} }
 @inbook{boettcher_leonard_herrel_hartstone-rose_2020, place={Cambridge UK}, title={The soft-tissue anatomy of the highly derived hand of Perodicticus relative to the more generalized Nycticebus}, ISBN={9781108676526}, DOI={10.1017/9781108676526.009}, abstractNote={The African lorisid subfamily Perodicticinae includes the slow-moving angwantibos (Arctocebus) and the pottos (Perodicticus) (Lambert, 2014), the focal taxon of this chapter. The distinguishing physical features of this subfamily include their short tails and vestigial manual second digit (Charles-Dominique, 1977a). Perodicticus potto, first described by Bosman in 1704 and further characterised by Müller in 1776 (Bosman, 1705; Müller, 1773; Smeenk et al., 2006), was originally placed in the genus Nycticebus by Geoffroy, but the subsequent rediscovery of the animal in Sierra Leone by Bennett in the early nineteenth century became the basis for his naming the genus Perodicticus (Bennett, 1831; Hill, 1953a; Smeenk et al., 2006). Perodicticus is the largest of the African lorisids and has a geographical distribution that includes West and Central Africa, extending from Liberia to Kenya (Chiarelli, 1972; Fleagle, 1999; Nekaris and Bearder, 2007; Poindexter and Nekaris, 2017a). On average, across the three known species, the males have an average body length of 337–406 mm and tail length of 50–81 mm, while the females are slightly smaller, with an average body and tail length of 355–417 mm and 56–72 mm, respectively (Chiarelli, 1972). Like most primates, they are arboreal and often maintain a height of 30 m above the ground in the canopy (Lambert, 2014).}, booktitle={Evolution, Ecology and Conservation of Lorises and Pottos}, publisher={Cambridge University Press.}, author={Boettcher, M.L. and Leonard, K.C. and Herrel, A. and Hartstone-Rose, A.}, editor={Nekaris, K.A.I. and Burrows, A.M.Editors}, year={2020}, pages={76–96} }
 @article{hartstone-rose_dickinson_paciulli_deutsch_tran_jones_leonard_2020, title={Total Eclipse of the Zoo: Animal Behavior during a Total Solar Eclipse}, volume={10}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10040587}, DOI={10.3390/ani10040587}, abstractNote={The infrequency of a total solar eclipse renders the event novel to those animals that experience its effects and, consequently, may induce anomalous behavioral responses. However, historical information on the responses of animals to eclipses is scant and often conflicting. In this study, we qualitatively document the responses of 17 vertebrate taxa (including mammals, birds, and reptiles) to the 2017 total solar eclipse as it passed over Riverbanks Zoo and Garden in Columbia, South Carolina. In the days leading up to the eclipse, several focal teams, each consisting of researchers, animal keepers, and student/zoo volunteers conducted baseline observations using a combination of continuous ad libitum and scan sampling of each animal during closely matched seasonal conditions. These same focal teams used the same protocol to observe the animals in the hours preceding, during, and immediately following the eclipse. Additionally, for one species—siamangs (Symphalangus syndactylus)—live video/audio capture was also employed throughout observations to capture behavior during vocalizations for subsequent quantitative analysis. Behavioral responses were classified into one or more of four overarching behavioral categories: normal (baseline), evening, apparent anxiety, and novel. Thirteen of seventeen observed taxa exhibited behaviors during the eclipse that differed from all other observation times, with the majority (8) of these animals engaging in behaviors associated with their evening or nighttime routines. The second predominant behavior was apparent anxiety, documented in five genera: baboons (Papio hamadryas), gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), giraffes (Giraffa cf. camelopardalis), flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber), and lorikeets (Trichoglossus moluccanus and Trichoglossus haematodus). Novel behaviors characterized by an increase in otherwise nearly sedentary activity were observed only in the reptiles, the Galapagos tortoise (Chelonoidis nigra) and the Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis). While the anthropogenic influences on animal behaviors—particularly those relating to anxiety—cannot be discounted, these observations provide novel insight into the observed responses of a diverse vertebrate sample during a unique meteorological stimulus, insights that supplement the rare observations of behavior during this phenomenon for contextualizing future studies.}, number={4}, journal={Animals}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Dickinson, Edwin and Paciulli, Lisa M. and Deutsch, Ashley R. and Tran, Leon and Jones, Grace and Leonard, Kaitlyn C.}, year={2020}, month={Mar}, pages={587} }
 @inbook{goff_hartstone-rose_irvin_mulvey_2020, place={Cham, Switzerland}, title={Using Augmented Reality to Promote Active Learning in College Science}, ISBN={9783030335991 9783030336004}, DOI={10.1007/978-3-030-33600-4_46}, booktitle={Active Learning in College Science:  The Case for Evidence-Based Practice}, publisher={Springer International Publishing}, author={Goff, E.E. and Hartstone-Rose, A. and Irvin, M.J. and Mulvey, K.L.}, editor={Mintzes, JJ and Walter, EMEditors}, year={2020}, pages={741–755} }
 @article{dickinson_atkinson_meza_kolli_deutsch_burrows_hartstone-rose_2020, title={Visualization and quantification of mimetic musculature via DiceCT}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2167-8359"]}, DOI={10.7717/peerj.9343}, abstractNote={The muscles of facial expression are of significant interest to studies of communicative behaviors. However, due to their small size and high integration with other facial tissues, the current literature is largely restricted to descriptions of the presence or absence of specific muscles. Using diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography (DiceCT) to stain and digitally image the mimetic mask ofEulemur flavifrons(the blue-eyed black lemur), we demonstrate—for the first time—the ability to visualize these muscles in three-dimensional space and to measure their relative volumes. Comparing these data to earlier accounts of mimetic organization with the face of lemuroidea, we demonstrate several novel configurations within this taxon, particularly in the superior auriculolabialis and the posterior auricularis. We conclude that DiceCT facilitates the study these muscles in closer detail than has been previously possible, and offers significant potential for future studies of this anatomy.}, journal={PEERJ}, author={Dickinson, Edwin and Atkinson, Emily and Meza, Antonio and Kolli, Shruti and Deutsch, Ashley R. and Burrows, Anne M. and Hartstone-Rose, Adam}, year={2020}, month={Jun} }
 @inbook{burrows_nash_hartstone-rose_selig_silcox_lópez-torres_2020, place={Cambridge UK}, series={Cambridge Studies in Biological and Evolutionary Anthropology}, title={What role did gum-feeding play in the evolution of the lorises?}, ISBN={9781108676526}, DOI={10.1017/9781108676526.014}, abstractNote={The first primate-like mammals to appear in the fossil record date to the earliest Palaeocene (Clemens, 2004; Fox and Scott, 2011; Silcox and López-Torres, 2017; Van Valen and Sloan, 1965), and the first primates of modern aspect (euprimates) do not appear until the latest Palaeocene/earliest Eocene (Morse et al., 2019; Ni et al., 2013; Rose et al., 2012; Sigé et al., 1990; Silcox et al., 2017; Smith et al., 2006). However, the most recent molecular estimates for the last common ancestor (LCA) of all living primates suggest that the order originated at some point between the late Cretaceous and the early Palaeocene (approximately between 60 and 70 Mya; Andrews et al., 2016; Herrera and Dávalos, 2016; Seiffert et al., 2018). Later, between 42 and 55 Mya (according to the same sources for molecular dates), Strepsirrhini split into the progenitors of the infraorders Lemuriformes and Lorisiformes (throughout this chapter we use the taxonomy established by Grubb et al., 2003). The Lemuriformes went on to radiate into the vast array of morphologically diverse living and extinct lemurs located on the island of Madagascar, and the lorisiforms split into two families: Lorisidae (pottos, angwantibos, slender lorises and slow lorises) and Galagidae, the bushbabies (Covert, 2002; Martin, 1990; Rasmussen and Nekaris, 1998).}, booktitle={Evolution, Ecology and Conservation of Lorises and Pottos}, publisher={Cambridge University Press.}, author={Burrows, A.M. and Nash, L.T. and Hartstone-Rose, A. and Selig, K.R. and Silcox, M.T. and López-Torres, S.}, editor={Nekaris, A. and Burrows, A.Editors}, year={2020}, pages={153–162}, collection={Cambridge Studies in Biological and Evolutionary Anthropology} }
 @article{hartstone-rose_dickinson_boettcher_herrel_2020, title={A Primate with a Panda’s Thumb: the anatomy of the pseudothumb of Daubentonia madagascariensis}, volume={171}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23936}, DOI={10.1002/ajpa.23936}, abstractNote={AbstractObjectivesAccessory digits have evolved independently within several mammalian lineages. Most notable among these is the pseudothumb of the giant panda, which has long been considered one of the most extraordinary examples of contingent evolution. To date, no primate has been documented to possess such an adaptation. Here, we investigate the presence of this structure within the aye‐aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis), a species renowned for several other specialized morphological adaptations in the hand, including a morphologically unique third digit.Materials and MethodsWe combine physical dissection techniques with digital imaging processes across a sample of seven individuals (six adults and one immature individual) to describe and visualize the anatomy of the wrist and hand within the aye‐aye.ResultsA distinct pseudothumb, which consists of both a bony component (an expanded radial sesamoid) and a dense cartilaginous extension (the “prepollex”) was observed in all specimens. We demonstrate that this pseudodigit receives muscular attachments from three muscles, which collectively have the potential to enable abduction, adduction, and opposition. Finally, we demonstrate that the pseudothumb possesses its own distinct pad within the palm, complete with independent dermatoglyphs.DiscussionPseudothumbs have been suggested to improve palmar dexterity in taxa with overly ‐generalized first digits (e.g., pandas) and to widen the hand for digging (e.g., some fossorial moles), but the aye‐aye's pseudothumb represents what we believe is a heretofore unrecognized third functional role: its accessory digit compensates for overspecialization of its fingers for non‐gripping functions (in this case, the aye‐aye's unique “tap foraging” practices).}, number={1}, journal={The American Journal of Physical Anthropology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Hartstone-Rose, A. and Dickinson, E. and Boettcher, M.L. and Herrel, A.}, year={2020}, month={Jan}, pages={8–16} }
 @article{selig_lópez-torres_hartstone-rose_nash_burrows_silcox_2020, title={A novel method for assessing enamel thickness distribution in the anterior dentition as a signal for gouging and other extractive foraging behaviors in gummivorous mammals}, volume={91}, ISSN={["1421-9980"]}, DOI={10.1159/000502819}, abstractNote={Gummivory poses unique challenges to the dentition as gum acquisition may often require that the anterior teeth be adapted to retain a sharp edge and to resist loading because they sometimes must penetrate a highly obdurate substrate during gum extraction by means of gouging or scraping. It has been observed previously that the enamel on the labial surface of the teeth used for extraction is thicker relative to that on the lingual surface in taxa that extract gums, while enamel is more evenly distributed in the anterior teeth of taxa that do not regularly engage in extractive behaviors. This study presents a quantitative methodology for measuring the distribution of labial versus lingual enamel thickness among primate and marsupial taxa in the context of gummivory. Computed microtomography scans of 15 specimens representing 14 taxa were analyzed. Ten measurements were taken at 20% intervals starting from the base of the crown of the extractive tooth to the tip of the cutting edge across the lingual and labial enamel. A method for including worn or broken teeth is also presented. Mann-Whitney U tests, canonical variates analysis, and between-group principal components analysis were used to examine variation in enamel thickness across taxa. Our results suggest that the differential distribution of enamel thickness in the anterior dentition can serve as a signal for gouging behavior; this methodology distinguishes between gougers, scrapers, and nonextractive gummivores. Gouging taxa are characterized by significantly thicker labial enamel relative to the lingual enamel, particularly towards the crown tip. Examination of enamel thickness patterning in these taxa permits a better understanding of the adaptations for the extraction of gums in extant taxa and offers the potential to test hypotheses concerning the dietary adaptations of fossil taxa.}, number={4}, journal={Folia Primatologica}, author={Selig, K.R. and López-Torres, S and Hartstone-Rose, A. and Nash, L.T. and Burrows, A.M. and Silcox, M.T.}, year={2020}, month={Jul}, pages={365–384} }
 @article{hartstone‐rose_hertzig_dickinson_2019, title={Bite Force and Masticatory Muscle Architecture Adaptations in the Dietarily Diverse Musteloidea (Carnivora)}, volume={302}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24233}, DOI={10.1002/ar.24233}, abstractNote={ABSTRACTDietary ecology and its relationship with both muscle architecture and bite force potential has been studied in many mammalian (and non‐mammalian) taxa. However, despite the diversity of dietary niches that characterizes the superfamily Musteloidea, the masticatory muscle fiber architecture of its members has yet to be investigated anatomically. In this study, we present myological data from the jaw adductors in combination with biomechanical data derived from craniomandibular measurements for 17 species representing all four families (Ailuridae, Mephitidae, Mustelidae, and Procyonidae) of Musteloid. These data are combined to calculate bite force potential at each of three bite points along the dental row. Across our sample as a whole, masticatory muscle mass scaled with isometry or slight positive allometry against both body mass and skull size (measured via a cranial geometric mean). Total jaw adductor physiological cross‐sectional area scaled with positive allometry against both body mass and skull size, while weighted fiber length scaled with negative allometry. From a dietary perspective, fiber length is strongly correlated with dietary size such that taxa that exploit larger foods demonstrated myological adaptations toward gape maximization. However, no consistent relationship between bite force potential and dietary mechanical resistance was observed. These trends confirm previous findings observed within the carnivoran family Felidae (as well as within primates), suggesting that the mechanisms by which masticatory anatomy adapts to dietary ecology may be more universally consistent than previously recognized. Anat Rec, 302:2287–2299, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy}, number={12}, journal={The Anatomical Record}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Hartstone‐Rose, Adam and Hertzig, Isabella and Dickinson, Edwin}, year={2019}, month={Dec}, pages={2287–2299} }
 @article{burrows_nash_hartstone‐rose_silcox_lópez‐torres_selig_2020, title={Dental Signatures for Exudativory in Living Primates, with Comparisons to Other Gouging Mammals}, volume={12}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24048}, DOI={10.1002/ar.24048}, abstractNote={ABSTRACTExudativory, the consumption of gums, is an obligate or a facultative dietary niche for some primates and marsupials. Exudativory has been cited as a dietary niche that may have been present in early primates, so finding a dental signature for exudativory is highly desirable. The present study combines exudativorous lorisoids (galagos and lorises) into one sample to compare to closely related, non‐exudativorous lorisoids to search for a consistent dental signature of exudativory. Linear measurements were taken from the toothcomb, P2, M3, upper canine, and P2 from skulls of 295 adult galagids and lorisids. Also, differential distribution of enamel on the anterior teeth was qualitatively investigated as a dental signature for gouging (a behavior that facilitates some exudativory) by micro‐CT scanning one specimen each from two gougers, Nycticebus coucang and Callithrix jacchus, and two non‐gougers, Perodicticus potto, and Saguinus fuscicollis. Non‐primate gouging mammals, the vampire bat Desmodus rotundus and the sugar glider Petaurus breviceps, were compared to non‐gouging relatives. Statistical analysis revealed that exudativorous galagos and lorises had significantly (P < 0.05) reduced M3 relative to non‐exudativorous galagos and lorises. While the sample sizes for assessing enamel thickness were small, preliminary results show that gouging primates and non‐primate mammals have reduced lingual enamel thickness on the anterior dentition compared to non‐gouging relatives. We suggest that reduction of mastication, and, therefore, M3 dimensions are a likely dental signature for exudativory in Primates. While broader samples are needed to statistically confirm, differential distribution of enamel in the anterior dentition may also be a signature of exudativory. Anat Rec, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Anat Rec, 303:265–281, 2020. © 2018 American Association for Anatomy}, journal={The Anatomical Record}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Burrows, Anne M. and Nash, Leanne T. and Hartstone‐Rose, Adam and Silcox, Mary T. and López‐Torres, Sergi and Selig, Keegan R.}, year={2020}, month={Feb} }
 @article{dickinson_kolli_schwenk_davis_hartstone‐rose_2020, title={DiceCT Analysis of the Extreme Gouging Adaptations Within the Masticatory Apparatus of the Aye‐Aye ( Daubentonia madagascariensis )}, volume={303}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24303}, DOI={10.1002/ar.24303}, abstractNote={ABSTRACTRelative to all other primates, the aye‐aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis) exists at the extremes of both morphology and behavior. Its specialized anatomy—which includes hypselodont incisors and highly derived manual digits—reflects a dietary niche, unique among primates, which combines tap‐foraging with gouging to locate and extract wood‐boring larvae. Here, we explore the impact of this extreme dietary ecology upon the masticatory musculature of this taxon with reference to a second, similarly sized but highly generalist lemuriform—the mongoose lemur (Eulemur mongoz). Using non‐destructive, high‐resolution diffusible iodine‐based contrast‐enhanced computed tomography techniques, we reconstruct the three‐dimensional volumes of eight masticatory muscles, and, for the first time in strepsirrhines, isolate and visualize their constituent muscle fascicles in situ and in three dimensions. Using these data, we report muscle volumes, forces, and fascicle lengths from each muscle portion, as well as their orientation relative to two standardized anatomical planes. Our findings demonstrate the overbuilt nature of the aye‐aye's masticatory apparatus, in which each muscle possesses an absolutely and relatively larger muscle volume and PCSA than its counterpart in the mongoose lemur. Likewise, for several adductor muscles, aye‐ayes also possess relatively greater fascicle lengths. Finally, we note several unusual features within the lateral pterygoid of the aye‐aye—the muscle most responsible for jaw protrusion—that relate to force maximization and reorientation. As this jaw motion is critical to gouging, we interpret these differences to reflect highly specific specializations that facilitate the aye‐aye's extreme subsistence strategy. Anat Rec, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy Anat Rec, 303:282–294, 2020. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy}, number={2}, journal={The Anatomical Record}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Dickinson, Edwin and Kolli, Shruti and Schwenk, Alysa and Davis, Cassidy E. and Hartstone‐Rose, Adam}, year={2020}, month={Feb}, pages={282–294} }
 @article{kaminski_waller_diogo_hartstone-rose_burrows_2019, title={Evolution of facial muscle anatomy in dogs}, volume={116}, ISSN={["0027-8424"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1820653116}, DOI={10.1073/pnas.1820653116}, abstractNote={Significance
          Dogs were shaped during the course of domestication both in their behavior and in their anatomical features. Here we show that domestication transformed the facial muscle anatomy of dogs specifically for facial communication with humans. A muscle responsible for raising the inner eyebrow intensely is uniformly present in dogs but not in wolves. Behavioral data show that dogs also produce the eyebrow movement significantly more often and with higher intensity than wolves do, with highest-intensity movements produced exclusively by dogs. Interestingly, this movement increases paedomorphism and resembles an expression humans produce when sad, so its production in dogs may trigger a nurturing response. We hypothesize that dogs’ expressive eyebrows are the result of selection based on humans’ preferences.}, number={29}, journal={PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA}, publisher={Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, author={Kaminski, Juliane and Waller, Bridget M. and Diogo, Rui and Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Burrows, Anne M.}, year={2019}, month={Jul}, pages={14677–14681} }
 @article{boettcher_leonard_dickinson_herrel_hartstone-rose_2019, title={Extraordinary grip strength and specialized myology in the hyper-derived hand of Perodicticus potto?}, volume={235}, ISSN={["1469-7580"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.13051}, DOI={10.1111/joa.13051}, abstractNote={AbstractPrevious behavioral reports of the African lorisid, Perodicticus potto, have speculated that these animals have an extraordinary grip strength. This ability is hypothesized to be facilitated by a range of anatomical features within the forelimb, ranging from the presence of a retia mirabilia in its wrist to the hyper‐abduction of its pollex. Despite numerous behavioral reports, however, this claim of extraordinary grip strength has not been empirically substantiated. This study quantifies the physiological cross‐sectional area of the digital flexor muscles within P. potto. These data are compared with a broad primate sample, including several similarly sized strepsirrhines. Contrary to expectation, we found that P. potto actually has relatively below‐average digital flexor PCSA. However, we identified other myological characteristics in the upper limb of P. potto that were unexpected, including the largest brachioradialis muscle (an elbow flexor) among our primate sample, and – despite P. potto having only a vestigial second digit – an independent digital extensor indicis that is absent in almost a quarter of our primate sample.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANATOMY}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Boettcher, Marissa L. and Leonard, Kaitlyn C. and Dickinson, Edwin and Herrel, Anthony and Hartstone-Rose, Adam}, year={2019}, month={Nov}, pages={931–939} }
 @article{atiya_dvorkin-gheva_hassell_patel_parker_hartstone-rose_hodge_fan_ramsdell_2019, title={Intraductal Adaptation of the 4T1 Mouse Model of Breast Cancer Reveals Effects of the Epithelial Microenvironment on Tumor Progression and Metastasis}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1791-7530"]}, DOI={10.21873/anticanres.13344}, abstractNote={Background: Low success rates in oncology drug development are prompting re-evaluation of preclinical models, including orthotopic tumor engraftment. In breast cancer models, tumor cells are typically injected into mouse mammary fat pads (MFP). However, this approach bypasses the epithelial microenvironment, potentially altering tumor properties in ways that affect translational application. Materials and Methods: Tumors were generated by mammary intraductal (MIND) engraftment of 4T1 carcinoma cells. Growth, histopathology, and molecular features were quantified. Results: Despite growth similar to that of 4T1 MFP tumors, 4T1 MIND tumors exhibit distinct histopathology and increased metastasis. Furthermore, >6,000 transcripts were found to be uniquely up-regulated in 4T1 MIND tumor cells, including genes that drive several cancer hallmarks, in addition to two known therapeutic targets that were not up-regulated in 4T1 MFP tumor cells. Conclusion: Engraftment into the epithelial microenvironment generates tumors that more closely recapitulate the complexity of malignancy, suggesting that intraductal adaptation of orthotopic mammary models may be an important step towards improving outcomes in preclinical drug screening and development.}, number={5}, journal={ANTICANCER RESEARCH}, author={Atiya, Huda I. and Dvorkin-Gheva, Anna and Hassell, John and Patel, Shrusti and Parker, Rachel L. and Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Hodge, Johnie and Fan, Daping and Ramsdell, Ann F.}, year={2019}, month={May}, pages={2277–2287} }
 @article{burrows_omstead_deutsch_gladman_hartstone-rose_2019, title={Reverse Dissection and DiceCT Reveal Otherwise Hidden Data in the Evolution of the Primate Face}, volume={1}, ISSN={1940-087X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3791/58394}, DOI={10.3791/58394}, abstractNote={Facial expressions, or facial displays, of social or emotional intent are produced by many mammalian taxa as a means of visually communicating with conspecifics at a close range. These displays are achieved by contraction of the mimetic muscles, which are skeletal muscle attached to the dermis of the face. Reverse dissection, removing the full facial mask from the skull and approaching mimetic muscles in reverse, is an effective but destructive way of revealing the morphology of mimetic muscles but it is destructive. DiceCT is a novel mechanism for visualizing skeletal muscles, including mimetic muscles, and isolating individual muscle fascicles for quantitative measurement. Additionally, DiceCT provides a non-destructive mechanism for visualizing muscles. The combined techniques of reverse dissection and DiceCT can be used to assess the evolutionary morphology of mimetic musculature as well as potential contraction strength and velocity in these muscles. This study further demonstrates that DiceCT can be used to accurately and reliably visualize mimetic muscles as well as reverse dissection and provide a non-destructive method for sampling mimetic muscles.}, number={143}, journal={Journal of Visualized Experiments}, publisher={MyJove Corporation}, author={Burrows, Anne M. and Omstead, Kailey M and Deutsch, Ashley R and Gladman, Justin T. and Hartstone-Rose, Adam}, year={2019}, month={Jan} }
 @article{deutsch_dickinson_leonard_pastor_muchlinski_hartstone-rose_2020, title={Scaling of anatomically derived maximal bite force in primates.}, volume={303}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24284}, DOI={10.1002/ar.24284}, abstractNote={ABSTRACTBy combining muscle architectural data with biomechanical variables relating to the jaw, we produce anatomically derived maximum bite force estimations for 23 species of catarrhine and platyrrhine primates. We investigate how bite force scales across the sample as a whole (and within each parvorder) relative to two size proxies, body mass and cranial geometric mean, and the effect of diet upon bite force. Bite force is estimated at three representative bite points along the dental row: the first maxillary incisor, canine, and third‐most mesial paracone. We modeled bite force by combining calculated physiological cross‐sectional area of the jaw adductors from Hartstone‐Rose et al. [Anat Rec 301 (2018) 311–324] with osteological measurements of lever‐ and load‐arm lengths from the same specimens [Hartstone‐Rose et al., Anat Rec 295 (2012) 1336–1351]. Bite force scales with positive allometry relative to cranial geometric mean across our entire sample and tends toward positive allometry relative to body mass. Bite force tends toward positive allometry within platyrrhines but scales isometrically within catarrhines. There was no statistically significant scaling difference with diet. Our findings imply an absence of a dietary signal in the scaling of bite force, a result that differs from the scaling of physiological cross‐sectional area alone. That is, although previous studies have found a dietary signal in the muscle fiber architecture in these species, when these are combined with their leverages, that signal is undetectable. On the parvorder level, our data also demonstrate that the platyrrhine masticatory system appears more mechanically advantageous than that of catarrhines. Anat Rec, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy Anat Rec, 303:2026–2035, 2020. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy}, number={7}, journal={The Anatomical Record}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Deutsch, A. and Dickinson, E. and Leonard, K.C. and Pastor, F. and Muchlinski, M.N. and Hartstone-Rose, A.}, year={2020}, month={Jul}, pages={2026–2035} }
 @article{boettcher_leonard_dickinson_aujard_herrel_hartstone‐rose_2020, title={The Forearm Musculature of the Gray Mouse Lemur ( Microcebus murinus ): An Ontogenetic Study}, volume={303}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24258}, DOI={10.1002/ar.24258}, abstractNote={ABSTRACTAlthough studies have sought to characterize variation in forearm muscular anatomy across the primate order, none have attempted to quantify ontogenetic changes in forearm myology within a single taxon. Herein, we present muscle architecture data for the forearm musculature (flexors and extensors of the wrist and digits) of Microcebus murinus, a small Lemuroid that has been the focus of several developmental studies. A quadratic curvilinear model described ontogenetic changes in muscle mass and fascicle length; however, fascicle lengths reached peak levels at an earlier age and showed a stronger decline during senescence. Conversely, physiological cross‐sectional area followed a more linear trend, increasing steadily throughout life. As previous studies into the functional role of the primate forelimb emphasize the importance of long muscle fascicles within arboreal taxa in order to maximize mobility and flexibility, the early attainment of peak fascicle lengths may consequently reflect the importance of agility within this mobile and highly arboreal species. Similarly, observed myological trends in forearm strength are supported by previous in vivo data on grip strength within M. murinus in which senescent individuals showed no decline in forearm force relative to prime age individuals. This trend is interpreted to reflect compensation for the previously reported decline in hind limb grip strength in the hind limb with age, such that older individuals are able to maintain arboreal stability. Interestingly, the ontogenetic trajectory of each architectural variable mirrored previous observations of the masticatory musculature in M. murinus, suggesting that ontogenetic trends are relatively conserved between anatomical regions. Anat Rec, 303:1354–1363, 2020. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy}, number={5}, journal={The Anatomical Record}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Boettcher, Marissa L. and Leonard, Kaitlyn C. and Dickinson, Edwin and Aujard, Fabienne and Herrel, Anthony and Hartstone‐Rose, Adam}, year={2020}, month={May}, pages={1354–1363} }
 @article{leonard_boettcher_dickinson_malhotra_aujard_herrel_hartstone‐rose_2020, title={The Ontogeny of Masticatory Muscle Architecture in Microcebus murinus}, volume={303}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24259}, DOI={10.1002/ar.24259}, abstractNote={ABSTRACTThe masticatory apparatus has been the focus of many studies in comparative anatomy—especially analyses of skulls and teeth, but also of the mandibular adductor muscles which are responsible for the production of bite force and the movements of the mandible during food processing and transport. The fiber architecture of these muscles has been correlated to specific diets (e.g., prey size in felids) and modes of foraging (e.g., tree gouging in marmosets). Despite the well‐elucidated functional implications of this architecture, little is known about its ontogeny. To characterize age‐related myological changes, we studied the masticatory muscles in a large (n = 33) intraspecific sample of a small, Malagasy primate, Microcebus murinus including neonatal through geriatric individuals. We removed each of the mandibular adductors and recorded its mass as well as other linear measurements. We then chemically dissected each muscle to study its architecture—fascicle length and physiological cross‐sectional area (PCSA) which relate to stretch (gape) and force capabilities, respectively. We observed PCSA and muscle mass to increase rapidly and plateau in adulthood through senescence. Fascicle lengths remained relatively constant once maximal length was reached, which occurred early in life, suggesting that subsequent changes in PCSA are driven by changes in muscle mass. Quadratic curvilinear models of each of the architectural variables of all adductors combined as well as individual muscles regressed against age were all significant. Anat Rec, 303:1364–1373, 2020. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy}, number={5}, journal={The Anatomical Record}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Leonard, Kaitlyn C. and Boettcher, Marissa L. and Dickinson, Edwin and Malhotra, Neha and Aujard, Fabienne and Herrel, Anthony and Hartstone‐Rose, Adam}, year={2020}, month={May}, pages={1364–1373} }
 @article{goff_mulvey_irvin_hartstone-rose_2019, title={The effects of prior informal science and math experiences on undergraduate STEM identity}, volume={6}, ISSN={0263-5143 1470-1138}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02635143.2019.1627307}, DOI={10.1080/02635143.2019.1627307}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Background Recent reports have noted a need for increasing both the recruitment and retention of young people into the STEM disciplines. While many studies have reported on the benefits of classroom reform in formal education environments, less is known about the role of informal education programs in young people’s academic aspirations, interest and competence in science and math domains. Purpose We examine the relationship between previous involvement in programs in informal science and math environments (ISMEs) and academic aspirations, competence and self-reported interest/engagement in science and math domains for college-aged young adults. Sample Participants included students (N = 750) at a major university in the southeast United States who were enrolled in an introductory biology course. The course was taught across five sections with separate instructors with similar training and teaching style and was populated by a majority of first year students majoring in STEM fields. Design and Methods Participants were asked to complete a survey during the first week of the semester to assess their participation in ISME programs during their pre-college years and to measure their academic aspirations, and expectations as well as their science and math perceived competence, interest and engagement. Results Young people who report participation in ISME programs prior to college report higher academic aspirations, feel more competent in science and math domains, and report increased interest and a greater engagement with science and math topics. Conclusions Outcomes posit the importance of participation in ISME programs as a possible means of promoting prolonged interest and involvement in the fields of science and math into students’ early university careers.}, journal={Research in Science & Technological Education}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Goff, Eric E. and Mulvey, Kelly Lynn and Irvin, Matthew J. and Hartstone-Rose, Adam}, year={2019}, month={Jun}, pages={1–17} }
 @article{cartmill_brown_atkinson_cartmill_findley_gonzalez-socoloske_hartstone-rose_mueller_2019, title={The gaits of marsupials and the evolution of diagonal-sequence walking in primates}, ISBN={1096-8644}, DOI={10.1002/ajpa.23959}, abstractNote={AbstractObjectivesDocumenting the variety of quadrupedal walking gaits in a variety of marsupials (arboreal vs. terrestrial, with and without grasping hind feet), to aid in developing and refining a general theory of gait evolution in primates.Materials and MethodsVideo records of koalas, ringtail possums, tree kangaroos, sugar gliders, squirrel gliders, wombats, numbats, quolls, a thylacine, and an opossum walking on a variety of substrates were made and analyzed to derive duty factors and diagonalities for symmetrical walking gaits. The resulting distributions of data points were compared with published data and theories.ResultsTerrestrial marsupials' gaits overwhelmingly plot slightly below the theoretical “horse line” (Cartmill et al., Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 2002;136:401–420) typical of terrestrial mammals; arboreal marsupials' gaits overwhelmingly plot more decisively above it. Both distributions are roughly parallel to the horse line, but arboreal animals exhibit increased diagonality, so that their higher‐speed walking gaits overlap with those of typical primates on the Hildebrand diagram of diagonality against duty factor.ConclusionsQuadrupeds avoid gaits lying exactly on the (theoretically optimum) horse line, to avoid fore/hind limb interference (“forging”). This can be accomplished by either a slight reduction in diagonality (“downshifting”) or a more decisive increase (“upshifting”). Tree‐dwellers adopt the second option to eliminate unilateral bipods of support from the gait cycle. The upshifted horse line represents an early phase in the evolution of primate‐like diagonal‐sequence gaits.}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY}, author={Cartmill, Matt and Brown, Kaye and Atkinson, Christopher and Cartmill, Erica A. and Findley, Erica and Gonzalez-Socoloske, Daniel and Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Mueller, Joanne}, year={2019} }
 @article{dickinson_basham_rana_hartstone-rose_2019, title={Visualization and Quantification of Digitally Dissected Muscle Fascicles in the Masticatory Muscles of Callithrix jacchus Using Nondestructive DiceCT}, volume={302}, ISSN={["1932-8494"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24212}, DOI={10.1002/ar.24212}, abstractNote={ABSTRACTThe organization and length of a muscle's fascicles imparts its contractile properties. Longer fascicles permit increased muscle excursion, whereas changes in fascicle orientation relate to the overall vector of contractile force. Collecting data on fascicle architecture has traditionally involved destructive and irreversible gross dissection. In recent years, however, new imaging modalities have permitted muscles and their fascicles to be visualized nondestructively. Here, we present data from a primate (Callithrix jacchus), in which, for the first time, individual muscle fascicles are digitally “dissected” (segmented and reconstructed) using nondestructive, high‐resolution diffusible iodine‐based contrast‐enhanced computed tomography (DiceCT) techniques. We also present quantitative data on the length and orientation of these fascicles within 10 muscle divisions of the jaw adductor and abductor musculature (superficial, deep, and zygomatic portions of temporalis and masseter; medial and lateral pterygoid; anterior and posterior digastric) and compare these digitally measured lengths to fascicular lengths measured using traditional gross and chemical dissection. Digitally derived fascicle lengths correspond well to their dissection‐derived counterparts. Moreover, our analyses of changes in fascicle orientation across the adductor complex enable us to visualize previously uncharacterized levels of detail and highlight significant variation between adjacent muscle layers within muscle groups (e.g., between superficial, deep, and zygomatic portions of masseter and temporalis). We conclude that this technique offers great potential to future research, particularly for questions centered around the visualization and quantification of obscured and often‐overlooked muscles such as the pterygoid and digastric muscles, and for deriving more accurate models of the masticatory system as a whole. Anat Rec, 302:1891–1900, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy}, number={11}, journal={ANATOMICAL RECORD-ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE ANATOMY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Dickinson, Edwin and Basham, Colin and Rana, Avadh and Hartstone-Rose, Adam}, year={2019}, month={Nov}, pages={1891–1900} }
 @misc{goff_mulvey_irvin_hartstone-rose_2018, title={Applications of Augmented Reality in Informal Science Learning Sites: a Review}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1573-1839"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85051302132&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1007/s10956-018-9734-4}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF SCIENCE EDUCATION AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Goff, Eric E. and Mulvey, Kelly Lynn and Irvin, Matthew J. and Hartstone-Rose, Adam}, year={2018}, month={Oct}, pages={433–447} }
 @article{hartstone-rose_santana_2018, title={Behavioral Correlates of Cranial Muscle Functional Morphology}, volume={301}, ISSN={["1932-8494"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.23757}, DOI={10.1002/ar.23757}, abstractNote={ABSTRACTThis issue of the Anatomical Record is the first of a two‐volume set that focuses on new investigations into behavioral correlates of muscle functional morphology. Much of the research on functional morphology and adaptation to specific functional niches focuses on the shapes of hard‐tissues—bones and teeth. Investigations into soft‐tissue anatomy tend to be predominantly descriptive with only brief allusion to ontogenetic or evolutionary origins of structures. When muscles are included in analyses of functional systems, their function tends to be oversimplified—usually considered a simple force vector connecting two osteological points, with the force treated as a constant derived from some simple calculation of muscle size. The goal of these special issues is to present a series of studies that take a more elaborate look at how muscles can be viewed from a functional perspective in studies searching for morphological correlates of behavior. This first volume focuses on the behavioral correlates of cranial muscles—starting with a paper about the mimetic musculature of primates and ending with a series of papers on the masticatory muscles of many lineages of vertebrates. The next issue of the Anatomical Record (March 2018) includes our papers on the behavioral correlates of postcranial muscles. Taken together, we hope you agree that this series presents valuable insights into these form/function relationships using both traditional approaches+ and cutting‐edge techniques. Anat Rec, 301:197–201, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.}, number={2}, journal={ANATOMICAL RECORD-ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE ANATOMY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Santana, Sharlene E.}, year={2018}, month={Feb}, pages={197–201} }
 @article{hartstone-rose_deutsch_leischner_pastor_2018, title={Dietary Correlates of Primate Masticatory Muscle Fiber Architecture}, volume={301}, ISSN={["1932-8494"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.23715}, DOI={10.1002/ar.23715}, abstractNote={ABSTRACTAnalyses of masticatory muscle architecture—specifically fascicle length (FL; a correlate of muscle stretch and contraction speed) and physiological cross‐sectional area (PCSA; a correlate of force)—reveal soft‐tissue dietary adaptations. For instance, consumers of large, soft foods are expected to have relatively long FL, while consumers of obdurate foods are expected to have relatively high PCSA. Unfortunately, only a few studies have analyzed these variables across large primate samples—an order of particular interest because it is our own. Previous studies found that, in strepsirrhines, force variables (PCSA and muscle masses; MM) scale with isometry or slight positive allometry, while the body size corrected FL residuals correlate with food sizes. However, a study of platyrrhines using different methods (in which the authors physically cut muscles between fascicles) found very different trends: negative allometry for both the stretch and force variables. Here, we apply the methods used in the strepsirrhine study (chemical dissection of fascicles to ensure full length measurements) to reevaluate these trends in platyrrhines and extend this research to include catarrhines. Our results conform to the previous strepsirrhine trends: there is no evidence of negative allometry in platyrrhines. Rather, in primates broadly and catarrhines specifically, MM and PCSA scale with isometry or positive allometry. When examining size‐adjusted variables, it is clear that fascicle lengths (especially those of the temporalis muscle) correlate with diet: species that consume soft, larger, foods have longer masticatory fiber lengths which would allow them to open their jaws to wider gape angles. Anat Rec, 301:311–324, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.}, number={2}, journal={ANATOMICAL RECORD-ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE ANATOMY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Deutsch, Ashley R. and Leischner, Carissa L. and Pastor, Francisco}, year={2018}, month={Feb}, pages={311–324} }
 @article{fabre_perry_hartstone-rose_lowie_boens_dumont_2018, title={Do Muscles Constrain Skull Shape Evolution in Strepsirrhines?}, volume={301}, ISSN={["1932-8494"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.23712}, DOI={10.1002/ar.23712}, abstractNote={ABSTRACTDespite great interest and decades of research, the musculoskeletal relationships of the masticatory system in primates are still not fully understood. However, without a clear understanding of the interplay between muscles and bones it remains difficult to understand the functional significance of morphological traits of the skeleton. Here, we aim to study the impacts of the masticatory muscles on the shape of the cranium and the mandible as well as their co‐variation in strepsirrhine primates. To do so, we use 3D geometric morphometric approaches to assess the shape of each bone of the skull of 20 species for which muscle data are available in the literature. Impacts of the masticatory muscles on the skull shape were assessed using non‐phylogenetic regressions and phylogenetic regressions whereas co‐variations were assessed using two‐blocks partial least square (2B‐PLS) and phylogenetic 2B‐PLS. Our results show that there is a phylogenetic signal for skull shape and masticatory muscles. They also show that there is a significant impact of the masticatory muscles on cranial shape but not as much as on the mandible. The co‐variations are also stronger between the masticatory muscles and cranial shape even when taking into account phylogeny. Interestingly, the results of co‐variation between the masticatory muscles and mandibular shape show a more complex pattern in two different directions to get strong muscles associated with mandibular shape: a folivore way (with the bamboo lemurs and sifakas) and a hard‐object eater one (with the aye‐aye). Anat Rec, 301:291–310, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.}, number={2}, journal={ANATOMICAL RECORD-ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE ANATOMY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY}, author={Fabre, Anne-Claire and Perry, Jonathan M. G. and Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Lowie, Aurelien and Boens, Andy and Dumont, Maitena}, year={2018}, month={Feb}, pages={291–310} }
 @article{marchi_hartstone-rose_2018, title={Functional Morphology and Behavioral Correlates to Postcranial Musculature}, volume={301}, ISSN={["1932-8494"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.23779}, DOI={10.1002/ar.23779}, abstractNote={ABSTRACTIn this the second issue of a two‐volume set of the Anatomical Record on the relationship between muscle functional morphology and behavior, the focus is on the postcranial musculature. Traditionally, when talking of the postcranium we think of the skeletal parts that primarily provide the lever system necessary for body movements. However, without the force produced by muscle, the postcranial skeleton could not perform these or most other tasks. In this special issue, our colleagues present ten papers that focus on postcranial muscle morphology and function from different perspectives. They include papers on forelimb and hindlimb muscle functional morphology of vertebrates, including lizards, bats, primates, a carnivoran and a rodent, and involved in different substrate use (arboreal, terrestrial, and flying) and locomotion behavior (quadrupedal, leaper, and suspensory) along with a historical overview to help bookend the contextualization of the issues. The picture that these papers provide is one of great liveliness in the field of muscle functional morphology where both young students and affirmed professors continue to contribute with both traditional approaches and new techniques to further our knowledge of muscle morphology and its relationship with animal behavior. Anat Rec, 301:419–423, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.}, number={3}, journal={ANATOMICAL RECORD-ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE ANATOMY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Marchi, Damiano and Hartstone-Rose, Adam}, year={2018}, month={Mar}, pages={419–423} }
 @article{marchi_leischner_pastor_hartstone-rose_2018, title={Leg Muscle Architecture in Primates and Its Correlation with Locomotion Patterns}, volume={301}, ISSN={["1932-8494"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.23745}, DOI={10.1002/ar.23745}, abstractNote={ABSTRACTBone biomechanical studies indicate that leg bone structure can be related to different locomotor patterns. The osteological correlates of extant primates’ locomotion patterns and substrate use are important to consider when estimating corresponding behaviors of extinct primates. Here, we test if these same patterns are seen in the differences in leg muscular architecture. Muscle mass, fascicle lengths (FL), physiological cross‐sectional area (PCSA), reduced PCSA (RPCSA) and tendon‐to‐muscle belly ratio were studied in 33 primate species (6 strepsirrhines, 14 platyrrhines and 13 catarrhines). Muscles were grouped into toe and ankle flexors and extensors and studied for phylogenetic and functional signals. All variables strongly correlate with body mass: strength variables (mass, PCSA and RPCSA) scale with positive allometry, whereas the speed/stretch measure (FL) trend toward negative allometry. Thus, larger primates are relatively stronger than smaller species, but they have relatively shorter leg muscle fibers than smaller primates. The strongest functional signal emerged when comparing belly‐muscle tendon unit (MTU) length ratio in leaping and non‐leaping primates. Leapers show significantly smaller plantarflexor belly‐MTU ratio. Surprisingly, no significant results reflect a correlation between muscle architecture and substrate and locomotor groups. However, several trends suggest that a larger sample and more fine‐grained defined categories could produce significant results. These results show the complex relation between leg bone biomechanics and muscle architecture and demand for further studies on this topic. Anat Rec, 301:515–527, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.}, number={3}, journal={ANATOMICAL RECORD-ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE ANATOMY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Marchi, Damiano and Leischner, Carissa L. and Pastor, Francisco and Hartstone-Rose, Adam}, year={2018}, month={Mar}, pages={515–527} }
 @article{leischner_crouch_allen_marchi_hartstone‐rose_2018, title={Scaling of Primate Forearm Muscle Architecture as It Relates to Locomotion and Posture}, volume={301}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.23747}, DOI={10.1002/ar.23747}, abstractNote={ABSTRACTIt has been previously proposed that distal humerus morphology may reflect the locomotor pattern and substrate preferred by different primates. However, relationships between these behaviors and the morphological capabilities of muscles originating on these osteological structures have not been fully explored. Here, we present data about forearm muscle architecture in a sample of 44 primate species (N = 55 specimens): 9 strepsirrhines, 15 platyrrhines, and 20 catarrhines. The sample includes all major locomotor and substrate use groups. We isolated each antebrachial muscle and categorized them into functional groups: wrist and digital extensors and flexors, antebrachial mm. that do not cross the wrist, and functional combinations thereof. Muscle mass, physiological cross‐sectional area (PCSA), reduced PCSA (RPCSA), and fiber length (FL) are examined in the context of higher taxonomic group, as well as locomotor/postural and substrate preferences. Results show that muscle masses, PCSA, and RPCSA scale with positive allometry while FL scales with isometry indicating that larger primates have relatively stronger, but neither faster nor more flexible, forearms across the sample. When accounting for variation in body size, we found no statistically significant difference in architecture among higher taxonomic groups or locomotor/postural groups. However, we found that arboreal primates have significantly greater FL than terrestrial ones, suggesting that these species are adapted for greater speed and/or flexibility in the trees. These data may affect our interpretation of the mechanisms for variation in humeral morphology and provide information for refining biomechanical models of joint stress and movement in extant and fossil primates. Anat Rec, 301:484–495, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.}, number={3}, journal={The Anatomical Record}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Leischner, Carissa L. and Crouch, Michael and Allen, Kari L. and Marchi, Damiano and Hartstone‐Rose, Adam}, year={2018}, month={Mar}, pages={484–495} }
 @article{muchlinski_hammond_deane_purcell_hemingway_hantke_pastor_garrosa_hartstone-rose_2018, title={The ligamentum teres femoris in orangutans}, volume={167}, ISSN={["1096-8644"]}, DOI={10.1002/ajpa.23644}, abstractNote={AbstractObjectivesIt is widely viewed that orangutans lack a ligamentum teres femoris (LTF) inserting on the femoral head because orangutans lack a distinct fovea capitis. Orangutans employ acrobatic quadrumanous clambering that requires a high level of hip joint mobility, and the absence of an LTF is believed to be an adaptation to increase hip mobility. However, there are conflicting reports in the literature about whether there may be a different LTF configuration in orangutans, perhaps with a ligament inserting on the femoral neck instead. Here we perform a dissection‐based study of orangutan hip joints, assess the soft tissue and hard tissue correlates of the orangutan LTF, and histologically examination the LTF to evaluate whether it is homologous to that found in other hominoids.Materials and methodsThe hip joints from six orangutans were dissected. In the two orangutans with an LTF passing to the femoral head, the LTF was assessed histologically. Skeletonized femora (n=56) in osteological repositories were examined for evidence of a foveal pit.ResultsWe observed an LTF in two of the three infant orangutans but not in the sub‐adult or adult specimens. Histological examination of the infant LTF shows a distinct artery coursing through the LTF to the head of the femur. One percent of orangutan femora present with a foveal scar, but no pit, on the femoral head.DiscussionDespite being absent in adults, the LTF is present in at least some orangutans during infancy. We suggest that the LTF maintains a role in blood supply to the femoral head early in life. Because the LTF can limit hip mobility, this may explain why the LTF may be lost as an orangutan ages and gains locomotor independence. These findings enhance our understanding of orangutan hip morphology and underscore the need for future soft tissue investigations.}, number={3}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY}, author={Muchlinski, Magdalena N. and Hammond, Ashley S. and Deane, Andrew S. and Purcell, Maureen and Hemingway, Holden W. and Hantke, Georg and Pastor, Francisco and Garrosa, Manuel and Hartstone-Rose, Adam}, year={2018}, month={Nov}, pages={684–690} }
 @article{londono-renteria_troupin_cardenas_hall_perez_cardenas_hartstone-rose_halstead_colpitts_2017, title={A relevant in vitro human model for the study of Zika virus antibody-dependent enhancement}, volume={98}, ISSN={0022-1317 1465-2099}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.000833}, DOI={10.1099/jgv.0.000833}, abstractNote={Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that has recently been responsible for a serious outbreak of disease in South and Central America. Infection with ZIKV has been associated with severe neurological symptoms and the development of microcephaly in unborn fetuses. Many of the regions involved in the current outbreak are known to be endemic for another flavivirus, dengue virus (DENV), which indicates that a large percentage of the population may have pre-existing DENV immunity. Thus, it is vital to investigate what impact pre-existing DENV immunity has on ZIKV infection. Here, we use primary human myeloid cells as a model for ZIKV enhancement in the presence of DENV antibodies. We show that sera containing DENV antibodies from individuals living in a DENV-endemic area are able to enhance ZIKV infection in a human macrophage-derived cell line and primary human macrophages. We also demonstrate altered pro-inflammatory cytokine production in macrophages with enhanced ZIKV infection. Our study indicates an important role for pre-existing DENV immunity on ZIKV infection in primary human immune cells and establishes a relevant in vitro model to study ZIKV antibody-dependent enhancement.}, number={7}, journal={Journal of General Virology}, publisher={Microbiology Society}, author={Londono-Renteria, Berlin and Troupin, Andrea and Cardenas, Jenny C. and Hall, Alex and Perez, Omar G. and Cardenas, Lucio and Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Halstead, Scott B. and Colpitts, Tonya M.}, year={2017}, month={Jul}, pages={1702–1712} }
 @article{troupin_shirley_londono-renteria_watson_mchale_hall_hartstone-rose_klimstra_gomez_colpitts_2016, title={A Role for Human Skin Mast Cells in Dengue Virus Infection and Systemic Spread}, url={https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1600846}, DOI={10.4049/jimmunol.1600846}, abstractNote={Abstract
               Dengue virus (DENV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that causes serious global human disease and mortality. Skin immune cells are an important component of initial DENV infection and systemic spread. Here, we show that mast cells are a target of DENV in human skin and that DENV infection of skin mast cells induces degranulation and alters cytokine and growth factor expression profiles. Importantly, to our knowledge, we also demonstrate for the first time that DENV localizes within secretory granules in infected skin mast cells. In addition, DENV within extracellular granules was infectious in vitro and in vivo, trafficking through lymph to draining lymph nodes in mice. We demonstrate an important role for human skin mast cells in DENV infection and identify a novel mechanism for systemic spread of DENV infection from the initial peripheral mosquito injection site.}, journal={The Journal of Immunology}, author={Troupin, Andrea and Shirley, Devon and Londono-Renteria, Berlin and Watson, Alan M. and McHale, Cody and Hall, Alex and Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Klimstra, William B. and Gomez, Gregorio and Colpitts, Tonya M.}, year={2016}, month={Dec} }
 @article{prim_zhou_hartstone-rose_uline_shazly_eberth_2016, title={A mechanical argument for the differential performance of coronary artery grafts}, volume={54}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000368950300009&KeyUID=WOS:000368950300009}, DOI={10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.09.017}, abstractNote={Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) acutely disturbs the homeostatic state of the transplanted vessel making retention of graft patency dependent on chronic remodeling processes. The time course and extent to which remodeling restores vessel homeostasis will depend, in part, on the nature and magnitude of the mechanical disturbances induced upon transplantation. In this investigation, biaxial mechanical testing and histology were performed on the porcine left anterior descending artery (LAD) and analogs of common autografts, including the internal thoracic artery (ITA), radial artery (RA), great saphenous vein (GSV) and lateral saphenous vein (LSV). Experimental data were used to quantify the parameters of a structure-based constitutive model enabling prediction of the acute vessel mechanical response pre-transplantation and under coronary loading conditions. A novel metric Ξ was developed to quantify mechanical differences between each graft vessel in situ and the LAD in situ, while a second metric Ω compares the graft vessels in situ to their state under coronary loading. The relative values of these metrics among candidate autograft sources are consistent with vessel-specific variations in CABG clinical success rates with the ITA as the superior and GSV the inferior graft choices based on mechanical performance. This approach can be used to evaluate other candidate tissues for grafting or to aid in the development of synthetic and tissue engineered alternatives.}, journal={Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials}, author={Prim, David A. and Zhou, Boran and Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Uline, Mark J. and Shazly, Tarek and Eberth, John F.}, year={2016}, pages={93–105} }
 @article{hartstone-rose_brown_leischner_drayton_2016, title={Diverse diets of the Mio-Pliocene carnivorans of Langebaanweg, South Africa}, url={https://doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2016/20150480}, DOI={10.17159/sajs.2016/20150480}, abstractNote={The Mio-Pliocene guild of carnivorans of Langebaanweg (LBW), South Africa, is phylogenetically and ecologically diverse. Unlike modern African fauna, this fossil sample contains a large ursid; although there are mustelids, herpestids and viverrids in Africa today, some of the LBW members of those families were much larger than their modern confamilials. There were also numerous felid species, including some that possess a more sabretoothed dental morphology, as well as several species of hyaenids that were very different from their modern confamilials. Questions remain about the dietary morphospace occupied by these fossils. Which taxa were predominately durophagous and which were the most hypercarnivorous? Did the level of durophagy and hypercarnivory in the LBW taxa reach the level of specialisation found in modern carnivores? In the current study, we evaluate the dietary specialisations of all the large terrestrial LBW carnivorans through analysis of the radii-of-curvature and intercuspid notches present in the mandibular dentition. We found that the LBW carnivorans had less sharp premolars than do their modern confamilials – an indication of greater durophagy. However, some families contain individuals with more extreme intercuspid notch patterns, indicating greater hypercarnivory. The ursid also possessed a suite of morphology unlike any modern carnivoran, exhibiting some morphology conducive to durophagy and some that places it functionally among the most hypercarnivorous of modern carnivorans. Thus it was likely capable of consuming high levels of both flesh and bone.}, journal={South African Journal of Science}, author={Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Brown, Katheryne N. and Leischner, Carissa L. and Drayton, Ka’la D.}, year={2016}, month={Jul} }
 @article{robichaux_fuseler_patel_kubalak_hartstone-rose_ramsdell_2016, title={Left–right analysis of mammary gland development in retinoid X receptor-α
            +/−
            mice}, volume={371}, ISSN={0962-8436 1471-2970}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0416}, DOI={10.1098/rstb.2015.0416}, abstractNote={
            Left–right (L–R) differences in mammographic parenchymal patterns are an early predictor of breast cancer risk; however, the basis for this asymmetry is unknown. Here, we use retinoid X receptor alpha heterozygous null (RXRα
            +/−
            ) mice to propose a developmental origin: perturbation of coordinated anterior–posterior (A–P) and L–R axial body patterning. We hypothesized that by analogy to somitogenesis—in which retinoic acid (RA) attenuation causes anterior somite pairs to develop L–R asynchronously—that RA pathway perturbation would likewise result in asymmetric mammary development. To test this, mammary glands of RXRα
            +/−
            mice were quantitatively assessed to compare left- versus right-side ductal epithelial networks. Unlike wild-type controls, half of the RXRα
            +/−
            thoracic mammary gland (TMG) pairs exhibited significant L–R asymmetry, with left-side reduction in network size. In RXRα
            +/−
            TMGs in which symmetry was maintained, networks had bilaterally increased size, with left networks showing greater variability in area and pattern. Reminiscent of posterior somites, whose bilateral symmetry is refractory to RA attenuation, inguinal mammary glands (IMGs) also had bilaterally increased network size, but no loss of symmetry. Together, these results demonstrate that mammary glands exhibit differential A–P sensitivity to RXRα heterozygosity, with ductal network symmetry markedly compromised in anterior but not posterior glands. As TMGs more closely model human breast development than IMGs, these findings raise the possibility that for some women, breast cancer risk may initiate with subtle axial patterning defects that result in L–R asymmetric growth and pattern of the mammary ductal epithelium.
          
          This article is part of the themed issue ‘Provocative questions in left–right asymmetry’.}, number={1710}, journal={Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences}, publisher={The Royal Society}, author={Robichaux, Jacqulyne P. and Fuseler, John W. and Patel, Shrusti S. and Kubalak, Steven W. and Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Ramsdell, Ann F.}, year={2016}, month={Dec}, pages={20150416} }
 @article{valenciano_baskin_abella_perez-ramos_angeles alvarez-sierra_morales_hartstone-rose_2016, title={Megalictis, the Bone-Crushing Giant Mustelid (Carnivora, Mustelidae, Oligobuninae) from the Early Miocene of North America}, volume={11}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000373608000020&KeyUID=WOS:000373608000020}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0152430}, abstractNote={We describe cranial and mandibular remains of three undescribed individuals of the giant mustelid Megalictis ferox Matthew, 1907 from the latest Arikareean (Ar4), Early Miocene mammal fauna of Nebraska, and Wyoming (USA) housed at the American Museum of Natural History (New York, USA). Our phylogenetic hypothesis indicates that Ar4 specimens assigned to M. ferox constitute a monophyletic group. We assign three additional species previously referred to Paroligobunis to Megalictis: M. simplicidens, M. frazieri, and “M.” petersoni. The node containing these four species of Megalictis and Oligobunis forms the Oligobuninae. We test the hypothesis that Oligobuninae (Megalictis and Oligobunis) is a stem mustelid taxon. Our results indicate that the Oligobuninae form the sister clade to the crown extant mustelids. Based on the cranium, M. ferox is a jaguar-size mustelid and the largest terrestrial mustelid known to have existed. This new material also sheds light on a new ecomorphological interpretation of M. ferox as a bone-crushing durophage (similar to hyenas), rather than a cat-like hypercarnivore, as had been previously described. The relative large size of M. ferox, together with a stout rostrum and mandible made it one of the more powerful predators of the Early Miocene of the Great Plains of North America.}, number={4}, journal={Plos One}, author={Valenciano, Alberto and Baskin, Jon A. and Abella, Juan and Perez-Ramos, Alejandro and Angeles Alvarez-Sierra, M. and Morales, Jorge and Hartstone-Rose, Adam}, year={2016} }
 @article{kapoor_antonelli_parkinson_hartstone-rose_2016, title={Oral health correlates of captivity}, volume={107}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.06.009}, DOI={10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.06.009}, abstractNote={The predominant diet fed to captive carnivores in North America consists of ground meat formulated to provide full nutritional requirements. However, this ground meat diet completely lacks the mechanical properties (i.e., toughness and hardness) of the foods these animals would consume in the wild. The goal of this study is to evaluate the effect of captivity on oral health by comparing the prevalence of periodontal disease and dental calculus accumulation in wild and captive lions and tigers (Panthera leo and Panthera tigris), and to also correlate oral health with cranial morphology in these specimens. To achieve this, 34 adult lion and 29 adult tiger skulls were scored for the presence and extent of dental calculus and periodontal disease. These oral health scores were also compared to cranial deformations examined in a previous study. We found that the occurrence and severity of calculus buildup and periodontal disease was significantly higher in captive felids compared to their wild counterparts. Further, higher calculus accumulation occurred on the posterior teeth when compared to the anterior teeth, while an opposite trend for periodontal disease was observed. We also found a significant correlation between oral health and cranial morphology of lions and tigers. The results suggest that food mechanical properties are significant factors contributing to oral health in felids.}, journal={Research in Veterinary Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Kapoor, Varsha and Antonelli, Tyler and Parkinson, Jennifer A. and Hartstone-Rose, Adam}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={213–219} }
 @article{kuhn_hartstone-rose_lacruz_herries_werdelin_bamford_berger_2016, title={The carnivore guild circa 1.98 million years: biodiversity and implications for the palaeoenvironment at Malapa, South Africa}, volume={96}, ISSN={1867-1594 1867-1608}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12549-016-0245-0}, DOI={10.1007/s12549-016-0245-0}, number={4}, journal={Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Kuhn, Brian F. and Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Lacruz, Rodrigo S. and Herries, Andy I. R. and Werdelin, Lars and Bamford, Marion K. and Berger, Lee R.}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={611–616} }
 @article{antonelli_leischner_ososky_hartstone-rose_2016, title={The effect of captivity on the oral health of the critically endangered black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes)}, volume={94}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000370053700003&KeyUID=WOS:000370053700003}, DOI={10.1139/cjz-2015-0135}, abstractNote={ Black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes (Audubon and Bachman, 1851)), a North American species of mustelid, faced near extinction after westward expansion during the 20th century destroyed a majority of the population of prairie dogs (genus Cynomys Rafinesque, 1817), their primary food source. Fearing extinction of the black-footed ferret, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service captured the entire population between 1985 and 1987 and began a captive breeding program. While in captivity, the fertility and genetic diversity of the species was closely monitored; however, there is little information about other health consequences of this breeding program. For instance, the black-footed ferrets have been fed a diet that is very different than what they consume in the wild. How did the composition of this diet affect the oral health of these animals? An analysis of dentition of wild and captive black-footed ferrets reveals that calculus accumulation and periodontal diseases occurred with greater severity in captive black-footed ferrets, suggesting that such oral pathologies arose from the unnaturally soft diet fed to them. These findings offer insight into how mechanical properties of diet can affect oral health and how these dietary properties should be considered, not only in regard to the health of black-footed ferrets but also to the health of all mammals including humans. }, number={1}, journal={Canadian Journal of Zoology}, author={Antonelli, T. S. and Leischner, C. L. and Ososky, J. J. and Hartstone-Rose, A.}, year={2016}, pages={15–22} }
 @article{zhou_alshareef_prim_collins_kempner_hartstone-rose_eberth_rachev_shazly_2016, title={The perivascular environment along the vertebral artery governs segment-specific structural and mechanical properties}, volume={45}, ISSN={1742-7061}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2016.09.004}, DOI={10.1016/j.actbio.2016.09.004}, abstractNote={The vertebral arteries (VAs) are anatomically divided into four segments (V1-V4), which cumulatively transport blood flow through neck and ultimately form the posterior circulation of the brain. The vital physiological function of these conduit vessels depends on their geometry, composition and mechanical properties, all of which may vary among the defined arterial segments. Despite their significant role in blood circulation and susceptibility to injury, few studies have focused on characterizing the mechanical properties of VAs, and none have investigated the potential for segmental variation that could arise due to distinct perivascular environments. In this study, we compare the passive mechanical response of the central, juxtaposed arterial segments of porcine VAs (V2 and V3) via inflation-extension mechanical testing. Obtained experimental data and histological measures of arterial wall composition were used to adjust parameters of structure-motivated constitutive models that quantify the passive mechanical properties of each arterial segment and enable prediction of wall stress distributions under physiologic loads and boundary conditions. Our findings reveal significant segmental differences in the arterial wall geometry and structure. Nevertheless, similar wall stress distributions are predicted in these neighboring arterial segments if calculations account for their specific perivascular environments. These findings allow speculation that segmental differences in wall structure and geometry are a consequence of a previously introduced principle of optimal operation of arteries, which ensures effective bearing of physiological load and a favorable mechanical environment for mechanosensitive vascular smooth muscle cells.Among the numerous biomechanical investigations devoted to conduit blood vessels, only a few deal with vertebral arteries. While these studies provide useful information that describes the vessel mechanical response, they do not enable identification of a constitutive formulation of the mechanical properties of the vessel wall. This is an important distinction, as a constitutive material model is required to calculate the local stress environment of mechanosensitive vascular cells and fully understand the mechanical implications of both vascular injury and clinical intervention. Moreover, segmental differences in the mechanical properties of the vertebral arteries could be used to discriminate among distinct modes of injury and disease etiologies.}, journal={Acta Biomaterialia}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Zhou, Boran and Alshareef, Mohammed and Prim, David and Collins, Michael and Kempner, Michael and Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Eberth, John F. and Rachev, Alexander and Shazly, Tarek}, year={2016}, month={Nov}, pages={286–295} }
 @article{parkinson_plummer_hartstone-rose_2015, title={Characterizing felid tooth marking and gross bone damage patterns using GIS image analysis: An experimental feeding study with large felids}, volume={80}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000352750800010&KeyUID=WOS:000352750800010}, DOI={10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.10.011}, abstractNote={In recent years there has been much disagreement over the nature of carnivore involvement in Early Pleistocene zooarchaeological assemblages. This partially reflects the lack of reliable ways to identify the taphonomic signatures of different large carnivore taxa. It is often unclear which carnivore taxon or taxa may have played a role in forming or modifying faunal assemblages found associated with stone tools, and this lack of clarity impacts reconstructions of hominin behavior. The mode, frequency and nutritional yield of carcasses acquired by hominins, and the extent to which hominin foraging impinged on or was constrained by the guild of large predators are topics of great importance. This paper characterizes the taphonomic signature of large felids using a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) image analysis method to study tooth marking and gross bone damage on neotaphonomic experiments carried out with tigers (Panthera tigris) and African lions (Panthera leo) at the Carolina Tiger Rescue (Pittsboro, North Carolina). This sample of over 400 bones significantly increases the size of current neotaphonomic samples modeling felid feeding traces, more than doubling the number of felid-modified specimens described in the literature. We identify a typical pattern of bone damage resulting from large felid carcass modification, which can be distinguished from bone damage patterns produced by hyaenids and canids. In summary, this pattern consists of tooth marking largely restricted to limb bone ends and minimal bone fragmentation. The frequency of tooth marking imparted by large felids in this study is lower than that produced by hyaenids, while canid tooth mark frequencies fall between the two. Investigation of the FLK Zinj assemblage from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, has documented several specimens with surface damage similar to our neotaphonomic sample. This may signal early access to carcasses through 'power scavenging' by hominins.}, journal={Journal of Human Evolution}, author={Parkinson, Jennifer A. and Plummer, Thomas and Hartstone-Rose, Adam}, year={2015}, pages={114–134} }
 @article{liu_li_hartstone-rose_wang_li_janicki_fan_2015, title={Chinese Herbal Compounds for the Prevention and Treatment of Atherosclerosis: Experimental Evidence and Mechanisms}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000356280100001&KeyUID=WOS:000356280100001}, DOI={10.1155/2015/752610}, abstractNote={Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of disability and death worldwide. Research into the disease has led to many compelling hypotheses regarding the pathophysiology of atherosclerotic lesion formation and the resulting complications such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Herbal medicine has been widely used in China as well as other Asian countries for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases for hundreds of years; however, the mechanisms of action of Chinese herbal medicine in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis have not been well studied. In this review, we briefly describe the mechanisms of atherogenesis and then summarize the research that has been performed in recent years regarding the effectiveness and mechanisms of antiatherogenic Chinese herbal compounds in an attempt to build a bridge between traditional Chinese medicine and cellular and molecular cardiovascular medicine.}, journal={Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine}, author={Liu, Qing and Li, Jianping and Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Wang, Jing and Li, Jiqiang and Janicki, Joseph S. and Fan, Daping}, year={2015} }
 @inbook{diogo_muchlinski_hartstone-rose_2015, title={Comparative Anatomy of Primates}, ISBN={9780128026526}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-802652-6.00004-9}, DOI={10.1016/b978-0-12-802652-6.00004-9}, abstractNote={Primate comparative anatomy is a field of research that has profoundly interested scientists since several centuries, particularly due to its implications to the knowledge of the origin, biology, and/or evolution of our own species, Homo sapiens. In this chapter we provide a short summary of the comparative anatomy of humans and other primates that is based on a collaborative work of three experts in the field. A different author has written each of the sections. The first section focuses on osteology (bones and cartilages), the second on myology (muscles and tendons), and the third on external and internal organs. Within each section the information will be presented within an evolutionary context and often includes brief historical and/or functional considerations.}, booktitle={Basics in Human Evolution}, publisher={Elsevier}, author={Diogo, Rui and Muchlinski, Magdalena N. and Hartstone-Rose, Adam}, year={2015}, pages={43–55} }
 @article{hartstone-rose_parkinson_criste_perry_2015, title={Comparing apples and oranges-the influence of food mechanical properties on ingestive bite sizes in lemurs}, volume={157}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000356612600012&KeyUID=WOS:000356612600012}, DOI={10.1002/ajpa.22726}, abstractNote={ABSTRACTPreviously we found that Maximum Ingested Bite Size (Vb)—the largest piece of food that an animal will ingest whole without biting first—scales isometrically with body size in 17 species of strepsirrhines at the Duke Lemur Center (DLC). However, because this earlier study focused on only three food types (two with similar mechanical properties), it did not yield results that were easily applied to describing the broad diets of these taxa. Expressing Vb in terms of food mechanical properties allows us to compare data across food types, including foods of wild lemurs, to better understand dietary adaptations in lemurs. To this end, we quantified Vb in five species of lemurs at the DLC representing large and small frugivores and folivores using ten types of food that vary widely in stiffness and toughness to determine how these properties relate to bite sizes. We found that although most species take smaller bites of stiffer foods, this negative relationship was not statistically significant across the whole sample. However, there is a significant relationship between bite size and toughness. All three of the more frugivorous taxa in our sample take significantly smaller bites of tougher foods. However, the two more folivorous lemurs do not. They take small bites for all foods. This suggests that the species most adapted to the consumption of tough foods do not modulate their ingestive sizes to accommodate larger pieces of weak foods. Am J Phys Anthropol 157:513–518, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.}, number={3}, journal={American Journal of Physical Anthropology}, author={Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Parkinson, Jennifer A. and Criste, Taylor and Perry, Jonathan M. G.}, year={2015}, pages={513–518} }
 @article{valenciano_abella_sanisidro_hartstone-rose_angeles alvarez-sierra_morales_2015, title={Complete description of the skull and mandible of the giant mustelid Eomellivora piveteaui Ozansoy, 1965 (Mammalia, Carnivora, Mustelidae), from Batallones (MN10), late Miocene (Madrid, Spain)}, volume={35}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000357248400014&KeyUID=WOS:000357248400014}, DOI={10.1080/02724634.2014.934570}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT 
 We describe cranial, mandibular, and dental remains of five individuals of the giant mustelid Eomellivora piveteaui Ozansoy, 1965, from the late Miocene (MN10) site of Cerro de los Batallones (Madrid, Spain)—the first complete cranial remains recorded for this species and the most complete remains of the genus. This new sample enables a review of the systematic status of Eomellivora, leading us to accept as valid the species E. piveteaui Ozansoy, 1965, E. wimani Zdansky, 1924, E. ursogulo (Orlov, 1948), and E. hungarica Kretzoi, 1942. Our phylogenetic hypothesis indicates that Eomellivora is the sister taxon of the extant Mellivora capensis and E. piveteaui had a common ancestor within the crown group E. wimani—E. ursogulo. Eomellivora piveteaui was specialized for a more hypercarnivorous diet than the largest extant terrestrial mustelids, although it also had some derived bone-crushing adaptations. Eomellivora piveteaui had an active predatory role in the late Miocene carnivore faunas, exploiting both small and relatively large prey.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology}, author={Valenciano, Alberto and Abella, Juan and Sanisidro, Oscar and Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Angeles Alvarez-Sierra, Maria and Morales, Jorge}, year={2015} }
 @article{perry_st clair_hartstone-rose_2015, title={Craniomandibular Signals of Diet in Adapids}, volume={158}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000367669000011&KeyUID=WOS:000367669000011}, DOI={10.1002/ajpa.22811}, abstractNote={ABSTRACTObjectivesThe craniomandibular morphology of the adapid primates of Europe, especially Adapis and Leptadapis (sensu lato), suggests that they possessed enormous jaw adductor muscles. The goal of this study is to estimate jaw adductor muscle mass, physiological cross‐sectional area (PCSA), and fiber length in adapid primates from the Eocene of Europe. We also estimated muscle leverage, bite force, and gape parameters.Materials and MethodsWe use bony morphology and osteological correlates of soft tissues in a sample of extant strepsirrhines to estimate these soft‐tissue and performance variables in Adapis and Leptadapis.ResultsOur results suggest that, compared to a broad sample of extant strepsirrhines, Adapis and Leptadapis had relatively great jaw adductor muscle mass, PCSA, and bite force. They had moderately great jaw adductor leverage but no sign of adaptation for wide gapes. There is no support for the hypothesis that either adapid was a gouger.DiscussionOur estimates support the inference that Adapis and Leptadapis were primarily folivorous, perhaps also consuming small to medium‐sized tough fruits, nuts, and seeds. Explanations for the likely extreme development of the jaw adductor muscles in adapids remain speculative. These include (1) foods that were generally tougher and/or of higher yield strength than those eaten by strepsirrhines today, (2) using the muscles “in shifts” to avoid muscle fatigue in the context of an obdurate diet, and (3) potential constraints on reshaping of the skull for more efficient food processing. Am J Phys Anthropol 158:646–662, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.}, number={4}, journal={American Journal of Physical Anthropology}, author={Perry, Jonathan M. G. and St Clair, Elizabeth M. and Hartstone-Rose, Adam}, year={2015}, pages={646–662} }
 @article{burrows_hartstone-rose_nash_2015, title={Exudativory in the Asian Loris, Nycticebus: Evolutionary Divergence in the Toothcomb and M-3}, volume={158}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000367669000012&KeyUID=WOS:000367669000012}, DOI={10.1002/ajpa.22829}, abstractNote={ABSTRACTObjectivesSlow lorises (Nycticebus spp.) are obligate exudativores that gouge tree bark. Dental adaptations for gouging within marmosets, the only other known primate obligate exudativore, are well‐known but dental adaptations in Nycticebus are largely unidentified. In an effort to more completely understand potential dental adaptions within Nycticebus and the evolution of this dietary niche within Primates as an order, the present study examined dental morphometrics in the Asian lorises (Nycticebus and Loris).Materials and MethodsWe compared dental morphometrics between Nycticebus and the insectivorous slender lorises (Loris). Measurements from the toothcomb and select other teeth were taken from 92 specimens. Each variable was scaled by the geometric mean and resulting mean ratios were statistically compared between groups. A biomechanical shape variable was also calculated to estimate the ability of the toothcomb to resist bending that may be experienced during gouging.ResultsToothcombs in Nycticebus were significantly (P < 0.05) more narrow, shorter, and thicker than those in Loris and had a higher calculated ability to withstand bending forces. Nycticebus also had reduced size in the last lower molar relative to Loris.ConclusionsThe more robust, “squared off” toothcomb in Nycticebus matches behavioral observations that these primates gouge to access exudates. Results of the present study indicate that the toothcomb is the likely candidate for the dental tool used in gouging. The size reduction of the lower last molar in Nycticebus, a trait also found in a previous study in exudativorous galagos, may indicate that there is reduced selective pressure in a diet where little mastication would be needed to mechanically process exudates. These results may indicate that reduction in molar size could be a potential dental signature for exudativory, but further studies on a wider phylogenetic range of exudativorous primates would be necessary. Am J Phys Anthropol 158:663–672, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.}, number={4}, journal={American Journal of Physical Anthropology}, author={Burrows, Anne M. and Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Nash, Leanne T.}, year={2015}, pages={663–672} }
 @article{perry_bastian_st clair_hartstone-rose_2015, title={Maximum ingested food size in captive anthropoids}, volume={158}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000359604500009&KeyUID=WOS:000359604500009}, DOI={10.1002/ajpa.22779}, abstractNote={ABSTRACTObjectivesMaximum ingested food size (Vb) is an empirically tested performance variable that can shed light on feeding energetics and adaptation in the masticatory system. Until now, this variable had been tested in strepsirrhines alone among primates. Here, we present the first data on Vb in a broad sample of anthropoid primates and describe scaling patterns.Materials and MethodsVb data on anthropoids were collected under captive conditions at the Philadelphia Zoo and compared with published data on strepsirrhines. Data on Vb were scaled against individual body mass and were compared with experimentally determined toughness and stiffness values for the test foods.ResultsUnlike in strepsirrhines, where essentially Vb scales isometrically with body mass, Vb in anthropoids scales with negative allometry. There is a significant effect of food material properties on Vb, although bite size in anthropoids varies less based on food properties than in strepsirrhines. Large folivorous strepsirrhines follow the anthropoid trend in bite size scaling, but large frugivorous ones take especially large bites.DiscussionNegative scaling of bite size in the anthropoids sampled could be due to reduced adaptation for gape. Some early anthropoids likely evolved adaptations for maximizing mechanical advantage and fatigue resistance in the chewing muscles, resulting in reduced gape. This might have channeled them toward smaller bites of more‐resistant foods and away from taking large bites. This might also be the case for some folivorous strepsirrhines. Am J Phys Anthropol 158:92–104, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.}, number={1}, journal={American Journal of Physical Anthropology}, author={Perry, Jonathan M. G. and Bastian, Meredith L. and St Clair, Elizabeth and Hartstone-Rose, Adam}, year={2015}, pages={92–104} }
 @article{hartstone-rose_dundas_boyde_long_farrell_shaw_2015, title={The Bacula of Rancho La Brea}, volume={42}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ZOOREC&KeyUT=ZOOREC:ZOOR15201005930&KeyUID=ZOOREC:ZOOR15201005930}, journal={Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Science Series}, author={Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Dundas, Robert G. and Boyde, Bryttin and Long, Ryan C. and Farrell, Aisling B. and Shaw, Christopher A.}, year={2015}, pages={53–63} }
 @book{diogo_pastor_hartstone-rose_muchlinski_2014, place={Boca Raton, FL}, title={Baby Gorilla: Photographic and Descriptive Atlas of Skeleton, Muscles and Internal Organs Including CT Scans and Comparison with Adult Gorillas, Humans and Other Primates}, ISBN={9780429174155}, DOI={10.1201/b17308}, abstractNote={The first photographic and descriptive musculoskeletal atlas of a baby gorilla, this book details the comparative and phylogenetic context of the gross anatomy and evolutionary history of the soft tissue morphology of modern humans and one of their closest relatives. With detailed high-quality photographs of musculoskeletal structures, it provides}, publisher={CRC Press}, author={Diogo, R. and Pastor, J.F. and Hartstone-Rose, A. and Muchlinski, M.N.}, year={2014} }
 @article{lambert_fellner_mckenney_hartstone-rose_2014, title={Binturong (Arctictis binturong) and Kinkajou (Potos flavus) Digestive Strategy: Implications for Interpreting Frugivory in Carnivora and Primates}, volume={9}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105415}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0105415}, abstractNote={Exclusive frugivory is rare. As a food resource, fruit is temporally and spatially patchy, low in protein, and variable in terms of energy yield from different carbohydrate types. Here, we evaluate the digestive physiology of two frugivorous Carnivora species (Potos flavus, Arctictis binturong) that converge with primates in a diversity of ecological and anatomical traits related to fruit consumption. We conducted feeding trials to determine mean digestive retention times (MRT) on captive animals at the Carnivore Preservation Trust (now Carolina Tiger Rescue), Pittsboro, NC. Fecal samples were collected on study subjects for in vitro analysis to determine methane, pH, and short chain fatty acid profiles; fiber was assayed using standard neutral detergent (NDF) and acid detergent (ADF) fiber methods. Results indicate that both carnivoran species have rapid digestive passage for mammals that consume a predominantly plant-based diet: A. binturong MRT = 6.5 hrs (0.3); P. flavus MRT = 2.5 hrs (1.6). In vitro experiments revealed no fermentation of structural polysaccharides – methane levels did not shift from 0 h to either 24 or 48 hours and no short chain fatty acids were detected. In both species, however, pH declined from one incubation period to another suggesting acidification and bacterial activity of microbes using soluble carbohydrates. A comparison with primates indicates that the study species are most similar in digestive retention times to Ateles – the most frugivorous anthropoid primate taxon.}, number={8}, journal={PLoS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Lambert, Joanna E. and Fellner, Vivek and McKenney, Erin and Hartstone-Rose, Adam}, editor={Taylor, Andrea B.Editor}, year={2014}, month={Aug}, pages={e105415} }
 @article{mckenney_hartstone-rose_lambert_fellner_2014, title={Macronutrient content of Arctictis binturong and Potos flavus diet, including extruded diet and the vegetative parts (leaves, petioles), reproductive parts (fruits, seeds), and modified roots (tubers) of domesticated plant species}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=DRCI_CEL&KeyUT=DRCI:DATA2016033008226568&KeyUID=DRCI:DATA2016033008226568}, DOI={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105415.t001}, journal={Figshare}, author={McKenney, Erin and Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Lambert, Joanna E. and Fellner, Vivek}, year={2014} }
 @article{mckenney_hartstone-rose_lambert_fellner_2014, title={Results of in vitro experiments, including pH, methane, fiber disappearance, and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) profiles}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=DRCI_CEL&KeyUT=DRCI:DATA2016033008226572&KeyUID=DRCI:DATA2016033008226572}, DOI={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105415.t002}, journal={Figshare}, author={McKenney, Erin and Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Lambert, Joanna E. and Fellner, Vivek}, year={2014} }
 @article{hartstone-rose_selvey_villari_atwell_schmidt_2014, title={The Three-Dimensional Morphological Effects of Captivity}, volume={9}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000345533200122&KeyUID=WOS:000345533200122}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0113437}, abstractNote={Many captive animals are fed diets that are drastically different in mechanical properties than their wild diet. Most captive pantherines are fed a nutritionally supplemented diet consisting almost entirely of ground meat. While many zoos supplement this diet with bones, the fact remains that large captive felids are fed diets that require substantially less masticatory effort than those of their wild counterparts. The osteological effects of this dietary difference have not been fully evaluated. To this end, we compared linear measurements and 3D geometric morphometric landmarks of captive and wild lions and tigers. Using Principal Component (PC) analysis of the linear measurements, not only were the sexes and species statistically distinct, but so too was the population clearly divisible in terms of captivity status. The 3D analysis supported these findings: although the most influential variable in the sample (PC1, 21.5% of the variation) separates the two species, the second most influential contributor (PC2) to the overall skull shape is driven not by the sex differences in these highly dimorphic species, but rather by their captivity status. In fact, captivity status drives nearly twice as much of the 3D variation as sexual dimorphism (14.8% vs. 8.0% for PC2 vs. PC3). Thus the shape is influenced nearly twice as much by whether the animal was captive or wild than by whether it was male or female. If a causal relationship can be demonstrated between dietary mechanical properties and morphology, people who oversee the diets of captive carnivores should consider modifying these diets to account for not only nutritional but also the mechanical properties of a carcass-based diet as well. In addition to the husbandry implications, our analyses show the ways in which captive specimens are different than their wild counterparts – findings that have implications for morphologists when considering anatomical samples.}, number={11}, journal={Plos One}, author={Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Selvey, Hannah and Villari, Joseph R. and Atwell, Madeline and Schmidt, Tammy}, year={2014} }
 @article{hartstone-rose_selvey_boyde_villari_2014, title={The cranial morphology of large captive versus wild felids}, volume={28}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000346651003383&KeyUID=WOS:000346651003383}, number={1}, journal={Faseb Journal}, author={Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Selvey, Hannah and Boyde, Bryttin and Villari, Joseph}, year={2014} }
 @article{hartstone-rose_kuhn_nalla_werdelin_berger_2013, title={A new species of fox from the Australopithecus sediba type locality, Malapa, South Africa}, volume={68}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=BCI&KeyUT=BCI:BCI201300492139&KeyUID=BCI:BCI201300492139}, DOI={10.1080/0035919X.2012.748698}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT The 1.977 Ma site of ‘Malapa’ (Gauteng, South Africa) has yielded important new fossils, including the type specimens of the new hominin species Australopithecus sediba. Recently, we reported the first Carnivora specimens to have been recovered from the site. That sample included members of Felidae, Herpestidae and Hyaenidae. That first report also included three associated small canid specimens (an M2, a rib and a posterior mandibular fragment including the P4, M1, coronoid, condylar and angular processes) that we attributed to Vulpes cf. V. chama. In this paper, we compare these specimens to a broad sample of modern and fossil foxes and conclude that these specimens are distinct enough to be referred to a new species, here described and named Vulpes skinneri.}, number={1}, journal={Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa}, author={Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Kuhn, Brian F. and Nalla, Shahed and Werdelin, Lars and Berger, Lee R.}, year={2013}, pages={1–9} }
 @article{perry_macneill_heckler_rakotoarisoa_hartstone-rose_2014, title={Anatomy and Adaptations of the Chewing Muscles in Daubentonia (Lemuriformes)}, volume={297}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000329868400015&KeyUID=WOS:000329868400015}, DOI={10.1002/ar.22844}, abstractNote={ABSTRACTThe extractive foraging behavior in aye‐ayes (Daubentonia madagascariensis) is unique among primates and likely has led to selection for a specialized jaw adductor musculature. Although this musculature has previously been examined in a subadult, until now, no one has reported the fascicle length, weight, and physiological cross‐sectional area (PCSA) for these muscles in an adult aye‐aye specimen. For the present study, we dissected an adult wild‐born aye‐aye from the Tsimbazaza Botanical and Zoological Park, Antananarivo, Madagascar. The aye‐aye follows the general strepsirrhine pattern in its overall jaw adductor muscle anatomy, but has very large muscles and PCSA relative to body size. Fascicle length is also relatively great, but not nearly as much as in the juvenile aye‐aye previously dissected. Perhaps chewing muscle fascicles begin relatively long, but shorten through use and growth as connective tissue sheets expand and allow for pinnation and increased PCSA. Alternately, it may be that aye‐ayes develop fascicular adaptation to wide gapes early in ontogeny, only to increase PCSA through later development into adulthood. The functional demands related to their distinctive manner of extractive foraging are likely responsible for the great PCSA in the jaw adductor muscles of the adult aye‐aye. It may be that great jaw adductor PCSA in the adult, as compared to the juvenile, is a means of increasing foraging efficiency in the absence of parental assistance. Anat Rec, 297:308–316, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.}, number={2}, journal={Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology}, author={Perry, Jonathan M. G. and Macneill, Kristen E. and Heckler, Amanda L. and Rakotoarisoa, Gilbert and Hartstone-Rose, Adam}, year={2014}, pages={308–316} }
 @article{perry_hartstone-rose_macneill_heckler_2013, title={Aye-aye jaw adductors: Anatomy, architecture, and allometry}, volume={150}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000318043202166&KeyUID=WOS:000318043202166}, journal={American Journal of Physical Anthropology}, author={Perry, Jonathan M. G. and Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Macneill, Kristen E. and Heckler, Amanda L.}, year={2013}, pages={220} }
 @article{hartstone-rose_stynder_2013, title={Hypercarnivory, durophagy or generalised carnivory in the Mio-Pliocene hyaenids of South Africa?}, volume={109}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000324715000013&KeyUID=WOS:000324715000013}, DOI={10.1590/sajs.2013/20120040}, abstractNote={Carnivorans, the members of the order Carnivora, exhibit wide dietary diversity – from overwhelmingly herbivorous species (like the giant and red pandas) to species that specialise in the consumption of flesh (like the hypercarnivorous felids). Throughout the evolution of this order, many craniodental forms have emerged and gone extinct – notably the sabretooth felids that existed until the late Pleistocene. However, one carnivoran lineage, remarkable for its extreme masticatory adaptations, persists – the bone-cracking hyaenids. Three of the four extant members of this family (Crocuta crocuta, Hyaena hyaena and Parahyaena brunnea) are among the most durophagous mammals to have ever lived. The fourth extant hyaenid – the aardwolf (Proteles cristatus) – also exhibits impressive, although wholly different, masticatory adaptations as one of the most derived mammalian insectivores. How and when did the level of durophagy evident in extant bone-cracking hyenas evolve, and how do Mio-Pliocene hyenas compare to the extant members of the order in terms of their own dietary specialisations? An examination of the premolars of the Mio-Pliocene hyaenids from Langebaanweg, South Africa suggests that modern levels of durophagy appeared relatively recently. Results from an analysis of dental radii-of-curvature and premolar intercuspid notches suggest that these hyenas were neither bone crackers nor flesh specialists, but were dietary generalists.}, number={5-6}, journal={South African Journal of Science}, author={Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Stynder, Deano D.}, year={2013} }
 @article{hartstone-rose_allen_macneill_reilly_marchi_2013, title={Scaling of forearm muscle architecture in primates}, volume={150}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000318043201343&KeyUID=WOS:000318043201343}, journal={American Journal of Physical Anthropology}, author={Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Allen, Kari L. and Macneill, Kristen E. and Reilly, Katelyn M. and Marchi, Damiano}, year={2013}, pages={144} }
 @article{perry_hartstone-rose_bastian_2012, title={Anthropoids take smaller bites than strepsirrhines}, volume={147}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000300498701068&KeyUID=WOS:000300498701068}, journal={American Journal of Physical Anthropology}, author={Perry, Jonathan M. G. and Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Bastian, Meredith L.}, year={2012}, pages={235–236} }
 @article{hartstone-rose_perry_morrow_2012, title={Bite Force Estimation and the Fiber Architecture of Felid Masticatory Muscles}, volume={295}, ISSN={1932-8486}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.22518}, DOI={10.1002/ar.22518}, abstractNote={AbstractIncreasingly, analyses of craniodental dietary adaptations take into account mechanical properties of foods. However, masticatory muscle fiber architecture has been described for relatively few lineages, even though an understanding of the scaling of this anatomy can yield important information about adaptations for stretch and strength in the masticatory system. Data on the mandibular adductors of 28 specimens from nine species of felids representing nearly the entire body size range of the family allow us to evaluate the influence of body size and diet on the masticatory apparatus within this lineage. Masticatory muscle masses scale isometrically, tending toward positive allometry, with body mass and jaw length. This allometry becomes significant when the independent variable is a geometric mean of cranial variables. For all three body size proxies, the physiological cross‐sectional area and predicted bite forces scale with significant positive allometry. Average fiber lengths (FL) tend toward negative allometry though with wide confidence intervals resulting from substantial scatter. We believe that these FL residuals are affected by dietary signals within the sample; though the mechanical properties of felid diets are relatively similar across species, the most durophagous species in our sample (the jaguar) appears to have relatively higher force production capabilities. The more notable dietary trend in our sample is the relationship between FL and relative prey size: felid species that predominantly consume relatively small prey have short masticatory muscle fibers, and species that regularly consume relatively large prey have relatively long fibers. This suggests an adaptive signal related to gape. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.}, number={8}, journal={The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Perry, Jonathan M. G. and Morrow, Caroline J.}, year={2012}, month={Jun}, pages={1336–1351} }
 @book{churchill_berger_hartstone-rose_zondo_reynolds_gallagher_2012, title={Body size in African Middle Pleistocene Homo}, volume={62}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=BCI&KeyUT=BCI:BCI201400137813&KeyUID=BCI:BCI201400137813}, journal={African Genesis: Perspectives on Hominin Evolution}, author={Churchill, Steven E. and Berger, Lee R. and Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Zondo, B. Headman and Reynolds, SC and Gallagher, A}, year={2012}, pages={319–346} }
 @article{perry_macneill_heckler_hartstone-rose_2012, title={METHODS FOR ESTIMATING CHEWING MUSCLE SIZE, BITE FORCE AND GAPE IN FOSSIL PRIMATES}, volume={32}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000313496400459&KeyUID=WOS:000313496400459}, journal={Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology}, author={Perry, Jonathan M. and MacNeill, Kristen E. and Heckler, Amanda L. and Hartstone-Rose, Adam}, year={2012}, pages={156} }
 @article{hartstone-rose_long_farrell_shaw_2012, title={The clavicles of Smilodon fatalis and Panthera atrox (mammalia: Felidae) from Rancho La Brea, Los Angeles, California}, volume={273}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000307361400004&KeyUID=WOS:000307361400004}, DOI={10.1002/jmor.20036}, abstractNote={AbstractThe Rancho La Brea collections at the George C. Page Museum in Los Angeles, California, contain the largest single inventory of Smilodon fatalis remains representing virtually every bone in the skeleton. Eighteen clavicles of two distinctive shapes have been recovered from historical and recent excavations at Rancho La Brea. In this study, we identify these specimens to species through comparison of their morphology and morphological variability with clavicles found in modern felids. This study includes a reevaluation of clavicles that have been previously assigned to S. fatalis, which are more likely to be those of Panthera atrox, and the description of pantherine cat clavicles. A previously undescribed sample of clavicles not only includes some of the same pantherine morph but also 10 specimens, herein assigned to S. fatalis, which are morphologically distinctive and significantly smaller than the previously described specimens. In addition, we report unexpected variations between clavicles of Panthera leo and P. tigris: the clavicles of P. leo closely resemble those of the large Rancho La Brea clavicle morph—which presumably belongs to P. atrox—thus supporting a P. leo/P. atrox clade. We report distinctive morphology of the clavicles of Acinonyx jubatus. Possible functional and phylogenic significance of felid clavicles is suggested. Diptera. J. Morphol. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.}, number={9}, journal={Journal of Morphology}, author={Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Long, Ryan C. and Farrell, Aisling B. and Shaw, Christopher A.}, year={2012}, pages={981–991} }
 @article{hartstone-rose_criste_macneill_yasika_passmore_perry_2012, title={The mechanical properties of maximum ingested bite size}, volume={147}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000300498700358&KeyUID=WOS:000300498700358}, journal={American Journal of Physical Anthropology}, author={Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Criste, Taylor J. and Macneill, Kristen E. and Yasika, Nathan A. and Passmore, Lucas J. and Perry, Jonathan M. G.}, year={2012}, pages={161} }
 @article{constantino_lee_gerbig_hartstone-rose_talebi_lawn_lucas_2012, title={The role of tooth enamel mechanical properties in primate dietary adaptation}, volume={148}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000304249700003&KeyUID=WOS:000304249700003}, DOI={10.1002/ajpa.21576}, abstractNote={AbstractPrimate teeth adapt to the physical properties of foods in a variety of ways including changes in occlusal morphology, enamel thickness, and overall size. We conducted a comparative study of extant primates to examine whether their teeth also adapt to foods through variation in the mechanical properties of the enamel. Nanoindentation techniques were used to map profiles of elastic modulus and hardness across tooth sections from the enamel‐dentin junction to the outer enamel surface in a broad sample of primates including apes, Old World monkeys, New World monkeys, and lemurs. The measured data profiles feature considerable overlap among species, indicating a high degree of commonality in mechanical properties. These results suggest that differences in the load‐bearing capacity of primate molar teeth are more a function of morphology—particularly tooth size and enamel thickness—than of underlying mechanical properties. Am J Phys Anthropol 148:171–177, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.}, number={2}, journal={American Journal of Physical Anthropology}, author={Constantino, Paul J. and Lee, James J. -W. and Gerbig, Yvonne and Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Talebi, Mauricio and Lawn, Brian R. and Lucas, Peter W.}, year={2012}, pages={171–177} }
 @article{criste_hartstone-rose_simpler_heckler_perry_2012, title={The stability of "Maximum Ingested Bite Size" over time}, volume={147}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000300498700186&KeyUID=WOS:000300498700186}, journal={American Journal of Physical Anthropology}, author={Criste, Taylor J. and Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Simpler, Elizabeth M. and Heckler, Amanda L. and Perry, Jonathan M. G.}, year={2012}, pages={122} }
 @article{constantino_lee_morris_lucas_hartstone-rose_lee_dominy_cunningham_wagner_lawn_2011, title={Adaptation to hard-object feeding in sea otters and hominins}, volume={61}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000292229300008&KeyUID=WOS:000292229300008}, DOI={10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.02.009}, abstractNote={The large, bunodont postcanine teeth in living sea otters (Enhydra lutris) have been likened to those of certain fossil hominins, particularly the 'robust' australopiths (genus Paranthropus). We examine this evolutionary convergence by conducting fracture experiments on extracted molar teeth of sea otters and modern humans (Homo sapiens) to determine how load-bearing capacity relates to tooth morphology and enamel material properties. In situ optical microscopy and x-ray imaging during simulated occlusal loading reveal the nature of the fracture patterns. Explicit fracture relations are used to analyze the data and to extrapolate the results from humans to earlier hominins. It is shown that the molar teeth of sea otters have considerably thinner enamel than those of humans, making sea otter molars more susceptible to certain kinds of fractures. At the same time, the base diameter of sea otter first molars is larger, diminishing the fracture susceptibility in a compensatory manner. We also conduct nanoindentation tests to map out elastic modulus and hardness of sea otter and human molars through a section thickness, and microindentation tests to measure toughness. We find that while sea otter enamel is just as stiff elastically as human enamel, it is a little softer and tougher. The role of these material factors in the capacity of dentition to resist fracture and deformation is considered. From such comparisons, we argue that early hominin species like Paranthropus most likely consumed hard food objects with substantially higher biting forces than those exerted by modern humans.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Human Evolution}, author={Constantino, Paul J. and Lee, James J. -W. and Morris, Dylan and Lucas, Peter W. and Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Lee, Wah-Keat and Dominy, Nathaniel J. and Cunningham, Andrew and Wagner, Mark and Lawn, Brian R.}, year={2011}, pages={89–96} }
 @article{kuhn_werdelin_hartstone-rose_lacruz_berger_2011, title={Carnivoran Remains from the Malapa Hominin Site, South Africa}, volume={6}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000297197000017&KeyUID=WOS:000297197000017}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0026940}, abstractNote={Recent discoveries at the new hominin-bearing deposits of Malapa, South Africa, have yielded a rich faunal assemblage associated with the newly described hominin taxon Australopithecus sediba. Dating of this deposit using U-Pb and palaeomagnetic methods has provided an age of 1.977 Ma, being one of the most accurately dated, time constrained deposits in the Plio-Pleistocene of southern Africa. To date, 81 carnivoran specimens have been identified at this site including members of the families Canidae, Viverridae, Herpestidae, Hyaenidae and Felidae. Of note is the presence of the extinct taxon Dinofelis cf. D. barlowi that may represent the last appearance date for this species. Extant large carnivores are represented by specimens of leopard (Panthera pardus) and brown hyaena (Parahyaena brunnea). Smaller carnivores are also represented, and include the genera Atilax and Genetta, as well as Vulpes cf. V. chama. Malapa may also represent the first appearance date for Felis nigripes (Black-footed cat). The geochronological age of Malapa and the associated hominin taxa and carnivoran remains provide a window of research into mammalian evolution during a relatively unknown period in South Africa and elsewhere. In particular, the fauna represented at Malapa has the potential to elucidate aspects of the evolution of Dinofelis and may help resolve competing hypotheses about faunal exchange between East and Southern Africa during the late Pliocene or early Pleistocene.}, number={11}, journal={Plos One}, author={Kuhn, Brian F. and Werdelin, Lars and Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Lacruz, Rodrigo S. and Berger, Lee R.}, year={2011} }
 @article{simpler_hartstone-rose_kristen_jonathan_2011, title={DETERMINING DIET FROM THE CROSS-SECTIONAL SHAPE AND INTERCUSPID NOTCHES OF THE TEETH OF CARNIVORANS FROM RANCHO LA BREA}, volume={31}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000208607700685&KeyUID=WOS:000208607700685}, journal={Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology}, author={Simpler, Elizabeth and Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Kristen, MacNeill and Jonathan, Perry}, year={2011}, pages={195} }
 @article{perry_hartstone-rose_2011, title={Division of labor in the jaw adductor muscles of strepsirrhines}, volume={144}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000288034000647&KeyUID=WOS:000288034000647}, journal={American Journal of Physical Anthropology}, author={Perry, Jonathan and Hartstone-Rose, Adam}, year={2011}, pages={237–238} }
 @article{lambert_hartstone-rose_fellner_mckenney_bovard_2011, title={HOW TO BE A FRUGIVORE: FRUIT, CARBOHYDRATES, AND DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY AMONG PRIMATES AND CARNIVORA}, volume={73}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000293764600115&KeyUID=WOS:000293764600115}, journal={American Journal of Primatology}, author={Lambert, J. E. and Hartstone-Rose, A. and Fellner, V. and McKenney, E. and Bovard, B. N.}, year={2011}, pages={70} }
 @article{hartstone-rose_perry_2011, title={Intraspecific Variation in Maximum Ingested Food Size and Body Mass in Varecia rubra and Propithecus coquereli}, volume={2011}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=MEDLINE&KeyUT=MEDLINE:22567300&KeyUID=MEDLINE:22567300}, DOI={10.1155/2011/831943}, abstractNote={In a recent study, we quantified the scaling of ingested food size (Vb
			)—the maximum size at which an animal consistently ingests food whole—and found that Vb
			 scaled isometrically between species of captive strepsirrhines. The current study examines the relationship between Vb
			 and body size within species with a focus on the frugivorous Varecia rubra and the folivorous Propithecus coquereli. We found no overlap in Vb
			 between the species (all V. rubra ingested larger pieces of food relative to those eaten by P. coquereli), and least-squares regression of Vb
			 and three different measures of body mass showed no scaling relationship within each species. We believe that this lack of relationship results from the relatively narrow intraspecific body size variation and seemingly patternless individual variation in Vb
			 within species and take this study as further evidence that general scaling questions are best examined interspecifically rather than intraspecifically.}, journal={Anatomy research international}, author={Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Perry, Jonathan M. G.}, year={2011}, pages={831943} }
 @article{constantino_lee_lucas_hartstone-rose_dominy_cunningham_lawn_2011, title={Paranthropus was not a sea otter: convergent adaptation to hard object feeding}, volume={144}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000288034000153&KeyUID=WOS:000288034000153}, journal={American Journal of Physical Anthropology}, author={Constantino, Paul J. and Lee, James J. -W. and Lucas, Peter W. and Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Dominy, Nathaniel J. and Cunningham, Andrew and Lawn, Brian R.}, year={2011}, pages={112} }
 @article{hartstone-rose_2011, title={Reconstructing the diets of extinct South African carnivorans from premolar 'intercuspid notch' morphology}, volume={285}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000295095000006&KeyUID=WOS:000295095000006}, DOI={10.1111/j.1469-7998.2011.00821.x}, abstractNote={Morphometric analyses of carnivoran dentition (e.g. linear measurements of length and width) have been used to separate taxa according to broad dietary categories. While these studies generally discriminate the diets of carnivorans at the family level, analysis of a previously underappreciated qualitative dental feature of carnivorans, premolar intercuspid notches (the notches between the accessory cuspids), allows discrimination of the carcass-processing abilities within families. In this study, intercuspid notch characteristics are scored, and the high correlations of the interspecific variation with the detailed carcass-processing abilities of a broad range of extant taxa allows for substantial discriminatory inference of the carcass-processing abilities of the Plio-Pleistocene carnivores of South Africa. Application of the scoring method to extinct carnivorans suggests that the Plio-Pleistocene hyaenid Chasmaporthetes was hypercarnivorous, similar to modern felids, and not durophagous, like the confamilial modern hyenas. Most surprisingly, and contrary to current hypotheses, these analyses suggest that the sabertooth felids were less carnivorous than modern felids. This new technique identifies subtle dietary differences between closely related species that are not captured by other means of dental-dietary inference.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Zoology}, author={Hartstone-Rose, A.}, year={2011}, pages={119–127} }
 @article{bovard_hartstone-rose_rowland_mulvey_2011, title={SPORTSMEN'S PERCEPTIONS OF COYOTES AND COYOTE ORIGINS IN PENNSYLVANIA}, volume={85}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=BCI&KeyUT=BCI:BCI201200366725&KeyUID=BCI:BCI201200366725}, number={4}, journal={Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science}, author={Bovard, Brittany N. and Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Rowland, Nicholas J. and Mulvey, Kelly Lynn}, year={2011}, pages={159–164} }
 @article{allen_marchi_hartstone-rose_2011, title={Scaling of forearm muscle weights in primates}, volume={144}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000288034000012&KeyUID=WOS:000288034000012}, journal={American Journal of Physical Anthropology}, author={Allen, Kari Leigh and Marchi, Damiano and Hartstone-Rose, Adam}, year={2011}, pages={74} }
 @article{hartstone-rose_simpler_heckler_2011, title={THE DIET OF THE MIO-PLIOCENE CARNIVORES OF LANGEBAANWEG, SOUTH AFRICA}, volume={31}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000208607700318&KeyUID=WOS:000208607700318}, journal={Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology}, author={Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Simpler, Elizabeth and Heckler, Amanda}, year={2011}, pages={122} }
 @article{perry_hartstone-rose_wall_2011, title={The Jaw Adductors of Strepsirrhines in Relation to Body Size, Diet, and Ingested Food Size}, volume={294}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000288565900015&KeyUID=WOS:000288565900015}, DOI={10.1002/ar.21354}, abstractNote={AbstractBody size and food properties account for much of the variation in the hard tissue morphology of the masticatory system whereas their influence on the soft tissue anatomy remains relatively understudied. Data on jaw adductor fiber architecture and experimentally determined ingested food size in a broad sample of 24 species of extant strepsirrhines allows us to evaluate several hypotheses about the influence of body size and diet on the masticatory muscles. Jaw adductor mass scales isometrically with body mass (β = 0.99, r = 0.95), skull size (β = 1.04, r = 0.97), and jaw length cubed (β = 1.02, r = 0.95). Fiber length also scales isometrically with body mass (β = 0.28, r = 0.85), skull size (β = 0.33, r = 0.84), and jaw length cubed (β = 0.29, r = 0.88). Physiological cross‐sectional area (PCSA) scales with isometry or slight positive allometry with body mass (β = 0.76, r = 0.92), skull size (β = 0.78, r = 0.94), and jaw length cubed (β = 0.78, r = 0.91). Whereas PCSA is isometric to body size estimates in frugivores, it is positively allometric in folivores. Independent of body size, fiber length is correlated with maximum ingested food size, suggesting that ingestive gape is related to fiber excursion. Comparisons of temporalis, masseter, and medial pterygoid PCSA in strepsirrhines of different diets suggest that there may be functional partitioning between these muscle groups. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.}, number={4}, journal={Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology}, author={Perry, Jonathan M. G. and Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Wall, Christine E.}, year={2011}, pages={712–728} }
 @article{perry_hartstone-rose_logan_2011, title={The jaw adductor resultant and estimated bite force in primates}, volume={2011}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=MEDLINE&KeyUT=MEDLINE:22611496&KeyUID=MEDLINE:22611496}, DOI={10.1155/2011/929848}, abstractNote={We reconstructed the jaw adductor resultant in 34 primate species using new data on muscle physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) and data on skull landmarks. Based on predictions by Greaves, the resultant should (1) cross the jaw at 30% of its length, (2) lie directly posterior to the last molar, and (3) incline more anteriorly in primates that need not resist large anteriorly-directed forces. We found that the resultant lies significantly posterior to its predicted location, is significantly posterior to the last molar, and is significantly more anteriorly inclined in folivores than in frugivores. Perhaps primates emphasize avoiding temporomandibular joint distraction and/or wide gapes at the expense of bite force. Our exploration of trends in the data revealed that estimated bite force varies with body mass (but not diet) and is significantly greater in strepsirrhines than in anthropoids. This might be related to greater contribution from the balancing-side jaw adductors in anthropoids.}, journal={Anatomy research international}, author={Perry, Jonathan M. G. and Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Logan, Rachel L.}, year={2011}, pages={929848} }
 @article{lambert_hartstone-rose_fellner_2010, title={Digestive physiology, and use of carbohydrates by arboreal, frugivorous Carnivora (Arctictis binturong, Potos flavus): a test of convergent evolution with the primate pattern}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000275295200436&KeyUID=WOS:000275295200436}, journal={American Journal of Physical Anthropology}, author={Lambert, Joanna E. and Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Fellner, Vivek}, year={2010}, pages={150–151} }
 @article{constantino_lee_morris_hartstone-rose_smith_lawn_lucas_2010, title={Extracting ecological information from the mechanical properties and structure of primate teeth}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000275295200146&KeyUID=WOS:000275295200146}, journal={American Journal of Physical Anthropology}, author={Constantino, Paul J. and Lee, James J. W. and Morris, Dylan J. and Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Smith, Tanya M. and Lawn, Brian R. and Lucas, Peter W.}, year={2010}, pages={84} }
 @article{perry_hartstone-rose_2010, title={Maximum Ingested Food Size in Captive Strepsirrhine Primates: Scaling and the Effects of Diet}, volume={142}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000280015000012&KeyUID=WOS:000280015000012}, DOI={10.1002/ajpa.21285}, abstractNote={AbstractLittle is known about ingested food size (Vb) in primates, even though this variable has potentially important effects on food intake and processing. This study provides the first data on Vb in strepsirrhine primates using a captive sample of 17 species. These data can be used for generating and testing models of feeding energetics. Strepsirrhines are of interest because they are hypometabolic and chewing rate and daily feeding time do not show a significant scaling relationship with body size. Using melon, carrot, and sweet potato we found that maximum Vb scales isometrically with body mass and mandible length. Low dietary quality in larger strepsirrhines might explain why Vb increases with body size at a greater rate than does resting metabolic rate. Relative to body size, Vb is large in frugivores but small in folivores; furthermore scaling slopes are higher in frugivores than in folivores. A gross estimate of dietary quality explains much of the variation in Vb that is not explained by body size. Gape adaptations might favor habitually large bites for frugivores and small ones for folivores. More data are required for several feeding variables and for wild populations. Am J Phys Anthropol 142:625–635, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.}, number={4}, journal={American Journal of Physical Anthropology}, author={Perry, Jonathan M. G. and Hartstone-Rose, Adam}, year={2010}, pages={625–635} }
 @article{hartstone-rose_werdelin_de ruiter_berger_churchill_2010, title={THE PLIO-PLEISTOCENE ANCESTOR OF WILD DOGS, LYCAON SEKOWEI N. SP}, volume={84}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000275689000008&KeyUID=WOS:000275689000008}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Paleontology}, author={Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Werdelin, Lars and De Ruiter, Darryl J. and Berger, Lee R. and Churchill, Steven E.}, year={2010}, pages={299–308} }
 @article{lucas_constantino_lee_hartstone-rose_chai_lee_dominy_koppe_2009, title={Primate Dental Enamel: What It Says about Diet}, volume={13}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000276396500009&KeyUID=WOS:000276396500009}, journal={Comparative Dental Morphology}, author={Lucas, Peter W. and Constantino, Paul J. and Lee, James J. -W. and Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Chai, Herzl and Lee, Wah-Keat and Dominy, Nathaniel and Koppe, T}, year={2009}, pages={44–48} }
 @article{perry_hartstone-rose_2009, title={The location of the jaw adductor resultant vector in strepsirrhines}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000263442701153&KeyUID=WOS:000263442701153}, journal={American Journal of Physical Anthropology}, author={Perry, J. M. G. and Hartstone-Rose, A.}, year={2009}, pages={209} }
 @article{perry_hartstone-rose_2008, title={Chewing muscle size and diet in Eocene adapines}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000253342000502&KeyUID=WOS:000253342000502}, journal={American Journal of Physical Anthropology}, author={Perry, J. M. G. and Hartstone-Rose, A.}, year={2008}, pages={170–171} }
 @article{hartstone-rose_perry_2008, title={The scaling of behaviorally significant gape: gape, fiber length, and skull dimensions in strepsirrhines}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000253342000248&KeyUID=WOS:000253342000248}, journal={American Journal of Physical Anthropology}, author={Hartstone-Rose, A. and Perry, J. M. G.}, year={2008}, pages={113} }
 @article{hartstone-rose_wahl_2008, title={Using radii-of-curvature for the reconstruction of extinct South African carnivoran masticatory behavior}, volume={7}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000262092200012&KeyUID=WOS:000262092200012}, DOI={10.1016/j.crpv.2008.09.015}, abstractNote={Paleoanthropologists have hypothesized that, during the evolution of increased carnivory in our lineage, hominins transitioned through a scavenging niche created by certain carnivoran taxa (especially sabertooths) that may have lacked the morphology necessary to utilize all parts of carcasses, thus leaving an open niche of high-quality scavengable remains. In this article, we examine the postcanine dentition of modern and fossil carnivorans using quantifications of occlusal radii-of-curvature (ROC) and correlate this morphology with feeding behavior to deduce the carcass-processing capabilities of the Plio-Pleistocene carnivores of South Africa. ROC data do a good job of separating taxa by dietary category, revealing possible differences in the carcass-processing abilities of fossil and modern members of some extant species, and confirming that Chasmaporthetes was probably a hypercarnivore and not a durophage like the modern hyenas. Contrary to previous hypotheses, sabertooth felids do not appear to have been more hypercarnivorous than modern felids based on these data. Certains paléoanthropologistes ont émis l'hypothèse que, pendant l'évolution de l'augmentation du régime carné dans notre lignée, les hominiens passèrent par la phase transitoire d'une niche écologique de type charognard, facilitée par certains taxons de carnivores (en particulier les félins à canines en lames de sabre) qui auraient pu être dépourvus de la morphologie nécessaire pour exploiter pleinement toutes les parties des carcasses (par exemple la moelle), laissant ainsi ouverte une niche favorable aux charognards et disponible pour les hominiens. Dans cet article, nous examinons la denture postcanine de carnivores actuels et fossiles en quantifiant le rayon de courbure occlusal en corrélant la morphologie au comportement alimentaire, pour en déduire les capacités d'utilisation des carcasses des carnivores pliopléistocènes d'Afrique du Sud. Les données sur les rayons de courbure constituent un bon outil pour séparer les taxons par catégories de régime alimentaire, révélant de possibles différences dans la capacité d'utiliser les carcasses chez les membres fossiles ou modernes de quelques espèces et de confirmer que Chasmaporthetes était probablement un hypercarnivore et non un animal durophage comme les hyènes actuelles. Contrairement aux hypothèses précédentes, les félins aux dents en lame de sabre n'apparaissent pas avoir été plus hypercarnivores que les félins modernes en se basant sur ces données.}, number={8}, journal={Comptes Rendus Palevol}, author={Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Wahl, Shaina}, year={2008}, pages={629–643} }
 @article{hartstone-rose_de ruiter_berger_churchill_2007, title={A sabre-tooth felid from Coopers Cave (Gauteng, South Africa) and its implications for Megantereon (Felidae, Machairodontinae) taxonomy}, volume={42}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ZOOREC&KeyUT=ZOOREC:ZOOR14406037993&KeyUID=ZOOREC:ZOOR14406037993}, journal={Palaeontologica Africana}, author={Hartstone-Rose, A. and De Ruiter, D.J. and Berger, L.R. and Churchill, S.E.}, year={2007}, month={May}, pages={99–108} }
 @article{perry_hartstone-rose_2007, title={Chewing muscle architecture and bite size in lemurs}, volume={21}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000245708500405&KeyUID=WOS:000245708500405}, number={5}, journal={Faseb Journal}, author={Perry, Jonathan M. G. and Hartstone-Rose, Adam}, year={2007}, pages={A85} }
 @article{hartstone-rose_perry_2007, title={Comparative anatomy of the felid masticatory system}, volume={21}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000245708500407&KeyUID=WOS:000245708500407}, number={5}, journal={Faseb Journal}, author={Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Perry, Jonathan M. G.}, year={2007}, pages={A85} }
 @article{perry_hartstone-rose_2007, title={Do lemurs bite off more than they can chew?}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000244656500551&KeyUID=WOS:000244656500551}, journal={American Journal of Physical Anthropology}, author={Perry, J. M. G. and Hartstone-Rose, A.}, year={2007}, pages={187} }
 @article{cartmilli_schmitt_hartstone-rose_lemelin_2007, title={Explaining primate gaits: A carnivoran test case}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000244656500107&KeyUID=WOS:000244656500107}, journal={American Journal of Physical Anthropology}, author={Cartmilli, M. and Schmitt, D. and Hartstone-Rose, A. and Lemelin, P.}, year={2007}, pages={84} }
 @article{hartstone-rose_perry_2007, title={Intraspecific scaling of preferred bite size in strepsirrhines and a narrow allometric comparison of preferred bite size in a frugivore and a folivore}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000244656500289&KeyUID=WOS:000244656500289}, journal={American Journal of Physical Anthropology}, author={Hartstone-Rose, A. and Perry, J. M. G.}, year={2007}, pages={126} }
 @article{hartstone-rose_perry_2007, title={Masticatory anatomy of felids: Stretch, strength and osteological correlates of muscle architecture}, volume={268}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000251266000192&KeyUID=WOS:000251266000192}, number={12}, journal={Journal of Morphology}, author={Hartstone-Rose, Adam and Perry, Jonathan M. G.}, year={2007}, pages={1081} }
 @article{perry_hartstone-rose_2007, title={Masticatory anatomy of strepsirrhines: Selection for stretch or strength?}, volume={268}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000251266000373&KeyUID=WOS:000251266000373}, number={12}, journal={Journal of Morphology}, author={Perry, Jonathan M. G. and Hartstone-Rose, Adam}, year={2007}, pages={1116–1117} }